This document provides a summary of the book "Mexicanos: A History of Mexicans in the United States" by Miryam Hernandez. The book covers Mexican history from the early 1500s when Spanish explorers first arrived in North America through the late 1900s. It discusses the Spanish conquest of Mexico, Mexican settlement of the American Southwest, periods of heavy Mexican immigration to the US in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, the Mexican American civil rights movement, and trends among Mexican American communities through the 1990s.
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Mexican Revolution in World Historical Context: IB History of the Americaswilliamjtolley
The Mexican Revolution in a world-historical context. Includes long-term causes back to pre-conquest Latin America, current historiography, world-systems analysis and extrapolations to modern Mexico and the Zapatista movement of 1994.
THIRD EDITION
PETER WINN
FOURTEEN
North of the Border
"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe
free," wrote Emma Lazarus in 1883. Inscribed on a bronze plaque at the
base of the Statue of Liberty at the entrance to New York Harbor, these
lines expressed the promise of "the land ofliberty" for generations of im-
migrants to the United States.
During the 1980s, more immigrants arrived in the United States than
in any other decade in history. Yet, unlike millions of their predecessors,
few of them were welcomed by Lady Liberty and few came from Europe.
Most were migrants from Latin America and the Caribbean who had
traveled north, not west, to reach the United States, and crossed borders,
not oceans, to arrive at its shores.
How this nation of immigrants deals with this new wave of immi-
grants from the south may well shape its domestic history and hemi-
spheric relations during the twenty-first century. It may also force the
United States of America to rethink what it means to be "American."
These new immigrants have made the United States the fifth largest
Spanish-speaking country in the world. Today, it has the hemisphere's
largest Puerto Rican city, second largest concentrations of Cubans, Sal-
vadorans, Haitians, and Jamaicans, and fourth largest Mexican metrop-
olis. People of Latin American origin have surpassed African-Americans
North of the Border I 585
as the nation's largest minority group. Their concentrations in such large
states as California, Florida, New York, and Texas-and in some of the
country's biggest cities-will increase their social and political impact
still further. By 202 5, they will be the largest race or ethnic group in Cali-
fornia, comprising 4 3 percent of the population of the largest state. Al-
ready more than half of Miami is of Latin American descent, and the
same is true for nearly 40 percent of Los Angeles and a quarter of Hous-
ton and New York. Increasingly, "Anglos"-a term that "Hispanics,"
people with Spanish American cultural roots, apply to all white English-
speaking North Americans-will have to come to terms with the fact that
they not only share the Americas with their Latin American and
Caribbean neighbors, but that they also share their own country with
growing communities of "Latinos," people of Latin American descent.
The 2000 census revealed that there were more than 3 5 million His-
panics living in the continental United States, a 58 percent increase over
1980 and a nine-fold rise over 1950. By 2005, there were over 40 million
Hispanics living on the mainland and their numbers were growing four
times as fast as the U.S. population as a whole, as a result of immigra-
tion-legal and illegal-as well as higher birth rates. If current trends
continue, there will be more than roo million Hispanic-Americans by
the year 2050, when they will comprise one-quarter of this country's
populatio ...
Spain, Mexican Revolution to Texas Rebellion and The Alamo hoosier11
A power point presentation of over 100 slides. We include animation on each slide and Q&A, multiple choice on most slides. Intended for the classroom or the homeschoolers to encourage discovery, critical thinking, and discussion. We start with Spain in the Americas, the Mexican Revolution, and the Texas rebellion leading to the Alamo.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
3. The book Occupied America: The Chicano’s Struggle toward Liverationby Rodolfo Acuna published in 1972 provides an insight on Mexica American History. Acuna was able to easily talk about conflict and racial discrimination in his book. The book exposed inequality between Mexicans and Americans in the United States which was one of the causes of so many injustices I the early 1970s. Insight on mexicanamerica history
4. Distinctions created by…. Geography Race Gender Class status Language Historic events Mexican-american communities
5. To provide a balanced view of the Mexican experience as a Mexican citizen, immigrant and American citizen. To provide the reader with Mexicans who changed the history of Mexico. To help the reader understand the difference between Mexican, Chicano/a and Mestizo. Goals of Manuel g. gonzales
8. The conquest of mexico Hernan Cortes defeated Aztec leader Cuauhtemoc on August 13, 1521. The 1520 epidemic killed may inhabitants which helped the Spaniards easily take over the land and eventually expand. Marriages between Natives and Spaniards was encouraged to civilize the Natives.
