The document discusses the structure and composition of Earth and its subsystems, including the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. It delves into Earth’s layers, the importance of water, the composition and layers of the atmosphere, and theories on the origin of life. It emphasizes the interconnectedness of living organisms and their environments within the Earth system.

1. + +
Atmosphere

2. Hydrosphere

3. Biosphere

4. THE DEVELOPMENT OF
EARTH AND EARTH’S
SYSTEM

5. •Each planetary body that was formed from
the spinning solar nebula, now known to us as
the sun, developed depending on its proximity
from the sun and its interaction with the other
nearby floating masses.

6. SHAPE OF THE EARTH
• Earth’s present shape is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid.
Earth got its present shape specially because of its gravity and
rotation. As in other planets, gravity pulls the mass closer to its centre
or its core.
• Isaac Newton actually predicted an almost similar shape to describe
earth during his time. He based his assumption on earth’s daily rotation
and on his studies of the other planets.
• Today, the study of earth’s shape is covered in the field of geodesy. It
is now considered as an important branch of science in
understanding satellites orbits creating navigational tools, and
improving global positioning system (GPS) satellites.

7. EARTH SUBSYTEM
•Earth has a complex system composed of four
subsystem- geosphere, hydrosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere- that interact to
carry out many different natural process. These
natural process (physical, chemical, and
biological) are made possible by the
composition and nature of the said subsystem.

8. GEOSPHERE
• The geosphere is the portion of earth that includes the
interior structure, rocks and minerals, landforms, and all
physical processes on land that shape earth’s surface.
• Scientists that study this part of earth are called Geologists. It
should be clear that the term geosphere covers all of the
solid parts of earth, from its surface up to the deepest depth
of the core, as opposed the lithosphere that covers only the
crust.

9. EARTH’S INTERNAL STRUCTURE
• The interior structure of earth is composed of different layers, each having
unique features. There are three main layers of Earth: Crust, Mantle, and
Core.
• the different layers of the geosphere vary in density, mineral composition,
temperature, and thickness.
• Modern technology has allowed the identification of these materials in the
interior of the earth through seismic waves.
• There are two types waves traveling through earth: p-waves, which t travel
fast through both solid and liquids, and the I s-waves, which travel slower
than p-waves and can travel only through solid.

10. CRUST
• The crust consist of layer of oceanic and continental crust about 5 to 7o km
in thickness. The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust.
• Most of crust is composed of eight elements, namely:
• Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and
magnesium.
• Just above the upper mantle and still part of the crust is the Mohorovicic
discontinuity or simply by the Moho. This layer was discovered by Croatian
seismologist Adrija Mohorovicic(1857-1936)

11. MANTLE
• Below the crust is the mantle. However, trough recent studies, scientist
added a sublayer of the mantle, known as the asthenosphere, that explain
the occurrence of earthquakes and various seismic activities.
• The asthenosphere lies on the upper part of the mantle and is directly below
the crust. The extreme temperature and pressure in the asthenosphere
cause the rock to become ductile and thus, move like liquid.
• The mantle is made up of silicate rock. It is considered to be the thickest
layer of earth as its hold 84% of the volume of the planet.

12. GUNTENBURG DISCONTINUTY
• Serve as the transitional boundary between the lower mantle and the outer
core.
• It was named after Beno Guntentburg (1889-1960) who discovered it in 1913.
tis boundery does not remain constant because of the changes in heat flow.

13. CORE
• The core is chiefly made up of iron and nickel.
• The iron is the outer core is in liquid form, which is why the outer core is
known to be liquid while the inner core is solid. Iron is particularly important
because this is the primary source of earth’s magnetic field.
• There also exist a transitional boundary between the inner core and the
outer core. The Lehman discontinuity was discovered in 1929 when a large
earthquake occurred in New Zeland.
• Inge Lehman- Danish seismologist studied the corresponding shock waves
and realized that these waves had travelled some distance into the core
bounced off to some kind of boundary.

