Earth As A Planet
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The document discusses key facts about Earth as a planet: - It is the densest planet in the solar system and has unique features like plate tectonics, liquid water, and life. - Earth's internal structure includes an inner and outer core of iron and nickel and a mantle of iron-rich minerals. Both temperature and pressure increase with depth. - Plate tectonics, which causes continents to slowly drift over millions of years, is responsible for major surface features and the three main rock types. - Earth's atmosphere is composed primarily of nitrogen and oxygen and is divided into layers, with temperature decreasing in the troposphere but increasing in the stratosphere.
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The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
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The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
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This document discusses Earth system science, which studies the interactions between Earth's spheres. It identifies the major spheres - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and anthrosphere. Events can impact one or more spheres, triggering chain reactions and changes across other spheres. Understanding these interactions is important for predicting outcomes, preparing for disasters, and assessing human impacts on the environment. The document provides examples of analyzing how events propagate among spheres, such as a forest fire destroying plants and leading to erosion.
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This document discusses Earth System Science (ESS), which studies the interactions between Earth's spheres. It identifies the six main spheres - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and anthrosphere. The spheres are closely interconnected, so a change in one sphere can trigger changes in others through events and interactions. Understanding these interactions is important for predicting outcomes, preparing for disasters, and assessing human impacts on the environment. ESS analyzes both natural and human-caused events to understand the connections between events and Earth's spheres.
earthasasystem-130804034117-phpapp02 (1).pdf
This document discusses Earth System Science (ESS), which studies the interactions between Earth's spheres. It identifies the six main spheres - atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and anthrosphere. The spheres are closely interconnected, so a change in one sphere can trigger changes in others through events and interactions. Understanding these interactions is important for predicting outcomes, preparing for disasters, and assessing human impacts on the environment. ESS analyzes both natural and human-caused events to understand the connections between events and Earth's spheres.
Earth's spheres
The document describes the four major interacting components that make up the Earth system: the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It provides details on the composition and layers of the atmosphere. It then summarizes the geosphere as the solid Earth, the biosphere as the zone supporting life, and the hydrosphere as all of Earth's water. It concludes that Earth system science studies how changes in one component can affect the others, providing examples of how the geosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere interact.
El Nino, La Nina, Ocean Circulation, Weather and Climate Unit, Earth Science ...
El Nino, La Nina, Ocean Circulation, Weather and Climate Unit, Earth Science ...www.sciencepowerpoint.com
The document discusses the role of oceans in influencing climate. It notes that oceans heat and cool the earth, influence climate by absorbing solar radiation and releasing heat, move warm seas to icy poles, humidify and dry the planet, control wind speed and direction, are part of the water and carbon cycles, have phytoplankton that produce half the oxygen, and release aerosols that impact clouds. It also discusses how ocean currents circulate warm and cold water globally and how this circulation affects climate.Presentation.pptx
The document discusses several key factors that make Earth suitable for life. It explains that the Earth's distance from the sun provides a moderate temperature and regulates weather patterns. It also discusses the importance of the atmosphere, ozone layer, water cycle, and gravitational pull in moderating temperatures and supporting life. The document emphasizes that the Earth's conditions are uniquely able to support complex biochemical processes and the evolution of photosynthetic life.
Climate change and aspects of earth system
The document discusses the Earth system and its interactions. It is comprised of five spheres: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and cryosphere. Each sphere interacts with the others in complex ways. For example, the water cycle moves water between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. The carbon cycle also exchanges carbon between these spheres, and human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased carbon dioxide levels and acidified oceans. Understanding the interactions within the Earth system is important for studying climate change.
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The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
DOES CLIMATIC CHANGE TRIGGERS NATURAL DISASTER ?
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- 1. The Earth as a Planet
- 2. Earth as a Planet • Densest planet in the solar system • Largest terrestrial planet • Only planet (currently) to have – Plate tectonics – Liquid water on the surface ? – Life ? – Oxygen-rich atmosphere
- 3. PTYS/ASTR 206 Earth 3/4/08
- 4. PTYS/ASTR 206 Earth 3/4/08 The Earth’s Internal Structure • The Earth’s inner and outer cores are composed of almost pure iron with some nickel mixed in • The mantle is composed of iron-rich minerals • Both temperature and pressure steadily increase with depth inside the Earth
- 6. Drift of Continental Plates over time PTYS/ASTR 206 Earth 3/4/08 • About a few centimeters per year – Ranging from about the rate at which fingernails grow, to that of hair growth ! • The continents were all together around 250 million years ago – The Earth is 4.56 Billion years old – That is only 0.4% of the lifetime of the Earth • In terms of a human lifespan, that’s about 4 months !
- 7. Plate tectonics is responsible for most of the major features of the Earth’s surface, including mountain ranges, volcanoes, and the shapes of the continents and oceans
- 8. • Plate tectonics is involved in the formation of the three major categories of rocks: ! • igneous rocks – cooled from molten material • sedimentary rocks – formed by the action of wind, water, and ice • metamorphic rocks – altered in the solid state by extreme heat and pressure
- 9. • Earth’s atmosphere consists of mostly nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). ! • It is divided into layers – Other planets have a similar structure, although the details are different ! • In the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude ! • Ozone molecules in the stratosphere absorb ultraviolet light; thus temperature rises with altitude PTYS/ASTR 206 The Structure of Earth’s Atmosphere
- 10. Evolution of Earth’s Atmosphere • First Atmosphere – Mostly H2 and He ! • Second Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases: • H2O, CO2, SO2
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- 16. The Importance of Earth’s Atmosphere on the Surface Temperature • Heat input from Sun vs. Heat radiated by Earth. ! • This gives a temperature that is much smaller than the actual one – The Earth should be well below freezing ! • Why is the Earth so warm? – The Greenhouse effect !
- 17. PTYS/ASTR 206 Earth 3/4/08
- 18. • Molecules that absorb infrared radiation PTYS/ASTR 206 Greenhouse gases Earth 3/4/08 ! • Natural – Water Vapor H2O (most abundant) – Carbon Dioxide, CO2 – Methane, CH4 – Nitrous oxide, NO2 ! • Increased during industrial revolution – Carbon dioxide (CO2) – Methane (CH4) – Nitrous oxide (NO2) – Chlorofluorocarbons
- 19. Greenhouse effect -- results • Earth is warmed up – With no Greenhouse Effect, average temperature would be below freezing ! • Changing amount of Greenhouse Effect changes Earth’s temperature, weather – Changes not uncommon during Earth history – Usually changes what species are present – Details almost impossible to predict
- 20. As these trees grow where do they get the bulk of their mass from?
- 21. Carbon Cycle • Carbon cycles through atmosphere, oceans, rocks, living matter. • 1 gallon of gasoline = 100 tons of plant life • 1 year of fuel consumption = ~500 years of plant life
- 22. Climate Records – Sediment cores – Ice cores • Temperature • Abundance of greenhouse gasses
- 23. Ice Cores
- 24. Effects of Melting Ice • Loss of sea ice – Animal habitat (polar bear) – Northwest passage • Melting grounded ice results in changes in sea level – Greenland Ice Sheet – Antarctic Ice Sheets
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