The document summarizes key events in the westward expansion of the United States in the early to mid-19th century. It discusses the rapid population growth in the new nation between 1780-1830, the rise of Manifest Destiny and belief in American exceptionalism. It also describes the Oregon Treaty of 1818, settlement of the Oregon Territory by Mountain Men, and the thousands of pioneers who made the overland journey along the Oregon Trail between 1840-1860. The document outlines the Mexican Cession following the Mexican-American War and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, as well as the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 which completed US control of the western territories.
Sorry for the wait. Hopefully u can use it to study 4 the AP test... anyways includes ::::::
ch. 17: South & Slavery Controversy 1793-1860
ch.18: Manifest Destiny & Legacy 1841-1840
ch.19:Renewing the Sectional struggle 1848-1854
ch.20: Drifting Towards Disunion-1854-1861
Sorry for the wait. Hopefully u can use it to study 4 the AP test... anyways includes ::::::
ch. 17: South & Slavery Controversy 1793-1860
ch.18: Manifest Destiny & Legacy 1841-1840
ch.19:Renewing the Sectional struggle 1848-1854
ch.20: Drifting Towards Disunion-1854-1861
Ch 13THE IMPENDING CRISIS· LOOKING WESTWARD· EXPANSION AND WMaximaSheffield592
Ch 13
THE IMPENDING CRISIS
· LOOKING WESTWARD
· EXPANSION AND WAR
· THE SECTIONAL DEBATE
· THE CRISES OF THE 1850s
LOOKING AHEAD
1. How did the annexation of western territories intensify the conflict over slavery and lead to deeper divisions between the North and the South?
2. What compromises attempted to resolve the conflicts over the expansion of slavery into new territories? To what degree were these compromises successful? Why did they eventually fail to resolve the differences between the North and the South?
3. What were the major arguments for and against slavery and its expansion into new territories?
UNTIL THE 1840s, POLITICAL TENSIONS between the North and the South remained relatively contained and, other than African American writers and clerics, few predicted that sectional tensions could ever lead the country into a civil war.
But midcentury brought a rash of explosive issues that politicians struggled—and ultimately failed—to resolve peacefully. In the North the abolitionist movement picked up steam and inspired legions of supporters, the most aggressive of whom sought to fight slavery with the sword as well as the pen. The South birthed a generation of militant pro-slavery spokesmen who brooked no compromise over a state’s right to embrace slavery and the society based on it. From the West emerged raging controversies over the political fate of the territories and whether they would enter the Union as either slave or free states. Partisans recruited sympathizers from across the nation and even took up arms to win their point.LOOKING WESTWARD
More than a million square miles of new territory came under the control of the United States during the 1840s. By the end of the decade, the nation possessed all the territory of the present-day United States except Alaska, Hawaii, and a few relatively small areas acquired later through border adjustments. Many factors accounted for this great new wave of expansion, but one of the most important was an ideology known as Manifest Destiny.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny reflected both the growing pride that characterized American nationalism in the mid-nineteenth century and the idealistic vision of social perfection that fueled so much of the reform energy of the time. It rested on the idea that America was destined—by God and by history—to expand its boundaries over a vast area.
By the 1840s, publicized by the rise of inexpensive newspapers dubbed “penny press,” the idea of Manifest Destiny had spread throughout the nation. Some advocates of Manifest Destiny envisioned a vast new “empire of liberty” that would include Canada, Mexico, Caribbean and Pacific islands, and ultimately (for the most ardent believers) much of the rest of the world. Countering such bombast were politicians such as Henry Clay and others, who warned that territorial expansion would reopen the painful controversy over slavery. Their voices, however, could not compete with the enthusiasm over expansion in the 18 ...
Spain, Mexican Revolution to Texas Rebellion and The Alamo hoosier11
A power point presentation of over 100 slides. We include animation on each slide and Q&A, multiple choice on most slides. Intended for the classroom or the homeschoolers to encourage discovery, critical thinking, and discussion. We start with Spain in the Americas, the Mexican Revolution, and the Texas rebellion leading to the Alamo.
