This document summarizes a symposium on COVID-19 vaccination. It provides an overview of COVID-19, statistics on cases and deaths globally and in India/Punjab. It discusses high-risk groups, signs and symptoms, vaccine development stages and approved vaccines. It also covers variants of concern, how vaccination works, reasons some may still get infected after vaccination due to factors like the Peltzman effect causing riskier behavior believing they are protected.

1. SYMPOSIUM
ON
COVID-19 VACCINATION
PRESENTED BY:
MED SURG DEPRT

2. SUBTOPICS
1. Overview OF COVID-19 & VARIANT
2. Development & Types of COVID-19
Vaccine
3. MECHANISM OF COVID-19 Vaccine
4. Criteria, Effectiveness & Side effects of
COVID-19 Vaccine
5. Research Article on COVID-19 Vaccine
6. Peltzman Effect

3. Overview of COVID-19
• Covid -19 is caused by SARS-COV-2 (2019-nCoV)
which evolve over the time.
• Initially reported to the WHO on Dec 31,2019.
• Genetic sequence (CoV-HKU1) of SARS-COV-2 was
published on 11 Jan, 2020.
• Jan 30,2020 WHO declared the COVID-19 outbreak a
global health emergency.
• On 11 March 2020, WHO declared Novel Coronavirus
Disease outbreak as a pandemic.
• India reported the first confirmed case of the corona
virus infection on 30 Jan 2020 in the state of Kerala.

4. Statistics of COVID-19
• World wide:
Cases 131 M
Recovered 74.5 M
Deaths 2.85 M
• India
Cases 12.6 M
Recovered 11.7 M
Deaths 165 K
• Punjab
Cases 251 K
Recovered 219 K
Deaths 7083

5. HIGH RISK
• Cancer
• Chronic Kidney
disease
• COPD
• Heart condition
• Immuno compromised
state
• Obesity
• Pregnancy
• Sickle cell disease
• Smoking
• Ty-2 DM

6. SIGN & SYMPTOMS
• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Muscle or body ache
• Headache
• Loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea
• Congestion or runny nose

7. Impact of Variants of COVID-19
• Virus is always changing but occasionally makes
an evolutionary leap.
• COVID-19 is widely circulating in a population
which causes change in genetic material and
properties of virus.
• contain mutations in the spike like S protein.

8. Variants
1. UK (B.1.1.7) : spread more easily and might have
an increased risk of death.
2. SA (B.1.351) : spread more easily, has a
moderate impact on the effectiveness of
monoclonal Ab medications and moderately
reduce the effectiveness of Ab generated by a
previous COVID-19 infection or COVID-19
vaccine.
3. Japan/Brazil (P.1) : moderate impact on the
effectiveness of monoclonal Ab medications. It
also reduce the effectiveness of Ab generated by
a previous COVID-19 infection or COVID-19
vaccine.

9. 4. US (B.1.427 & B.1.429) : appear to spread more
easily and moderately reduce the effectiveness of
Ab generated by a previous COVID-19 infection or
COVID-19 vaccine
Note: CDC also monitoring 2 variants identified in
New York – B.1.526 and B.1525 and another
variant indentified in Brazil- P.2.

10. COVID-19 & Vaccine
• To reduce the impact of highly contagious nCoV; the
Govt. in coordination with Organization like WHO,
UNICEF, GAVI & CEPI are investing substantially to
accelerate the development of COVID-19 Vaccines.
• Rapid emergence of Research and collaboration
among scientists and biopharmaceutical
manufacturers are established after knowing the
genome sequence of virus which was published
January 11, 2020.
• The Covid vaccine was launched on 16th January,
2021.

11. THE COVID-19 VACCINE RACE
PRE-CLINICAL (184 vaccines) : lab experiments and
animals
PHASE 1 (30 vaccines) : healthy young individuals
PHASE 2 (28 vaccines) : broader groups of people
PHASE 3 (21vaccines) : test their impact on
COVID-19
are approved and licensed for general use
PHASE 4 (5vaccines) : are being monitored in the
wider population
APPROVED
13vaccines

12. WIDELY USED VACCINES
1. BNT-162b2 (Pfizer, BioNTech);
2. mRNA-1273 (Moderna)
3. INO-4800 (Inovio)
4. AZD-1222 Ad5-CoV (AstraZeneca; Oxford
University);
5. Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson)
6. NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax)

13. • Contt.....

14. Why many people have become infected with Corona virus
after vaccination?

15. “I treated thousands of patients with Covid 19
for the last several months. But I was not
positive. But, After taking the vaccination, I
became positive with the virus.”

16. KNOWN FACTS
• The immunity against Covid 19 doesn’t build
immediately after the first dose or even
immediately after the second. Full fledged
immunity takes a few weeks after the second dose.
• Immunity is not absolute. Even after complete
vaccination, a person can get infected. His/her
chance of dying or getting a severe infection
requiring hospitalisation will be substantially less
though.

17. • Not all vaccines work to the same extent. The
efficacy varies.
• Not all vaccines are effective against all the
variants.

18. PELTZMAN EFFECT
• Means behaviour compensating for the perceived
risk. In other terms, people become more careful
when they sense greater risk and less careful if
they feel more protected.
• This means that vaccines are giving a sense of
security which leads to a increased risky
behaviour.

19. • But the problem is that while vaccines neither give
immediate protection or full protection (against
infection as against death), the sense of security
unfortunately starts much earlier, even before the
actual injection.
• And Peltzman effect comes into play: people wear
masks with less caution, do not maintain distance
as soon as they reach vaccination centres.

20. • The Peltzman effect in fact started for most people
even before they took the vaccine. Many people
felt protected just looking at the vaccination
numbers.
• The mask usage, social distancing and hand
sanitisation have become progressively less. While
this is attributed mainly to pandemic fatigue, the
Peltzman effect cannot be ignored.

21. • While this behaviour is dangerous for general
public, this can be disastrous for health care
workers who directly deal with Covid 19 patients. A
lot of them can get infected in the present second
wave impairing the health care services.

22. • The Peltzman effect is also evident in the drastic
decline in the usage of PPE kits by the healthcare
workers.
• It is important to vaccinate the majority of the
people at risk. But it is also important to be aware
of Peltzman effect and be more careful until the
effect of vaccination takes us close to herd
immunity.
• Here is a definite instance where spreading
awareness will save lives.

23. Bibliography
1. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500139-
overview
2. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-
landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines
3. New variants of the virus that causes COVID-
19.centers for disease control and prevention.
Accessed 30,Mar 2021.
4. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/coronavirus/covid-variant/faq-20505779