There are four main types of COVID-19 vaccines: viral vector vaccines like AstraZeneca, genetic vaccines like Moderna and Pfizer, inactivated vaccines like Sinovac, and protein-based vaccines like Novavax. Viral vector and genetic vaccines work by introducing genetic material that causes cells to produce viral proteins to stimulate an immune response. Inactivated vaccines contain killed virus to trigger immunity. Protein vaccines contain synthesized spike proteins to teach the immune system to recognize the virus. Common side effects include pain at the injection site, tiredness, and fever.

1. Types of Vaccines for
COVID-19
Prepared by
Abdullah Shah
M.Phil Microbiology Abasyn University Peshawar
Pakistan

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Types of COVID-19 Vaccines
• Viral Vector Vaccine
• Genetic Vaccines
• Inactivated Vaccines
• Protein Based Vaccine
• Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine

3. Introduction
• Vaccines train your immune system using a harmless form of the virus, SARS-CoV-
2, which causes COVID-19.
• Vaccines stimulate an immune response without causing illness. Each type of
vaccine for COVID-19 works differently to introduce antigens, which are unique
features of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, to your body.
• The antigen triggers a specific immune response and this response builds immune
memory, so your body can fight off SARS-CoV-2 in future.
• After a lethal pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 the scientists developed different types of
vaccines based on different nature.

4. Types of Vaccines for COVID-19
• Viral vector vaccine/AstraZeneca
• Genetic vaccines/ Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech
• Inactivated vaccines / Sinovac, Sinopharm, Bharat BiotecT
• Protein Based vaccine / Novavax

5. Viral vector vaccines for COVID-19
• The University of Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine (codenamed AZD1222) uses this
technology to protect against COVID-19.
• This type of vaccine uses an unrelated harmless virus (the viral vector) modified
chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1 to deliver SARS-CoV-2 genetic material.
• The efficacy of the vaccine is 76.0% at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 beginning
at 22 days following the first dose and 81.3% after the second dose.
• Another analysis showed that, for symptomatic COVID-19 infection after the second
dose, the vaccine is 66% effective against B.1.1.7 (alpha) variant, and 60%
against B.1.617.2 (delta) variant

7. Adverse effects
• The most common side effects in the clinical trials were usually mild or
moderate and got better within a few days after vaccination.
• Vomiting, diarrhoea, swelling, redness at the injection site and low levels of
blood platelets occurred in less than 1 in 10 people.
• Enlarged lymph nodes, decreased appetite, dizziness, sleepiness, sweating,
abdominal pain, itching and rash occurred in less than 1 in 100 people

8. Genetic vaccines for COVID-19
• The Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines are is an mRNA-based COVID-19
vaccine.
• The vaccines contains a segment of genetic material of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which
causes COVID-19. The genetic material, RNA in the case of Moderna and
Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, codes for a specific viral protein.
• When administered, your cells use the genetic material from the vaccines to make the
protein, which is recognised by your immune system and triggers a specific response.
• An interim analysis of study data showed a potential efficacy of 91.3% in preventing
infection within seven days of a second dose.

10. Adverse effects
• The side effect profile of both the vaccines are similar to that of other adult
vaccines.
• During clinical trials, the side effects deemed very common are (in order of
frequency): pain and swelling at the injection site, tiredness, headache, muscle
aches, chills, joint pain, and fever.
• Fever is more common after the second dose.
• Severe allergic reaction has been observed in approximately eleven cases per
million doses of vaccine administered.

11. Inactivated vaccines for COVID-19
• This type of vaccine contains the killed SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is recognized by
the immune system to trigger a response without causing COVID-19 illness.
• This response builds immune memory, so your body can fight off SARS-CoV-2 in
future.
• “According to WHO reports about 50% (efficacy) and preferably close to or above
70% and of course, they have all the safety data to show that this vaccine would
cause no harm in humans when used.”

13. Side effects
• They include
• Sore arm
• Muscle pain (possibly with local redness),
• Fatigue or
• Headache.

14. Protein vaccines for COVID-19
• The Maryland-based company Novavax has developed a protein-based
coronavirus vaccine called NVX-CoV2373.
• In March the company announced an efficacy rate of 96 percent against the
original coronavirus, 86 percent against the B.1.1.7 variant and 49 percent
against the B.1.351 variant.
• The Novavax vaccine works by teaching the immune system to make
antibodies to the spike protein..

15. • The researchers harvested the spike proteins from the moth cells and assembled them
into nanoparticles.
• While the nanoparticles mimicked the molecular structure of the coronavirus, they could
not replicate or cause Covid-19.
• Nanoparticle studded with spikes

18. Thank you