Ch. 19.1 notes: Populations
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A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, its size will decline back down.
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Ch. 19.1 notes: Populations
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, it is considered overpopulated.
Ch. 19.3 notes: Relationships
This document provides an overview of key concepts about populations, changing populations, and communities. It defines populations as all organisms of the same species in the same area. Changing populations can increase, decrease, or migrate due to limiting factors. A community consists of all populations that live together, with organisms having habitats, niches, and relationships like predator-prey or symbiosis within the community.
Wikibio100 2
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
1. Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their physical environment.
2. Organisms are organized into different levels including organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
3. Key ecological principles include the range of tolerance, habitat and niche, competitive exclusion, carrying capacity, population growth, and biological succession.
Limiting factors
A population is a group of the same species that lives in the same area and competes for resources like food, water, and space. Populations are always changing in size due to limiting factors, which are abiotic or biotic factors that control population numbers. Limiting factors include temperature, drought, space, predators, and competition between organisms over resources needed for survival and reproduction.
Limiting factors
1) Limiting factors determine the maximum population size that an environment can support by restricting available resources. Common limiting factors include food, water, oxygen, temperature, light, and space.
2) Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting population size directly, or density-independent like natural disasters.
3) Biological factors include predation, competition, and parasitism through interaction between species, while physical factors comprise resources like nutrients, water, and temperature. Limiting factors regulate population growth and distribution.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially according to their biotic potential. However, environmental resistance factors like limited resources typically cause populations to level off at the carrying capacity of their environment, resulting in logistic growth curves. Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity and ecosystems from threats like habitat loss and fragmentation caused by human activities.
Laws of limiting factors
This document discusses limiting factors and three laws related to limiting factors:
1. Shelford's Law of Tolerance states that organisms have minimum, maximum, and optimal thresholds for environmental factors that determine their success. Outside the thresholds, survival rates decline.
2. Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that growth is limited not by total resources but by the scarcest resource. Like a barrel limited by its shortest stave, increasing the limiting factor increases growth until a new factor becomes limiting.
3. Blackman's Law of Limiting Factors says that when a process depends on multiple factors, its rate is determined by the slowest factor.
Habitat, niche, limiting factors
This document defines several key ecology terms: habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, and competition. It then provides examples of a gray wolf's niche, explaining that it is a carnivore that lives and hunts in packs and cares for its young. The document notes that most animals produce more offspring than can survive due to limiting factors. It asks why a pond wouldn't become overrun with frogs, implying that limiting factors keep populations in check. Finally, it poses multiple choice questions testing understanding of these terms and concepts.
Recommended
Ch. 19.1 notes: Populations
A population is defined as a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. Factors that affect the size of a population include competition for limited resources, temperature, diseases, predators, natural disasters, and the availability of food, water, shelter, and mates. The carrying capacity is the largest population size an environment can sustainably support and is determined by limiting factors like these. When a population exceeds the carrying capacity, it is considered overpopulated.
Ch. 19.3 notes: Relationships
This document provides an overview of key concepts about populations, changing populations, and communities. It defines populations as all organisms of the same species in the same area. Changing populations can increase, decrease, or migrate due to limiting factors. A community consists of all populations that live together, with organisms having habitats, niches, and relationships like predator-prey or symbiosis within the community.
Wikibio100 2
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
1. Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their physical environment.
2. Organisms are organized into different levels including organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere.
3. Key ecological principles include the range of tolerance, habitat and niche, competitive exclusion, carrying capacity, population growth, and biological succession.
Limiting factors
A population is a group of the same species that lives in the same area and competes for resources like food, water, and space. Populations are always changing in size due to limiting factors, which are abiotic or biotic factors that control population numbers. Limiting factors include temperature, drought, space, predators, and competition between organisms over resources needed for survival and reproduction.
Limiting factors
1) Limiting factors determine the maximum population size that an environment can support by restricting available resources. Common limiting factors include food, water, oxygen, temperature, light, and space.
2) Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting population size directly, or density-independent like natural disasters.
3) Biological factors include predation, competition, and parasitism through interaction between species, while physical factors comprise resources like nutrients, water, and temperature. Limiting factors regulate population growth and distribution.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions, populations can grow exponentially according to their biotic potential. However, environmental resistance factors like limited resources typically cause populations to level off at the carrying capacity of their environment, resulting in logistic growth curves. Conservation biology aims to protect biodiversity and ecosystems from threats like habitat loss and fragmentation caused by human activities.