II. Politics in Mexico• Mexico plagued by chronic politica.docxwilcockiris
II. Politics in Mexico
• Mexico plagued by chronic political instability
• 1821-1871- 50 Mexican presidents in office
• 1821-1848-almost all presidents overthrown
• Political factions: Centralists, Federalists,
• Mexican politics prevents consistent approach to problems with Texas Revolt
and Polk administration
Mexico’s 1824 Colonization Act
• Permitted foreign immigration into Southwest
• Plan intended to populate the region
• Develop the region economically
• Link the region with interior Mexico
• “Mexicanize the region”
• Buffer against American expansionism
Provisions of the 1824 act
• Immigrants Must:
• Adopt Mexican citizenship
• Be or become Catholics
• Obey Mexican laws
• Respect Mexican culture, customs and authority
Provisions, continued
• Economic incentives included:
• No taxes for up to seven years
• Purchase land in the following amounts:
• 640 acres per male
• 320 per female
• 160 per child
• 80 per slave
The Texas Revolt
A. Permission to settle:
Starting in 1821, Spain and then an Independent Mexico had granted permission to
Catholic (North) Americans to settle the sparsely populated territory of Texas.
B. Incentives for settlement:
Soon there was a great influx of Americans settlers into Texas. The land was practically
free--only 10¢ an acre as opposed to $1.25 an acre for inferior land in the U.S. Each male
colonists over twenty-one years of age was allowed to purchase 640 acres for himself, 320
acres for his wife, 160 acres for each child and, significantly, an additional 80 acres for
each slaves that he brought with him.
The numerical dominance of the American settlers:
1827: By 1827 there were some 12,000 United States citizens living in Texas, while there
were only 7,000 Mexicans.
1835: By 1835 the immigrant population had reached 30,000, while the Mexican population
had barely passed 7,800
The Mexican response to the influx of
Americans
1. Slavery was abolished:
The first important piece of legislation designed to prevent a further weakening of Mexican
control was President Guerrero's emancipation proclamation of 1829. Because slavery as
not important anywhere else in the republic, the measure was clearly directed at Texas.
Although manumission was not immediately enforced, it was hoped that the decree itself
would make Mexico less attractive to colonists from the U.S. South and would thus arrest
immigration.
2. Forbiddance of further immigration:
The colonization law of 1830 explicitly forbade all future immigration into Texas from the
United States and called for the strengthening of Mexican garrisons, the improvement of
economic ties between Texas and the remainder of Mexico by the establishment of a new
coastal trade, and the encouragement of increased Mexican colonization.
Texas Declaration of Independence
• 1835 document declaring independence from Mexico
• Outlines grievances against the Mexican government: lack
.
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Accpac to QuickBooks Conversion Navigating the Transition with Online Account...PaulBryant58
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What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
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Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Taurus Zodiac Sign_ Personality Traits and Sign Dates.pptxmy Pandit
Explore the world of the Taurus zodiac sign. Learn about their stability, determination, and appreciation for beauty. Discover how Taureans' grounded nature and hardworking mindset define their unique personality.
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
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"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
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3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
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3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
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Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
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RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
2. Population Growth
• 1780 = 13 states with 2.7 million
people
• 1830 = 24 states with 12 million
people
• 90% of population increase
comes from childbirth not
immigration
3. Manifest Destiny
• Americans began to believe that democracy
was a superior (the best) form of
government.
• Many Americans felt that it was the destiny
of our nation to spread from the Atlantic to
the Pacific Ocean.
4. Unfortunately, Manifest Destiny also led to
racist beliefs. Many felt that Mexicans and
Indians were inferior to whites and had no
claim to the area.
5. The nations were the
United States, Great
Britain, Spain, &
Russia
By 1818, the U.S. and
Great Britain reached
an agreement in which
each nations’ settlers
would occupy Oregon
jointly and have equal
rights. Because Spain
and Russia had so few
settlers, they dropped
their claims.
6. The first real Americans
& Europeans to settle
in Oregon were
hunters and trappers
known as Mountain
Men.