10. Spanish exploration of the far north and settlement of new mexico Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca accidentally discovered the American Southwest. In 1540 Vasquez de Coronado discovered a desert land we now call the state of Arizona. The great Pueblo Revolt of 1680 killed may settlers by the hands of villagers. By 1680 the Spanish rebuilt their towns and began to expand.
11. Settlement of the northern frontier beyond new mexico In 1560 the Spanish conquered the Philippines which successfully created a trade route between the islands and New Spain. After the Seven Years’ War, in 1763 the Spanish acquired Louisiana. Juan Bautista de Anza began populating what is now known as San Francisco. By 1781 the Spanish population of Alta California was slowly increasing.
12. Major trends Between 1785-1786 Indians died of smallpox, had difficulty living in a hostile environment, and had limited food, especially in Texas. After the Treaty of Paris in 1783 also known as the independence from England, Americans began an interest in expanding to the Pacific. American interest in expanding was mostly for trade interest.
14. Mexican independence, California and new Mexico In 1848 Mexican won its independence from Spain. During the 1800s many people owned ranches. American traders began to protest against Governor Armijo (governor of New Mexico) regarding heavy trading fees. The Catholic religion was strong during this time.
15. Arizona, Texas and the clash of cultures Arizona and Texas suffered a decline in population in 1829. According to Arnoldo De Leon racial animosity of Texans towards Mexicans began occur by 1836. By the mid-1840s a large number of immigrants began to arrive.
16. The Texas revolt and the Mexican war On March 6, 1836 General Santa Anna and his army attacked at a old Fraciscan mission in San Antonio. A month after General Santa Anna’s victory, Texas won its independence. Texas made an attempt to invade New Mexico. On April 23, 1846 Mexico declared war on the United States.
18. Gringos and greasers, California and Arizona Prejudice against Mexicans and Americans increased during the conflict over land ownership. July 5, 1851 the first woman was lynched in the State of California which caused the term “greaser” to be a racial discrimination factor. In 1848 Mexicans signed the Treaty of Guadalupe. Due to the treaty many Mexicans resided in Arizona.
19. New mexico The Hispanic during the 1840s was broke down into two groups; rich and poor. In the 1850s the Mescaleros ad the Navajo were forced to the Bosque Redondo reservation at Fort Sumner in eastern New Mexico by the American cavalry. In 1892 Francisco Chavez, a Democratic political leader was assassinated.
20. texas Texas entered the union in 1845. Tejanos fought for rights. The Chihuahua trade was affected after the Mexican-American war. By the 1890s El Paso became the major America port of entry from Mexico. Immigrants arriving from Chihuahua and Sonora were educated.
22. Motives for Mexican Immigration, the Mexican Revolution and the Economic Development of the southwest Reed-Johnson Immigration Act of 1924 was passed to regulate immigration. In February 1915, an attempt to overthrow U.S. rule and reclaim the Southwest was initiated in southern Texas. Mexican population greatly increased between 1900-1930.
23. The Immigrant, the contratista and rural life After the postwar depression (1921-1922) was over, labor needs were soaring in the Southwest of the United States. Labor contractors also known as Contratistas brought labor abuse within the Mexican community by charging immigrants extra fees for boarding, travel and anything they could think of for profit. Mexicans lived in secluded rural areas.
24. Mexicans Beyond the Southwest and Mexican and European Immigration: a Comparison By the 1920s Mexican sugar beet workers moved into other Rocky Mountain States such as Utah and Idaho. In 1929 federal legislation made it a felony to enter the United States illegally. The difference between European migration and Mexican migration is based on physical discrimination.
26. The depression, Urbanization, and urbanization in the midwest The New York stock exchange on October 29, 1929 also known as the Great Depression The barrio population in East Los Angeles had overcrowded housing. By 1930 approximately 58,000 Mexicans resided in the Midwest. All immigrants feared economic competition against other groups.
