This document provides a summary of Mexican history from the arrival of the Spaniards in Mexico to recent trends among the Mexican population in the United States. It covers major periods and events including the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs, the Mexican War of Independence from Spain, mass Mexican immigration to the US in the early 20th century, and the rise of the Chicano movement fighting for civil rights. More recently, it discusses the growth of the Mexican population and culture in the US as well as ongoing issues around immigration and socioeconomic status.

1. MEXICANOS
BY: MANUEL G
GONZALES
By: Brian Tran
Professor Aruello
History 33

2. Chapter 1: Spaniards and Native Americans

3. The Spanidards
 With the collapse of Roman Empire, the next
superpower to take the helm was Spain.
 Spanish embraced Catholicism and fought a
religious war among Muslims and Jews
 Christopher Columbus and his expedition of
Spaniards sail across the Atlantic Oceans
eventually land at Mexico where the Aztec
occupied the land.

4. The Amerindians
 The first people who occupied the civilization
was know to be found lowland of Southern
Vera Cruz and Tabasco.
 Their civilizations was based on agriculture
consist of crops such as beans, squash,
tomatoes, pumpkins, avocados, and potatoes
 Slaves from other tribe provided the labor to
grow these crops for survivals

5. The Conquest of Mexico
 Herman Cortes and Tlaxcalan warriors by
Xicotencat the Younger were victorious against
the Aztec Empires in August 13, 1521.
 The joint forces battle strategies were cutting off
food supplies and the city was ravaged from
smallpox.
 Cortes ordered to take down the Aztecs God and
replaced with the icon of Christianity.
 The take over brought the new and old Mexico
together which also encouraged in unifying and
mating of Natives and Spaniards which fuse to
become Spanish.

6. Chapter 2: The Spanish frontier
(1521-1821)

7. Spanish Exploration
 The Spanish began to settle an adventure
throughout the New World. The culture are
beginning to fuse as they are encouraged to
marry the Natives to form Mestizas.
 The incentive of the Exploration was search
for gold, silvers, passage to the Old World, and
pushing Christianity.
 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca first set foot on
the southern western land of future United
States.

8. Settlement
 A small colonization of settlements settle near
rivers or Indian Pueblos
 Many settlers move in to settle California as
fresh rich soil was enticing and the search for
gold was probable.
 In 1781, California was beginning to grow and
increased little by little by the Spanish.

9. Major Trends
 American Manifest Destiny began to influence
the Spanish to explore the Northern part of the
region in California.
 California exploration was the end of Spanish
expansion of the North.
 The interest of expanding was based on
trading and the people are having hard time
adjusting to frontier way of life.

10. Chapter 3: The Mexican Far
North (1821 – 1848)

11. The Collapse of Spanish
Empire
 Financial deficits, military loss, and
technological changes was the downfall of the
Spanish Empire.
 Mexico rich resources was not used properly
and American traders was revolting Governor
of New Mexico
 In 1848, after hard fought battle, Mexico won
its independence from Spain.

12. Independence States
 The Texas revolt in the Alamo in 1836 against
Mexico.
 California did not participate in the revolt
against Spain and remain independence from
Mexico.
 In the Mexico-America war of 1847, American
claimed and occupied much of Arizona.

13. Texas Revolution and the Mexican-
American War of 1847
 Texas won its independence and was known
as a Lone Star state as they were the focal
point of America and Mexico battles.
 American forces invaded New Mexico,
American Navy blockade Alta California, took
control rich resources along the coast of Baja
California.
 USA was victorious as Mexico loss California,
Texas, and New Mexico.

14. Chapter 4: The American Southwest
(1848 – 1900)

15. Gringos and Greasers
 Anti Mexican was known during the latter part
of the 19th century. Mexicanos and Anglo were
fusing as a whole.
 Mexicans and Americans was not well liked
and increased conflicts over property.
 The Greaser Act was passed in California on
1855 which is anti among Greasers and who
had both Spanish and Indian blood allowing
people to harassed them legally.

16. New Mexico
 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo of 1848
ceded New Mexico to the United States.
 During 1840’s, the rich social class and the
poor social class was unstable as they were
continuous clash one and another.
 The tribe of the states consist mostly Navajo
and Pueblo people and consisted of high
amount of Hispanics.

17. Arizona
 Arizona was acquired by the United States
from The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
 Gila River in 1853 was recaptured by Mexico
in the Gadsden Purchase.
 The Economic power of Hispanic Elite began
to wane as the Anglos and the railroads
entered Arizona.

18. Chapter 5: The Great Migration
(1900 – 1930)

19. Motives for Mexican
Immigration
 Mexicans is the highest group among foreign
countries that migrated to the United States.
 Labors was in desperate needed in United
States as there was an economic boom in US.
Their works entailed like the railroad and
seasonal agricultural labors.
 The immigration laws was less enforced as to
Eastern European migration which are very
restrictive.

20. Mexican Revolution
 The Mexican Revolution was among the main
factor of 300,000 Mexicans migrated to the
United States in searching for better
opportunities and safer environments.
 After the Mexican Revolution, the central
government was corrupted as they was put
power to the central government
 It was led by Francisco I. Madero against the
longtime dictator Porfrio Diaz.