Mountain Men were
usually young, rugged
men who lived off the
land. Their lives were
filled with danger
7. By the 1830’s
trapping died out
due to the over
hunting of fur
bearing animals.
Now, the
Mountain Men
began using their
skills to guide
settlers into the
Oregon Country.
8. Thousand’s left to make the 2,000 mile
journey. On foot, most would try to time
the journey so they would arrive by
October.
9. There were many dangers along the trail including river
crossings, blistering heat, and snow storms. The biggest
threat were diseases like cholera which was known to wipe
out entire wagon trains. Germs spread easily due to the
close contact of travelers.
10. • Pioneers would often trade with friendly Indians
and rarely have problems with them.
• About 50,000 people made the journey between
1840-1860.
• Wagon tracks can still be found today
• By the 1840’s, Americans greatly outnumbered
the British and many wanted the territory to
belong to the US alone!
12. The vast majority of the southwest was owned by Mexico
The New Mexico Territory included Arizona, New Mexico. Nevada,
Utah and parts of Colorado.
13. Santé Fe was a huge trading post in New Mexico. The Mexican
government began allowing Americans there after Mexico gained
independence. William Becknell was the first American to make
the journey with other traders of cloth and tools. The Mexicans
were eager customers, so others followed along what became
known as the Santé Fe Trail.
14. James K. Polk Henry Clay
The Election of
1844
• Manifest Destiny
became the key issue
of the 1844 election.
The Whigs nominated
Henry Clay
The Democrats
nominated James K.
Polk
15. • Polk was unknown by most but he became well
known after stating that Texas and Oregon must
become part of the Union. He stated that our
border should extend from the latitude 54º-40º.
Americans agreed and elected Polk narrowly!
16. Joseph Smith
The largest group of
settlers to the
Mexican cession
were a religious
group known as
Mormons (The
Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-
day Saints) . It was
founded by Joseph
Smith in 1830
17. • The Mormons were
persecuted for their
beliefs including
collectivism and
polygamy.
• After moving from
New York, the
Mormons settled in
Illinois where they
prospered
19. Brigham Young
They were led by Brigham Young who
planned the journey of 15,000 Mormons
to the Great Salt Lake. Scores of
settlers moved in and Young helped
establish a thriving territory
21. In 1848, a man by the name of James Marshall found gold at
Sutter’s Mill.
Word spread quickly and by 1849, more than 80,000 people made
the trek to California, increasing its population astronomically.
22. Those who settled in
California as a result of the
Gold Rush were known as
“forty-niners”.
Most, however, found only
enough gold to barely pay
their daily expenses. The
California Gold Rush is
generally considered to
have ended in 1858, when
the New Mexican Gold
Rush began.
Most did not find a fortune,
and often went broke and
found other jobs.
23. California realized
that it needed a
government and
drafted a state
constitution in
1849. The US
debated whether
or not they would
allow CA to
become a state.
The primary
issue- slavery!
Ultimately, it
became a free-
state in 1850 .
24. SSUSH8 The student will
explain the relationship
between growing north-south
divisions and westward
expansion.
e. Explain the Compromise of
1850
25. Stephen Douglas
The Compromise of 1850
• Illinois Senator named Stephen
Douglas drafted a compromise that
would allow California to enter the
Union.
• Douglas worked tirelessly
for the passage of the
Compromise of 1850.
26. The Compromise of 1850 had 4
parts:
1. California enters the Union as a FREE state.
2. The Mexican Cession was divided into two
territories (Utah and New Mexico). Each
would determine on their own whether to be
free or slave states.
3. The slave trade in Washington, DC ends.
4. A strict fugitive slave law is passed.
* A compromise was established, but both sides were
unhappy. The Fugitive Slave Law Upset many
Northerners.
27. The new Fugitive Slave Law
of 1850 required citizens
to catch runaway slaves.
Those who let slaves get
away could be fined
$1,000 and spend 6
months in jail.
A new court was set up to
hear cases regarding
runaway slaves. If a
slave was returned, the
presiding judge would
get $10. If the judge did
not send a slave to the
south, he only earned $5.