Laws of limiting factors
This document discusses limiting factors and three laws related to limiting factors:
1. Shelford's Law of Tolerance states that organisms have minimum, maximum, and optimal thresholds for environmental factors that determine their success. Outside the thresholds, survival rates decline.
2. Liebig's Law of the Minimum states that growth is limited not by total resources but by the scarcest resource. Like a barrel limited by its shortest stave, increasing the limiting factor increases growth until a new factor becomes limiting.
3. Blackman's Law of Limiting Factors says that when a process depends on multiple factors, its rate is determined by the slowest factor.
Habitat, niche, limiting factors
This document defines several key ecology terms: habitat, niche, limiting factors, carrying capacity, and competition. It then provides examples of a gray wolf's niche, explaining that it is a carnivore that lives and hunts in packs and cares for its young. The document notes that most animals produce more offspring than can survive due to limiting factors. It asks why a pond wouldn't become overrun with frogs, implying that limiting factors keep populations in check. Finally, it poses multiple choice questions testing understanding of these terms and concepts.
LIMITATION TO POPULATION GROWTH
Factors affecting population growth
The two types of limiting factor: Density Independent and Density Dependent
Law of limiting factors
This document discusses limiting factors in ecosystems. It defines limiting factors as environmental factors that restrict the growth, abundance, or distribution of a population. The main limiting factors discussed are food supply, available space, keystone species, predators, and energy. It provides examples of how population size is determined by the carrying capacity of the environment, which is limited by factors like food, water, habitat, and mates. Density-dependent limiting factors depend on population density, while density-independent factors do not. Single limiting factors limit a system directly, while co-limiting factors do so indirectly by increasing the effect of another limiting factor.
Ecology Population
Ecology is the study of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems. It is concerned with issues like climate change, extinction, and endangered species. Ecosystems can be analyzed at different levels of organization from the biosphere down to populations of individual species. Organisms are interdependent on biotic and abiotic factors in their environment, and populations are regulated by density-dependent and independent factors. Populations grow through birth and immigration and decline through death and emigration, and their growth can be measured over time.
Topic 3 – human population, carrying capacity
The document discusses ecological footprints and human impacts on the environment. It provides data on the approximate ecological footprints of different countries in 2003. The United States had the largest footprint at 10.3 hectares per person, while India had the smallest at 0.8 hectares per person. An ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to sustain the resources consumed and waste produced by a human population. Countries with footprints greater than their available land area are considered to be living unsustainably.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems to the biosphere. Abiotic factors like climate and biotic factors like predator-prey relationships influence the distribution of organisms. Nutritional interactions involve the transfer of nutrients between autotrophs like plants and heterotrophs like animals. Food chains show the linear transfer of energy between producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web. Population growth is influenced by limiting factors and carrying capacity, while succession over time changes community composition and structure. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycles recycle essential elements.
Chapters 8 11 ecology
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 8-11 of an ecology textbook. It discusses 3 distribution patterns of individuals within populations and factors that give rise to each. It also covers population estimation techniques, approaches to establishing age structure, different migration and reproductive strategies in animals and plants, population growth models, life history strategies, intraspecific regulation and factors influencing carrying capacity. Specific topics include mark-recapture methods, survivorship curves, life tables, r/K selection, Grime's model of plant strategies, density-dependent and independent regulation, and scramble vs contest competition.
Limiting factors
Density independent and density dependent factors can limit population growth. Density independent factors like natural disasters, temperature, sunlight and human activities affect populations regardless of density. Density dependent factors like competition, predation, disease and crowding only impact populations at high densities. For example, yellow perch populations in Lake Winnipeg are limited by density independent factors like drought, which could lower water levels and temperatures, as well as density dependent factors like predation from northern pike and walleye when populations are high.
P p biodiversity limiting factors in pop #6
This document discusses several topics related to biodiversity and limiting factors:
1. Biodiversity has decreased since humans emerged due to hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic chemicals, and introducing foreign species. This has led to a loss of genetic diversity.
2. Biodiversity is important for ecosystem productivity - greater diversity ensures sustainability and resilience against disasters.
3. Sustainability describes how biological systems remain diverse, robust and productive over time, which benefits both humans and other organisms.
4. Limiting factors that depend on population size are called density dependent factors, while those that affect populations regardless of size are density independent factors. Examples of each are given.
