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Formation Solar System
- 2. Formation of the Solar System Photo credit: Bothun G. via http://zebu.uoregon.ed u/ • The nebular theory is about how the solar system formed. • Made from 98% helium and hydrogen • 2% of other elements also helped create the solar system. • Earth and other terrestrial worlds were made from the other heavier elements. • The motion the planets orbit in was caused by gravity, heating, spinning, and flattening. • Began as a spherical cloud of cold and low- density gas.
- 3. Terrestrial Planets’ Geology & Atmosphere • Internal heat, primarily from radioactive decay can cause volcanic and tectonic activity. • Only large planets retain enough internal heat to stay geologically active today. Geology Atmosphere
- 4. Crust Mantle • Upper- Lithosphere • Lower- Asthenosphere Outer Core Inner Core
- 5. Earth’s Geology & Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Ionosphere
- 6. Picture Credit: NASA 2013 (Taken March 1, 2013 by the Messenger Spacecraft) • Named after the Roman God of Commerce, Mercury • One of the most notable features of its geography is the Caloris Basin • Sun-scorched surface • Only slightly larger than the Earth’s Moon • Has very little atmosphere and is covered in craters • Temperatures can range from 800 degrees Fahrenheit to -290 degrees Fahrenheit • 2nd Most Dense Planet after Earth • Large Metallic Core
- 7. Photo Credit: NASA, 2013 Photo Credit: NASA, 2013 • 2nd Planet From the Sun • Closest Planet to Earth • Brightest Object in the Sky other the Sun and Moon • Surface covered with craters, volcanoes, mountains and large plains of lava • Atmosphere is mainly carbon dioxide • Clouds are sulfuric acid • One of the hottest planets in the Solar System • Rotates backwards
- 8. Photo Credit: George Dvorsky via io9.com 2012 • Cold Desert World • Half the Diameter of Earth • Has seasons, polar ice caps, volcanoes, canyons, and weather • Atmosphere too thin for water to exist in liquid form for any length of time • Signs indicate ancient floods • No magnetic field around the globe • Has two moons: Phobos and Deimos
- 9. • Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) are comets and asteroids that have been nudged by the gravitational attraction of nearby planets into orbits that allow them to enter the Earth's neighborhood. (NASA, 2013) Photo Credit: (NASA/JPL Public Domain) 2004
- 11. Large mass and size Far from the Sun Made of H, He, and hydrogen compounds Rings and many moons Great Red Spot Picture retrieved from: Bennett, J. O., Donahue, M., Schneider, N. O., & Voit, M. (2010). The cosmic perspective (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison Wesley. Page 207
- 14. References • Bennett, J. O., Donahue, M., Schneider, N. O., & Voit, M. (2010) The Cosmic Perspective. (6th ed.) Boston, MA: Addison Wesley. • Bothun, G. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~imamura/121/lecture-5/lecture-5.html • HubbleSite. (2010). Hubble Finds Star Eating a Planet. Retrieved from http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/ 2010/15/ • NASA. (2013). Colors of Mercury. Retrieved from http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap130301.html • NASA. (2013). Mars. Retrieved from http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm? Object=Mars&Display=OverviewLong • NASA. (2013). Mercury. Retrieved from http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm? Object=Mercury&Display=OverviewLong • NASA. (2013). Near-earth object program. Retrieved from http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/neo/ • NASA. (2013). The Planet Venus. Retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/ F_The_Planet_Venus_5-8.html • NASA. (2013). Venus. Retrieved from http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm? Object=Venus&Display=OverviewLong
Editor's Notes
- Near-earth objects are normally one of two objects. These objects are comets and asteroids. NASA states, “a comet is a relatively small, icy object that orbits a star, whereas “an asteroid is a relatively small and rocky object that orbits a star” (2013). Both of these objects fit into the category of small solar system bodies. These orbit a star but are too small to qualify as a planet or dwarf planet. Some of the other lesser-known objects found in the solar system includes meteoroids, interstellar dust, heliospheres, and man-made objects like space junk and satellites.
- Jupiter is one of four Jovian planets in the outer solar system. Jovian means “Jupiter-like.” Jovian planets are much larger and lower in density than terrestrial planets like Earth. Jupiter’s mass is more than 300 times that of Earth and its volume is more than 1000 times that of Earth. The Great Red Spot, which is a long – lived storm is Jupiter’s most famous feature. This storm is large enough to swallow two or three Earths. Jupiter has no solid surface and is primarily hydrogen and helium. Jupiter has dozens of moons and a thin set of rings. Most of the moons are very small, but Jupiter’s four large moons are large enough to be planets if they orbited the sun independently. Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are the names of Jupiter’s four largest moons. Io is the most volcanically active world in the solar system. Europa has an icy crust that may hide a subsurface ocean of liquid water making it a promising place to search for life. Ganymede and Callisto may also have subsurface oceans but their surfaces have many features that remain mysterious.
- According to Donahue, Schneider, and Voit, “a minor planet is an astronomical object in direct orbit around the Sun and is neither a dominant planet nor originally classified as a comet” (2010). Donahue, Schneider, and Voit also state “The original and most known groups of asteroids or minor planets are the main-belt asteroids and follow roughly circular orbits between Mars and Jupiter” (2010). Ceres, originally a planet discovered in 1801, became a minor or dwarf planet in 1851. The asteroids that share orbit with Earth, Mars, and Jupiter are Trojans and are stuck in the planets gravities. As of 2011 Earth had only one and as of 2007 Mars had eight. According to The Cosmic Perspective “Centaurs are bodies in the outer Solar System between Jupiter and Neptune. Their orbits are unstable because of the gravitational influence of the giant planets and must have come from elsewhere, like outside Neptune.” (2010). The Kuiper belt is a group of objects in relatively circular orbits not in gravitational synch with Neptune. The Comic Perspective states “Objects are dwarf planets if their self-gravity is sufficient to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium, that is, an ellipsoidal shape with other minor planets and comets called small Solar System bodies.” (2010).
- WASP-12b is an extra solar planet also known as an exo-planet, which orbits the star WASP-12. It orbits its star extremely close causing it to have a low density. The Earth takes 365 days to orbit the Sun and it takes this planet a little over a day to make its orbit around the star. It is about 2,115,000 miles from the star. Tidal forces from the star are causing the planet to form into an egg shape as well as pulling its atmosphere away because it is so close to the star. Surface temperature on this planet is more than 2,200 degrees Celsius. Scientists estimate around 10 million years remaining for this planet because its star has started consuming it. WASP-12b is carbon-rich and has a higher carbon to oxygen ratio than the Sun.