28. Thousands of free
blacks fled to Canada
in fear of being
kidnapped.
The fugitive slave law
pleased southerners,
but northerners hated
it! They now felt part
of the slave system!
But the law did
convince many more
northerners to
become more active
in the abolitionist
movement!
29. California Culture
• Native Americans- Many
were driven off their land
and died as a result of
disease and murder. In
1850, there were 100,000
Indians. By 1870, there were
17,000,
• Mexican Americans- Many
lost their land claims to
white settlers, but fought
hard to get it back. They
often worked as day laborers
and were banned from
mining.
30. African Americans-Thousands
rushed to CA for gold like
much of America. Some did
well, but they faced awful
discrimination. Some arrived as
slaves but found enough gold to
buy the freedom for themselves
and family members.
Chinese Americans- Began
arriving in 1848 and were
welcomed until they staked
claims in gold fields, and then
were banned from mining.
There were 25,000 of them in
California by 1852. Many
Chinese took jobs building the
Transcontinental Railroad.
31. SSUSH8 The student will
explain the relationship
between growing north-south
divisions and westward
expansion.
b. Explain the Missouri Compromise and
the issue of slavery in western states and
territories.
32. Missouri Compromise
• In 1818, Missouri asked to join the Union as a slave
state.
• Many Americans objected because the number of
slave and free states were evenly split. If Missouri
entered the Union, the South would have the
advantage in the Senate.
• Maine had also asked to join the Union around the
same time. Henry Clay came up with a compromise.
Clay’s Missouri Compromise
would admit Missouri as a
slave state and Maine as
a free state.
33. The Missouri Compromise also drew a line along the
southern border of Missouri. Slavery was permitted in the
part of the Louisiana Purchase south of that line, and all
areas (except Missouri) north of that line could not have
slavery!
34. Slaves in the Mexican Cession?
After the Mexican War, the North wanted to
insure that none of the new territory would
allow slaves.
35. SSUSH8 The student will
explain the relationship
between growing north-south
divisions and westward
expansion.
d. Describe war with Mexico and
the Wilmot Proviso.
36. In 1821, Spain,
gave Moses
Austin a land
grant in Texas.
He died shortly
after so his son
Stephen took
over the job of
settling the
land.
Moses Austin
37. The same year, Mexico won its
independence from Spain. The
Mexican decided to allow Austin
and other American settlers into
Texas under three conditions:
38. 1. They become
loyal Mexican
citizens
2. They would obey
the laws and speak
Spanish
3. They would
become members of
the Roman Catholic
Church
39. Stephen Austin carefully
picked 300 families to
settle in Texas with him in
1821. By 1830, there were
20,000 settlers.
Many of the new American
in Texas refused to convert
to Catholicism and this
angered the Mexican
government. In 1830, they
forbade the immigration of
any more Americans.
Stephen F. Austin
40. The Mexican government began enforcing its laws
more strictly and banned slavery and outlawed the
practice of any religion but Catholicism.
41. In 1832, Mexico had
a new leader,
General Antonio
Lopez de Santa
Anna.
The Tejanos
(Mexicans living in
TX) hated Santa
Anna and worked
with the American
settlers toward
independence.
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
42. In 1832, Texans clashed with Mexican troops in Gonzales
and defeated them. Two months later, Texans took San
Antonio. Santa Anna was angered and sent in his troops to
retake the city. Most of the Texans had scattered, but the
remaining 200 retreated to the Alamo.
43. On March 2, 1836, Texans met at
Washington-on-the-Brazos and declared their
independence and established the Republic of Texas.
44. On April 21, 1836, Sam Houston organized his troops
to attack Santa Anna who was with his troops in
San Jacinto.
The Battle lasted 18 minutes with 630 Mexicans killed
and 700 captured.
45. Santa Anna was forced to sign a treaty
granting Texas its independence.