Population and Community
This document defines key population and community ecology concepts. It discusses [1] what a population is, factors that affect population size, density, and distribution. [2] Population growth is influenced by natality, mortality, immigration, emigration, and environmental resistance. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. [3] Communities are formed by populations interacting in an area. Relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis shape community structure. Producers, consumers, and decomposers fill different roles. Habitats provide resources while niches define an organism's function. Energy and nutrients flow through food chains and webs.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions with no environmental constraints, populations would experience exponential growth due to high biotic potential. However, in reality populations reach an equilibrium known as carrying capacity, where growth levels off due to limiting factors like competition for resources and predation.
Ib biology g1 communities
This document discusses various biotic and abiotic factors that influence community ecology, including temperature, precipitation, producers, consumers, decomposers, competition, parasitism, predation, and the niche concept. It provides examples of how these factors affect species distribution and interactions in different ecosystems like tropical rainforests.
Chapter 21- Populations and Communities
This document covers key concepts about populations, communities, and ecosystems. It defines habitats, biotic and abiotic factors, and different levels of ecological organization from populations to ecosystems. Population size can be determined through direct observation, indirect observation, sampling, or mark-and-recapture studies. Population size changes due to birth/death rates and immigration/emigration. Limiting factors like food, water, space, and weather regulate population growth. Natural selection and niche adaptations help organisms survive in their environment. Competition and symbiosis shape species interactions within communities.
Biology ppt 5.2
1) The document discusses various limiting factors that control population growth, including density-dependent factors like competition, predation, and disease, as well as density-independent factors like weather events.
2) It provides examples of how these limiting factors affect predator-prey relationships on Isle Royale, influencing the fluctuations in wolf and moose populations.
3) The introduction of species like hydrilla to new environments can allow population growth to exceed the normal limits if the limiting factors from its native ecosystem are absent, leading to uncontrolled expansion.
Allee effect
1) The Allee effect describes how individual fitness of a population decreases at low densities due to reduced cooperation for tasks like mate finding, predator defense, and environmental conditioning.
2) There are two types of Allee effects - strong and weak. Strong Allee effects occur when per capita growth rates become negative below a critical density threshold, whereas weak Allee effects occur when per capita growth rates decline but remain positive.
3) Examples of species exhibiting Allee effects include fruit flies, where sterile males are used to control populations, and schooling fish, where overfishing can cause population disintegration due to reduced cooperation at low densities.
What, exactly, is a biotic interactions?
This document discusses the definition of a biotic interaction. It notes that for many interactions, the species do not directly interact but rather affect each other indirectly through their effects on shared resources or other parts of the environment. Direct interactions involve one species directly doing something to another, such as predation, parasitism, or pollination. Mediated interactions occur when two species affect a shared environment. Indirect effects through a third species or the environment may or may not qualify as a biotic interaction, depending on whether there are feedbacks between the species populations. The document concludes that biotic interactions can be defined as ecological effects between species that occur through individual behaviors and involve feedbacks between the populations.
Chapter 5, lesson 1
An ecosystem consists of all living and non-living components in an area. It includes abiotic factors like air, water, and soil as well as biotic factors such as plants, animals, and microbes. Organisms within an ecosystem interact as populations of the same species, communities of multiple populations, and through their roles or niches. Producers like plants generate food and oxygen while consumers eat other organisms and decomposers break down dead matter.
2.6.1 4,2.1.7
The document discusses factors that influence population size, including biotic potential, environmental resistance, natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration. Population growth depends on the interplay between these growth factors and limiting factors. Species have different reproductive strategies based on their selection of r-selected opportunistic reproduction or K-selected competitive reproduction. Population growth curves and survivorship curves also influence population size, as do density-dependent and density-independent factors. Species interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism and herbivory additionally impact population dynamics.
Grade 10 - Population Ecology
1. The document discusses various levels of biological organization from the ecosystem level down to the molecular level, providing examples like the eucalyptus forest ecosystem and the flying fox population.
2. It then focuses on population ecology, defining key population features like size, density, dispersion, growth rates, and factors that influence population growth like immigration, emigration, birth rates and death rates.
3. Models of population growth are discussed, including exponential and logistic growth curves, and the concept of carrying capacity is introduced as the maximum population size supported by available resources.