14. HYDROSPHERE
• The hydrosphere encompasses all the waters found on earth. This includes
water in various form (ice, liquid, or vapour) found on the surface of earth,
below the surface of earth, and in the atmosphere (in gaseous form). Water
covers about 70% of earth’s surface, and most of it is the water that makes
up the oceans.

15. IMPORTANCE OF WATER
• Water has been associated with the existence of life.
• 1. Water could be in liquid, solid or gaseous form.
• 2. water has neutral pH.
• 3. water is a good conductor of heat and energy.
• 4. water has a high specific heat capacity.
• 5. water is the universal solvent.

16. THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
• Water moves through the hydrosphere in a cycle. Liquid water found on the
surface of earth is converted to vapour as the temperature increases to
bring water to its boiling point.
• Gaseous water is then collected in clouds and then falls back to the ground
in the form of rain, hail, sleet, or snow depending on the temperature of the
region where it fall.
• In these places, solid water will no longer melt but transform directly into
gaseous form through precipitation to continue the cycle.

17. DISTRIBUTION OF WATER ON EARTH
• All the waters found on earth are natural, but not everything is considered
safe for drinking. Less than 3% of the world’s water is considered potable.
• Water on earth is divided on two groups : Surface water and ground water.
• Surface water, as the name implies, is water found on earth surface. Surface
water may either be marine water or freshwater.
• Ground water, is the water found beneath earth layer of water-bearing
rocks is called an aquifer. An aquifer act as a reservoir for groundwater and
may contain large amount of minerals like magnesium and calcium.
• If groundwater is used for drinking, distillation may be required to avoid
possible effects on health.

19. THE ATMOSPHERE
• The primitive atmosphere of earth is assumed to be similar to the composition
of the solar nebula from which Earth came from.
• These last feature were then replaced by compounds released from the
crust and from the impact of comets and other planetary objects which are
rich in volatile materials.

20. COMPOSITION OF ATMOSPHERE
• Earth’s atmosphere stretches from the surface of the planet up to as far as
10,000 kilometers (6,214 miles) above. After that, the atmosphere blends into
space.
• While oxygen is necessary for most life on Earth, the majority of Earth’s
atmosphere is not oxygen. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78
percent nitrogen, 21 percent oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent
other gases. Trace amounts of carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and
neon are some of the other gases that make up the remaining 0.1 percent.
• The atmosphere is divided into five different layers, based on temperature.

22. LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
• The atmosphere is composed of various layers which differ in thickness,
temperature, and density. These layer protect earth from many external
threats in space, such as planetary debris, impact from celestial bodies, and
radiation.
• The boundaries of the different layers of earth’s atmosphere were also
established based on the temperature trends observed in each layers.

24. TROPOSPHERE
• This layer is considered to be the densest among the other layers. Air
molecules travel up then back down causing the formation of clouds and
eventually rain from moisture in the air. These variation give rise to weather.
• Prior to reaching the next layer above the troposphere is a thin buffer zone
called tropopause.

25. STRATOSPHERE
• The air in this layer has strong, steady horizontal wind which is advantageous
to long-distance flight.
• At its upper region is the ozone layer which contain a high concentration of
ozone.
• The ozone layers plays a very important role in absorbing the ultraviolet
radiation from sun. With further studies, it was determined that certain sprays
and chemical used in modern appliances use ozone-depleting substances
(ODS) that directly destroy the ozone molecules in the ozone layers.
• The thin buffer zone exists before the next layer above the stratosphere. This
zone called the stratopause.

26. MESOSPHERE
• This is the layer above the stratosphere. The temperature here reaches a
minimum of -90°C and considered to be the coldest layer.
• The mesosphere is important in protecting earth from planetary debris. This is
where most of the space rocks, like meteors, break down into smaller pieces
such that by the time they reach earth, they are already in very small pieces.
• The thin buffer zone above the mesosphere is called the Mesopause. This
zone is actually the coldest region of the atmosphere.