21. Immigration
 Mexican were driven in the search for political,
economic, and social class freedom in the
Southwest part of the United States.
 Mexicans lived in secluded rural areas and
was not treated equally among the Natives
living at the time.
 Labor abuses and series of harassment face
the immigrants when living in the US.

22. Chapter 6: The Depression
(1930 -1940)

23. The Great Depression
 The Great Depression happen at New York
City which affect the United States and the
world in 1929 leaving Mexicanos in a very bad
shape to survive.
 Immigrants feared that they’ll be left out
because of competition among European
immigrations.
 American was ignoring and harassing the
Mexicanos at the times.

24. Urbanization
 The depression started up the flow to
urbanization in the Southwest.
 Mexican barrios began to form and form a
community in order to protect each other.
 Groups such as Ku Klux Klan provided enough
threat that Mexicans were forced to live in
cities to protect their well-being.

25. Labors
 American employer willing to hire the
Mexicans because they came in for cheap.
 As they move to urbanization, the labor
movement began.
 Mexicans and Mexican American become a
constant scapegoat for the downfall of the
economy.

26. Chapter 7: The Second World War and Its
Aftermath
(1940 – 1965)

27. Mexicans in the Military
 Many Mexicans served for the military as a
social economic issues.
 It’s a way to show pride and gain economic
advantage when serving for the US.
 Veteran were benefits by education
opportunities, job openings, and the rights to
own properties.

28. Workers back at Home
 While majority of the citizens went at war,
immigrants who stay home worked in factories
in producing weaponry, railroads, metal and
steels, and etc.
 The Bracero Program were form in order to
protect the labor rights for Mexican
immigrants.
 Most workers were men, however women play
big parts in the factories.

29. Urbanization
 Panchuco gangs were formed as the result of
revolt between traditional parent and the
younger generation.
 They rebelled and created their own kind of
society.
 Gang violence and the hatred of Spanish and
Native blood “Greasers” developed among
various communities.

30. Chapter 8 : The Chicano Movement
(1965 – 1975)

31. Chicano Movement
 Consisted of hundreds of organization
focusing among various issues like equality
and Union Farm Workers emerged as the
result of the movement.
 The movement was dominated by young
generation of high school and college students
and was little more violence.
 Many legal victories were won like in 1947
Mendez vs. Westminster Supreme Court
which declare the segregating children with
“Mexican and Latin “ descent was proven
unconstitutional.

32. Chicano Student Movement and
the Delano Strike
 The formation of United Farm Workers was
created as the result of the grape strike led by
Caesar Chavez and many various leaders.
 By 1970, the student movement was made out
of young people looking equal rights and fixed
the problems among public institutions.
 In Los Angeles in 1970’s walkout occurs and in
Denver as well in fighting for a better
education systems and proper learning status.

33. The Decline of Chicanismo
 It was proven difficult to rally a group or
organizations in fighting for common welfare.
 Welfare rights, child care, sexual
discriminations in employment, abortion and
birth control were among the hot topics that
was issued to fight for.
 When immigrants began to focus more on their
self survivals and personal advancements, the
movement decline as a result, very few
demostrations.

34. Chapter 9: Goodbye to Aztlan
(1975 – 1994)

35. Demographics
 An enormous increase among Hispanics to
about 61% between 1970’s and 1980’s in the
United States.
 Mexicans communities are becoming more
spiritual as a result of everyone changing to
different religions.
 Most Mexicans Americans live in urban area.

36. Rise among Women Rights
 Women began to find their voice in culture and
politics as more women become more
educated.
 Movement among Latinas as it began to
emerge to Hispanics roots.
 Mexican women were becoming head
househeld in 1990’s.

37. The Chicano Renaissance
 Chicanos were becoming more educated as
they gather influence from music and arts.
 There was a growth in interest among
literature, poetry, drama, and music.
 Famous people who came from Chicano
Renaissance was Ricardo Valenzuela, Selena,
and Arnoldo Carlos Vento.

38. Chapter 10: The Hispanic Challenges
(1994 – Present)

39. Socioeconomics
 A stronger middle class among Mexican
communities are forming as they are becoming
more educated and finding better jobs and
involved in politics.
 Mexicans are shifting toward the Republican
party which is usually big focal point during
elections.
 Latino populations is 47 millions, however their
social status progress has remain unstable
and continue to live in poverty.

40. Immigration
 In mid 1990’s with the strength of economics
at its highest, more Mexicans crowded in the
United States looking for better job prospect
and better life.
 Discrimination and anger toward Mexican
Immigration continue to be the focal point as a
result of economic downturn and recessions.
 11.3 millions immigrations living in United
States are illegal.

41. Popular Culture
 In the last decade, the Mexican culture had made
a huge impact among Hollywood and mainstream
culture.
 Many Mexicans people are becoming more
famous in Hollywood as actors or actress,
musicians, and athletes.
 In Southern western part of the US, Spanish
language media are broadcast and they even
have their own newspapers.
 The revolution of soccer, baseball, and football
enhance the quality of the sports making it more
competitive.