Population principles lecture 5
The document is a chapter from an environmental science textbook about populations and their characteristics. It discusses topics like population growth curves, limiting factors, carrying capacity, and reproductive strategies. A typical population growth curve shows four phases: a lag phase, exponential growth phase, deceleration phase, and stable equilibrium phase. Limiting factors that control population size can be extrinsic, intrinsic, density-dependent, or density-independent. Carrying capacity is the maximum sustainable population size for a given area. Reproductive strategies also vary, with K-strategists producing fewer offspring and r-strategists producing many offspring.
Chapters 21 23 ecology
Temperature, moisture, length of photosynthetic period, and nutrient availability affect net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary productivity is typically higher in coastal oceans due to nutrient inputs from land. Primary production fuels secondary production by consumers. There are two main food chains: grazing and detrital, with detrital dominating terrestrial ecosystems. Decomposition returns nutrients to the soil and is influenced by temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential elements through abiotic and biotic components, and nutrients can be lost through export, harvesting, and fire.
skeletal system
The skeletal system helps support the body, allows movement, protects organs, and produces/stores materials. It works closely with the muscular and circulatory systems. The skeletal system is made up of bones, bone marrow, cartilage, and ligaments. Major bones include the skull, rib cage, spine, shoulders, hips, and limbs.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system pumps blood through the body to transport oxygen, food, water, and waste; it interacts with other systems like the skeletal and respiratory systems; and diseases can occur if it fails to properly maintain homeostasis, transport oxygen, and keep the blood vessels flexible, such as with a heart attack, stroke, or heart failure.
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LIMITATION TO POPULATION GROWTH
Factors affecting population growth
The two types of limiting factor: Density Independent and Density Dependent
Law of limiting factors
This document discusses limiting factors in ecosystems. It defines limiting factors as environmental factors that restrict the growth, abundance, or distribution of a population. The main limiting factors discussed are food supply, available space, keystone species, predators, and energy. It provides examples of how population size is determined by the carrying capacity of the environment, which is limited by factors like food, water, habitat, and mates. Density-dependent limiting factors depend on population density, while density-independent factors do not. Single limiting factors limit a system directly, while co-limiting factors do so indirectly by increasing the effect of another limiting factor.
Ecology Population
Ecology is the study of interactions between biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems. It is concerned with issues like climate change, extinction, and endangered species. Ecosystems can be analyzed at different levels of organization from the biosphere down to populations of individual species. Organisms are interdependent on biotic and abiotic factors in their environment, and populations are regulated by density-dependent and independent factors. Populations grow through birth and immigration and decline through death and emigration, and their growth can be measured over time.
Topic 3 – human population, carrying capacity
The document discusses ecological footprints and human impacts on the environment. It provides data on the approximate ecological footprints of different countries in 2003. The United States had the largest footprint at 10.3 hectares per person, while India had the smallest at 0.8 hectares per person. An ecological footprint is the area of land and water required to sustain the resources consumed and waste produced by a human population. Countries with footprints greater than their available land area are considered to be living unsustainably.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. It can be studied at different levels from organisms to ecosystems to the biosphere. Abiotic factors like climate and biotic factors like predator-prey relationships influence the distribution of organisms. Nutritional interactions involve the transfer of nutrients between autotrophs like plants and heterotrophs like animals. Food chains show the linear transfer of energy between producers, consumers, and decomposers in a food web. Population growth is influenced by limiting factors and carrying capacity, while succession over time changes community composition and structure. Biogeochemical cycles like carbon and nitrogen cycles recycle essential elements.
Chapters 8 11 ecology
The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 8-11 of an ecology textbook. It discusses 3 distribution patterns of individuals within populations and factors that give rise to each. It also covers population estimation techniques, approaches to establishing age structure, different migration and reproductive strategies in animals and plants, population growth models, life history strategies, intraspecific regulation and factors influencing carrying capacity. Specific topics include mark-recapture methods, survivorship curves, life tables, r/K selection, Grime's model of plant strategies, density-dependent and independent regulation, and scramble vs contest competition.
Limiting factors
Density independent and density dependent factors can limit population growth. Density independent factors like natural disasters, temperature, sunlight and human activities affect populations regardless of density. Density dependent factors like competition, predation, disease and crowding only impact populations at high densities. For example, yellow perch populations in Lake Winnipeg are limited by density independent factors like drought, which could lower water levels and temperatures, as well as density dependent factors like predation from northern pike and walleye when populations are high.