27. The “Mexican problem”, repatriation, and the dust bowl migration Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan expressed their opposition against Mexicans residing in the United States. Due to the racial segregations and government reaction towards Mexican immigration, many Mexicans in the United States returned to their homeland. Agricultural employment grew 63.6 between 1935 and 1940 areas like Bakersfield and Kern County.
28. Labor strife and Mexican women and the labor movement The Western Federation of Miners (WFM), the only mining union and its members included Mexicans and other immigrants. American employers prefer Mexican immigrant workers because Mexican workers prefer to do an honest day’s job for an honest day’s pay. Women labor leaders like Lucy Gozales Parsons had a great impact on Mexican labor unions and women in society.
30. Mexicans In the military and urbanization: trials and tribulations Mexicans participated in World War I and World War II. Veteran benefits offered Mexicans education opportunities, job training and the right to own a home. Pachuchos also known as “zoot-suiters” first appeared in El Paso. They were caught between society trend and old fashion Mexican traditions.
31. The bracero program and operation wetback Labor unions began to defend the right of Mexican immigrants against the bracero program. Wetbacks are commonly known as undocumented workers or fence-jumpers. The Operation Wetback was a campaign program initiated by INS to deport undocumented Mexicans in 1954. During the 1950s most undocumented workers were men.
32. The mexicanamerican generation and the mexican-american intelligentsia 1987 Educational Equality in Texas, Mexican children were segregated into “Mexican” schools. 1945 Mendez et al. v. Westmister School District of Orange country (1947), suit filed by parents of a Mexican student. The Democratic vote was large due to the Mexican community. Carlos Eduardo Castaneda, Arthur Leon Campa ad George I. Sanchez were the first Mexicans that helped shape Mexican-American intellectual culture in the United States.
34. The Mexican community In the mid-sixties, origins of the chicano movement and chavez, huerta and the United farmworkers Mexican children were graduating High School by seventy five percent in the 1960s. Because of the black civil rights movement, it helped Mexicans to begin their own rights movement campaigns. Cesar Chavez began the Mexican rights movement in 1964. Dolores Fernandez Huerta formed alliance with Chavez to fight for farm workers rights.
35. The Delano strike, other early chicano leaders and the chicano student movement Chavez’s boycott of union grapes (1968-1975) Reies Lopez Tijerina, the son of migrant farm laborers, he and his supporters ivaded the courthouse at Tierra Amarilla to free jailed Alianza members and make a citizens’ arrest of local district attorey. March 3, 1968 Los Angeles student strike consisted of High School staff and Mexican students demanding a better school system.
36. The chicano movement in the community, the chicana movement, the decline of chicanismoand the chicano legacy August 29, 1970 thirty thousand people gathered at Laguna Park to protest U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the disproportionate loss of Latino lives in the war. The Chicana movement based their focus on women's rights. Because immigrants became more focused in earning a living and employment opportunities, Mexican civil rights became unimportant the decline of Chicanismo began. Chavez will remain the leader of the labor Mexican movement.
38. Demographics, immigration and the north american free trade agreement By 1990 about ninety percent of the Mexican population in the United States was urban, a higher percentage than the population at large according to the U.S. Census Bureau. 1996 eight percent of the Mexican population lived in poverty. Mexican immigrants were no only being deported but also arrested for falsifying immigration documents. The North American Free Trade Agreement (FAFTA) legislated into effect on January 1, 1994.
39. The decade of the hispanic: the unfulfilled promise, mexicancatholicism and feminista: the second generation By the late 1990s Mexican vote became the largest most important Decomat vote. Mexican women were becoming the head of household by the 1990s. Gangs in Los Angeles became a huge problem not only for California but for the Mexican culture which hurt the Mexican community alliance and created a stereotype that all Mexicans were part of a gang. About nine percent of Mexicans were infected with the AIDS virus in 1990. The second generation feministas were given more rights by the end of the 1900s, thus creating their own movement and support groups.
40. The chicano renaissance Peter Rodriguez a famous muralist founded the Mexican Museum in San Francisco in 1972. There were many Mexican musicians. Ritchie Valence (Ricardo Valenzuela) born to migrant workers open doors for many other Mexican musicians like Selena. The pursuit for Chicano rights gave way to other groups such as Cubans to pursue the same American dream.