27. THERMOSPHERE
• This layer is the hottest layer because of its absorption of highly energetic solar heat.
• This extreme heat causes the atmospheric particles to become electrically charged,
making it possible for radio waves to bounce off and be received beyond the horizon.
• The lower part of the thermosphere is the ionosphere where particles of oxygen and
nitrogen are electrically charged by the solar wind. As the excited ion of oxygen and
nitrogen go back to their neutral state, they released photons(light energy) which
cause the spectacular display of colourful lights in the sky, called aurora.
• If witnessed in the northern regions such as the Artic or Northern Canada, it is called
aurora borealis or northern lights. If seen in the southern regions such as Antarctica and
Southern Australia, it called aurora australis or southern lights.
• There exist a thermopause above the thermosphere that also serve as a buffer zone
which separates the thermosphere from outermost layer of the atmosphere.

28. EXOSPHERE
• The outermost layer of the atmosphere.
• It is located above the thermosphere where air is extremely thin and
gradually fades into space.

29. BIOSPHERE
• The biosphere makes up all the living components on earth. It is the
subsystem that comprises all living things, including those which have not yet
been identified.
• In fact, there are more life-forms unknown to humans than those that have
been already identified. Life exist in all the subsystems of Earth- on Land, in
Water, and in air .

30. THE ORIGIN OF THE BIOSPHERE
• Life on earth is presumed to have begun around 3.9 million years ago froom
a single primitive living creature.
• 1. The theory of the primordial soup
• - it state that life began from non-living matter like simple organic compounds.
• - It was believed that the primitive earth contained methane, water, ammonia, and
hydrogen gas that accumulate in a “soup” at certain areas that are viable for energy
transformation.
• -also known as the prebiotic soup or prebiotic chemistry hypothesis, is a scientific
concept that proposes a scenario for the origin of life on Earth. This theory suggests
that life arose from a "soup" of simple organic molecules in Earth's early oceans or
other aqueous environments.

31. DEEP- SEA VENT THEORY
• The deep-sea vent theory, also known as the hydrothermal vent hypothesis,
is a scientific proposal that suggests life may have originated in the extreme
environments of hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. This theory
challenges the traditional idea that life on Earth began in more benign
surface conditions and instead posits that these high-temperature, high-
pressure environments played a critical role in the origin of life.

32. PANSPERMIA
• Panspermia is a scientific hypothesis that suggests life, or the organic building
blocks of life, may exist throughout the universe and could be distributed by
space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, or potentially by
spacecraft in the form of unintended contamination by microorganisms. In
essence, it proposes that life may not have originated independently on
Earth but could have come from extra terrestrial sources.

33. THE SYSTEM OF THE BIOSPHERE
• The biosphere is a complex and interconnected system that encompasses
all living organisms on Earth and their interactions with each other and with
the physical environment. It is a critical component of the Earth's overall
system, which includes the atmosphere, hydrosphere (water bodies),
lithosphere (Earth's solid outer layer), and cryosphere (ice and frozen
regions).
• The biosphere is where certain organisms consume a different set of
organisms to allow energy transfer from one group of organisms to another
and allow certain materials to recycle.

34. THE ENERGY PYRAMID
• The energy pyramid, also known as an ecological pyramid or trophic
pyramid, is a graphical representation used in ecology to illustrate the flow of
energy through different trophic levels in an ecosystem. It helps visualize how
energy is transferred from one level of organisms to another within a food
chain or food web.
• Energy pyramids are a valuable tool for ecologists and environmental
scientists to understand the dynamics of energy flow and the structure of
ecosystems. They provide insights into how energy is allocated and
transferred within ecological communities and help in studying the
relationships between different species in an ecosystem.

36. • "The Earth system is not just a set of physical, chemical, and biological
processes; it is a system that includes us, humans, as an integral and
interactive part. We are not bystanders but active participants in the
intricate web of life on this planet."

37. •End of the lesson