P p biodiversity limiting factors in pop #6
This document discusses several topics related to biodiversity and limiting factors:
1. Biodiversity has decreased since humans emerged due to hunting species to extinction, introducing toxic chemicals, and introducing foreign species. This has led to a loss of genetic diversity.
2. Biodiversity is important for ecosystem productivity - greater diversity ensures sustainability and resilience against disasters.
3. Sustainability describes how biological systems remain diverse, robust and productive over time, which benefits both humans and other organisms.
4. Limiting factors that depend on population size are called density dependent factors, while those that affect populations regardless of size are density independent factors. Examples of each are given.
Population and Community
This document defines key population and community ecology concepts. It discusses [1] what a population is, factors that affect population size, density, and distribution. [2] Population growth is influenced by natality, mortality, immigration, emigration, and environmental resistance. Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. [3] Communities are formed by populations interacting in an area. Relationships like predation, competition, and symbiosis shape community structure. Producers, consumers, and decomposers fill different roles. Habitats provide resources while niches define an organism's function. Energy and nutrients flow through food chains and webs.
Populations
Population dynamics refers to the characteristics and changes in populations over time. Key factors that influence population size include birth rates, death rates, population density, age structure, and dispersion within a habitat. Under ideal conditions with no environmental constraints, populations would experience exponential growth due to high biotic potential. However, in reality populations reach an equilibrium known as carrying capacity, where growth levels off due to limiting factors like competition for resources and predation.
Ib biology g1 communities
This document discusses various biotic and abiotic factors that influence community ecology, including temperature, precipitation, producers, consumers, decomposers, competition, parasitism, predation, and the niche concept. It provides examples of how these factors affect species distribution and interactions in different ecosystems like tropical rainforests.
Chapter 21- Populations and Communities
This document covers key concepts about populations, communities, and ecosystems. It defines habitats, biotic and abiotic factors, and different levels of ecological organization from populations to ecosystems. Population size can be determined through direct observation, indirect observation, sampling, or mark-and-recapture studies. Population size changes due to birth/death rates and immigration/emigration. Limiting factors like food, water, space, and weather regulate population growth. Natural selection and niche adaptations help organisms survive in their environment. Competition and symbiosis shape species interactions within communities.
Biology ppt 5.2
1) The document discusses various limiting factors that control population growth, including density-dependent factors like competition, predation, and disease, as well as density-independent factors like weather events.
2) It provides examples of how these limiting factors affect predator-prey relationships on Isle Royale, influencing the fluctuations in wolf and moose populations.
3) The introduction of species like hydrilla to new environments can allow population growth to exceed the normal limits if the limiting factors from its native ecosystem are absent, leading to uncontrolled expansion.
Allee effect
1) The Allee effect describes how individual fitness of a population decreases at low densities due to reduced cooperation for tasks like mate finding, predator defense, and environmental conditioning.
2) There are two types of Allee effects - strong and weak. Strong Allee effects occur when per capita growth rates become negative below a critical density threshold, whereas weak Allee effects occur when per capita growth rates decline but remain positive.
3) Examples of species exhibiting Allee effects include fruit flies, where sterile males are used to control populations, and schooling fish, where overfishing can cause population disintegration due to reduced cooperation at low densities.
What, exactly, is a biotic interactions?
This document discusses the definition of a biotic interaction. It notes that for many interactions, the species do not directly interact but rather affect each other indirectly through their effects on shared resources or other parts of the environment. Direct interactions involve one species directly doing something to another, such as predation, parasitism, or pollination. Mediated interactions occur when two species affect a shared environment. Indirect effects through a third species or the environment may or may not qualify as a biotic interaction, depending on whether there are feedbacks between the species populations. The document concludes that biotic interactions can be defined as ecological effects between species that occur through individual behaviors and involve feedbacks between the populations.
Chapter 5, lesson 1
An ecosystem consists of all living and non-living components in an area. It includes abiotic factors like air, water, and soil as well as biotic factors such as plants, animals, and microbes. Organisms within an ecosystem interact as populations of the same species, communities of multiple populations, and through their roles or niches. Producers like plants generate food and oxygen while consumers eat other organisms and decomposers break down dead matter.
2.6.1 4,2.1.7
The document discusses factors that influence population size, including biotic potential, environmental resistance, natality, mortality, immigration, and emigration. Population growth depends on the interplay between these growth factors and limiting factors. Species have different reproductive strategies based on their selection of r-selected opportunistic reproduction or K-selected competitive reproduction. Population growth curves and survivorship curves also influence population size, as do density-dependent and density-independent factors. Species interactions like competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism and herbivory additionally impact population dynamics.