Republic of Texas Flag 1836-1845
46. The Republic of
Texas still had
problems:
1. Mexico did
not accept
Santa Anna’s
treaty
2. Texas was
nearly
bankrupt
Most Texans wanted
the US to annex (add
on) Texas to the
Union
Reenactment of a
“Texas Annexation Rally”
47. Most US southerners
wanted Texas to be
annexed, but most
northerners did NOT
want to add another
pro-slavery state to
the Union.
President Andrew
Jackson wanted to
avoid war with
Mexico so he decided
not to annex Texas.
48. Polk easily gained Oregon for the nation by
peacefully negotiating with the British
(Treaty of Oregon in 1846 ). Border was set at 49º.
Unfortunately, gaining Texas was more difficult.
It would require war!
49. Sam Houston, President
of Texas, signed a treaty
of annexation with the
US.
The Congress feared
war with Mexico and
refused to ratify it.
Houston tricked the
Congress into believing
that Texas was allied
with Britain. It worked
and in 1845, Texas was
admitted into the Union
over the objection of
Mexico. Sam Houston
50. Mexico never accepted
the independence of Texas
and were furious about
the US annexation. Santa
Anna suggested that
annexation was,
“equivalent to a
declaration of war against
the Mexican Republic.”
President Polk offered
Mexico $30 million for
California and NM, but
Mexico refused to lose
anymore land.
51. President Polk ordered
General Zachary Taylor
to cross the Nueces River
(into disputed territory)
and set up posts along the
Rio Grande
Polk hoped the Mexicans
would attack, sparking a
war
The Mexican army did
attack in April of 1846
Resulting in both US and
Mexican fatalitiesGeneral Zachary Taylor
52. Since the US
claimed the land (as
did Mexico),
President Polk
claimed that
Mexico had “shed
American blood on
American soil.”
He urged Congress
to declare war, but
the North opposed
it because it saw it
as a plot to increase
the number of slave
states in the nation.
53. Ultimately, a declaration of war was approved
and many Americans heeded the call to join
the military. The Mexican War had begun!
54. General Zachary Taylor continued his assault
into northern Mexico and won several victories.
In 1847, he defeated Santa Anna’s 14,000
soldiers with only 5,000 American troops in the
Battle of Buena Vista, but was unable to capture
the leader as he retreated.
55. General Winfield
Scott landed 12,000
troops
3 miles southeast of
the Mexican port of
Vera Cruz
Scott’s men
surrounded the town
and after 12 days of
fighting, the
Mexicans
surrendered
56. A third army
led by Gen.
Stephen
Kearny
captured Santa
Fe, New Mexico
and then
darted west
and secured
Southern
California. General Stephen Kearny
57. On September 13, 1847,
the United States Marines
and soldiers attacked the
Castle at Chapultepec
(Halls of Montezuma)
During the siege of the
castle, which served as a
Mexican military academy,
young Mexican soldiers
and cadets fought to the
death, while the marines
and soldiers lost 90% of its
officers and Non-
Commissioned Officers
58. Ultimately the fortress was taken, but it
has gone down in history as the
“Mexican’s Alamo”.
59. Americans in California,
led by John C. Fremont,
had begun fighting the
Mexicans before the US
troops arrived.
On June 6, 1846, they
defeated the Mexicans and
declared California a
Republic, but Fremont soon
joined forces with the
US Army.
John C. Fremont
60. In 1848, the Mexicans
surrendered and
signed the Treaty of
Guadalupe-Hidalgo
under which they
ceded all of
California and New
Mexico to the US for
$15 million.
The lands became
known as the
Mexican Cession.
61. A Congressman from
Pennsylvania named David Wilmot
called on Congress to outlaw
slavery in any of the land taken
from Mexico. This became known
as the
Wilmot Proviso.
Southerners were outraged and argued that the
government had no right to ban slavery in any
territory. Although the Wilmot Proviso passed in
the House, it failed in the Senate.
David Wilmot
Wilmot Proviso.
62. In 1853, 5 years after the Mexican War, the US purchased parts
of present day southern Arizona and New Mexico for $10
million. This was known as the Gadsden Purchase.
Manifest Destiny was complete!