Grade 10 - Population Ecology
1. The document discusses various levels of biological organization from the ecosystem level down to the molecular level, providing examples like the eucalyptus forest ecosystem and the flying fox population.
2. It then focuses on population ecology, defining key population features like size, density, dispersion, growth rates, and factors that influence population growth like immigration, emigration, birth rates and death rates.
3. Models of population growth are discussed, including exponential and logistic growth curves, and the concept of carrying capacity is introduced as the maximum population size supported by available resources.
Population principles lecture 5
The document is a chapter from an environmental science textbook about populations and their characteristics. It discusses topics like population growth curves, limiting factors, carrying capacity, and reproductive strategies. A typical population growth curve shows four phases: a lag phase, exponential growth phase, deceleration phase, and stable equilibrium phase. Limiting factors that control population size can be extrinsic, intrinsic, density-dependent, or density-independent. Carrying capacity is the maximum sustainable population size for a given area. Reproductive strategies also vary, with K-strategists producing fewer offspring and r-strategists producing many offspring.
Chapters 21 23 ecology
Temperature, moisture, length of photosynthetic period, and nutrient availability affect net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary productivity is typically higher in coastal oceans due to nutrient inputs from land. Primary production fuels secondary production by consumers. There are two main food chains: grazing and detrital, with detrital dominating terrestrial ecosystems. Decomposition returns nutrients to the soil and is influenced by temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential elements through abiotic and biotic components, and nutrients can be lost through export, harvesting, and fire.
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The circulatory system pumps blood through the body to transport oxygen, food, water, and waste; it interacts with other systems like the skeletal and respiratory systems; and diseases can occur if it fails to properly maintain homeostasis, transport oxygen, and keep the blood vessels flexible, such as with a heart attack, stroke, or heart failure.
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EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
CONSIDER LECTURES UP TO 26 FEB and TEXT BOOK CHAPTERS UP THOURGH MODULE 4.1 (Through HUMAN POPULATIONS)
1. Give a basic definition of biodiversity.
2. Which of the following accurately reflects the connection between science, decision-making, and environmental science?
a. Science and environmental science rely on evidence; good decision-making only sometimes relies on evidence.
b. Science and good decision-making rely on evidence; environmental science does not always rely on evidence.
c. Science relies on good decision-making and environmental science relies on evidence.
d. Science and good decision-making relies on evidence; environmental science relies on good decision-making.
e. Science and good decision-making rely on evidence; environmental science relies on evidence.
3. Compare the life history strategy of a deer mouse with that of a bear, and identify each as either an r- or K-selected species.
4. Why are tertiary information sources considered less reliable than primary and secondary sources? What is a primary
source?
5. What is an environmental footprint? How is this used to measure sustainability?
6. Scientists have studied the impact of clear cutting forests on erosion and waterways. They know that clear cutting will cause
erosion and waterways will suffer the impact of sediment loading. Evaluate the situation and choose the statement that
best explains how humans may perceive the risks involved.
a. Since the chance of disaster is low humans will not have biases about this situation.
b. Although the seriousness of the impact is well known people’s judgment may still vary dramatically.
c. All people understand this situation and will work together on a solution.
d. Both a and c
e. None of the above
7. Why are some people more vulnerable to toxic substances than other people, even if exposed to the same dose?
8. Explain how a composting toilet works. Use a diagram to explain the cycling of water and organic matter.
9. Distinguish between chronic and acute effects cuased by exposure to toxic substances.
10. List THREE abiotic parameters and THREE biotic parameters:
ABIOTIC
1
2
3
BIOTIC
1
2
3
ECS 111 SECTION P SPRING 2019 Dr. SEALEY
STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAM ONE on 28 FEBRUARY 2019
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11. Which of the following best describes ecosystem capital?
a. mineral and living resources of the earth.
b. living organisms and other renewable resources of the earth.
c. natural resources such as forests and fisheries.
d. natural resources (goods) and services provided by ecosystems
e. ecosystem services that support life on earth
12. Refer to the figure below to determine which country has the lowest population size but the highest density?
a. Asia
b. South Africa
c. Eastern Europe
d. Wes.
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Ch. 19.1 notes: Populations
- 2. Chapter 19.1: Populations 1. What defines a population? 2. What factors affect the size of a population? Focus Questions
- 3. 1. What defines a population? • Ecology: study of all ecosystems on Earth
- 4. 1. What defines a population? What defines a population? A species is a group of organisms that have similar traits and are able to produce fertile offspring.
- 5. Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organism •The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air where plant spores drift. • An ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic factors of the community. • A community consists of all of the populations of species that live and interact in an area. • Each animal is a part of a population, or a group of individuals of the same species that live together. 5 levels of Environmental Organization •Each animal is a part of a population, or a group of individuals of the same species that live together. •A community consists of all of the populations of species that live and interact in an area. •An ecosystem is made up of a community of organisms and the abiotic factors of the community. •The biosphere is the part of Earth where life exists. It extends from the deepest parts of the ocean to high in the air where plant spores drift.
- 6. On what level in the environment would your neighborhood be? (including: you, your pets, houses, streets, yards, etc.) A. Organism B. Population C. Community D. Ecosystem E. Biosphere Organism Population Com m unity Ecosystem Biosphere 0 0 000 45
- 7. Factors that affect the size of a population: • Competition is the demand for resources that are in short supply in a community. – food, water, shelter, mates, space • When there are not enough resources available to survive, there is more competition.
- 8. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? • Populations change as environmental factors change Limiting factors: A. Sunlight availability is a limiting factor for most organisms. • Without sunlight, green plants cannot make food, which effects animals that eat plants.
- 9. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? B. Temperature is a limiting factor for some organisms. – When the temperature drops below freezing, many organisms die because it is too cold to carry out their life functions. C. Diseases D. Predators E. Natural disasters – fires – Floods F. Food, Water, Shelter, & Mates
- 10. Which of these refers to anything that restricts the size of a population? A. population density B. limiting factor C. carrying capacity D. biosphere population density lim itingfactorcarryingcapacity biosphere 0 000 45
- 11. Which of the following is NOT an example of a limiting factor? A. Sunlight B. Natural disasters C. Temperature D. Population E. Predators F. Diseases G. Food Sunlight NaturaldisastersTem peraturePopulation Predators Diseases Food 0 0 0 0000 45
- 12. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? • Population density is the population count in a specific area. • One way of estimating population density is by sample count.
- 13. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? • Biotic potential – the potential growth of a population if it had no limiting factors (if it had perfect conditions). • No population on Earth ever reaches its biotic potential because no ecosystem has an unlimited supply of natural resources.
- 14. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? • Carrying Capacity (K): largest population that an environment can support • A population grows until it reaches the carrying capacity of an environment.
- 15. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? Carrying capacity is determined in part by limiting factors. Starting to increase Carrying capacity (stabilizes)Rapid increase
- 16. 2. What factors affect the size of a population? • Carrying capacity of an environment is not constant – it increases and decreases as the amount of available resources increases and decreases. • When the size of a population becomes larger than the carrying capacity of its ecosystem, overpopulation occurs. • When one population (meerkats) overpopulates, often it results in another population decreasing (spiders).
- 17. The graph below shows the growth over 18 days of a population of paramecia (single-celled organisms) in a test tube. The test tube contained food. Use this graph to answer the questions that follow. What is the carrying capacity of the test tube when food is provided? A. 0 Paramecium/mL B. 6 Paramecium/mL C. 65 Paramecium/mL D. 6 Days E. 18 Days 0 Param ecium /m L 6 Param ecium /m L 65 Param ecium /m L 6 Days 18 Days 0 0 000 45
- 18. The graph below shows the growth over 18 days of a population of paramecia (single-celled organisms) in a test tube. The test tube contained food. Use this graph to answer the questions that follow. Predict what will happen if no additional food is provided. A. The carrying capacity will stay the same B. The carrying capacity will increase C. The carrying capacity will decrease, then stabilize at a lower number. D. The carrying capacity will decrease and eventually all the organisms will die. Thecarryingcapacityw ill... Thecarryingcapacityw ill... Thecarryingcapacityw il... Thecarryingcapacityw il... 0 000 45
- 19. Which of these increases when there are not enough resources available in a community for all its organisms to survive? A. B. C. D. 0 000 A. Competition B. Population C. Organism D. Food 30
- 20. Which term refers to all the populations of different species that live together in the same area at the same time? A. B. C. D. 0 000 A. Population B. Biosphere C. Community D. Ecosystem 30
Editor's Notes
- 5th-2013
- 4th- 2013
- 2nd-2013