Central nervous system defects include disorders caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (as in hydrocephalus) and a range of disorders resulting from malformations of the neural tube during embryonic development (often called “neural tube defects”). These defects vary from mild to severely disabling.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. It is a developmental congenital anomaly
Central nervous system defects include disorders caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (as in hydrocephalus) and a range of disorders resulting from malformations of the neural tube during embryonic development (often called “neural tube defects”). These defects vary from mild to severely disabling.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where there is an incomplete closing of the backbone and membranes around the spinal cord. It is a developmental congenital anomaly
Erb’s Palsy, also known as brachial plexus palsy, occurs in the network of nerves that supply feeling and control to the shoulders and arms. Erb’s Palsy is an injury to the nerves in the neck and upper chest. The injury can result in a loss of movement and feeling in the arm, hand and fingers. This injury often occurs during childbirth if the baby's shoulders become stuck behind the mother's pubic bone and the appropriate delivery techniques are not used.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
The hip joint is a pivotal joint of the lower extremity, and its functional demands require great stability coupled with a wide range of motion that allows poly axial motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction.
Erb’s Palsy, also known as brachial plexus palsy, occurs in the network of nerves that supply feeling and control to the shoulders and arms. Erb’s Palsy is an injury to the nerves in the neck and upper chest. The injury can result in a loss of movement and feeling in the arm, hand and fingers. This injury often occurs during childbirth if the baby's shoulders become stuck behind the mother's pubic bone and the appropriate delivery techniques are not used.
This presentation contains detailed knowledge about Down's Syndrome its types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, medical and physio therapeutic management of the condition.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small “packages” of genes in the body. They determine how a baby’s body forms and functions as it grows during pregnancy and after birth. Typically, a baby is born with 46 chromosomes. Babies with Down syndrome have an extra copy of one of these chromosomes, chromosome 21. A medical term for having an extra copy of a chromosome is ‘trisomy.’ Down syndrome is also referred to as Trisomy 21. This extra copy changes how the baby’s body and brain develop, which can cause both mental and physical challenges for the baby.
Spina Bifida: Physiotherapy in the management of meningomyeloceleAyobami Ayodele
Spina bifida is a treatable spinal cord malformation that occurs in varying degrees of severity. Meningomyelocele is associated with abnormal development of the cranial neural tube, which results in several characteristic CNS anomalies. About 90% of babies born with Spina Bifida now live to be adults, about 80% have normal intelligence and about 75% play sports and do other fun activities. Most do well in school, and many play in sports.
The hip joint is a pivotal joint of the lower extremity, and its functional demands require great stability coupled with a wide range of motion that allows poly axial motion, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation and circumduction.
Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone or posture that is caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth.
THE URINARY INCONTINENCE AND IT'S MANAGEMENT DETAILS WITH APPROPRIATE EXPLANATION
Introduction of urinary incontinence,
Etiology of urinary incontinence,
Risk factors associated with urinary incontinence,
Types of urinary incontinence,
Pathophysiology of Urinary incontinence,
Clinical manifestations of urinary incontinence,
Diagnostic evaluations of urinary incontinence,
Management of urinary incontinence- Behavioural techniques, Drug therapy, surgical management, medical devices and Physiotherapy assessment and management in details with appropriate explanation with the help of the SlideShare .
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This lecture contains -
Definition plane and Axis,
Saggital plane ,
Movements in Saggital plane ,
Frontal plane ,
Movements in frontal plane,
Transverse plane,
Movements in Transverse plane ,
Saggital Axis,
Frontal axis,
Vertical Axis in details with appropriate explanation with the help of the SlideShare .
Definition of osteoporosis,
Types of osteoporosis,
Primary osteoporosis,
Secondary osteoporosis,
Causes of osteoporosis,
Risk factors of osteoporosis,
Pathophysiology of osteoporosis,
Clinical features of osteoporosis,
Physical examination of osteoporosis,
Bone mass density test,
FRAX
Investigation of osteoporosis,
Physiotherapy management
This is the PPT of causes of Low Back Pain.
Mechanical syndrome, non mechanical syndrome( Neurologic syndrome) , Systemic disorders and referred pain .
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. CEREBRAL PALSY AND
IT'S
PT MANAGEMENT
WELCOME IN THE PERFECT PHYSIO TUTORIAL YOUTUBE
CHANNEL
PRESENTED BY -
MR BHUNESHWAR
3. DEFINITION
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a
person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. CP
is the most common motor disability in childhood. Cerebral
means - Brain. Palsy means -weakness/Paralysis or problems
with using the muscles.
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a group of permanent disorder of
the development of movement and posture, causing activity
limitation.
4. TYPES OF CEREBRAL PALSY
There are different types of CP that affect various parts of the
brain. Each type causes specific movement disorders. The types of
CP are:
1) Spastic cerebral palsy
Spastic CP is the most common type of CP, affecting
approximately 80 percent Trusted Source of people with CP. It
causes stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes, making it difficult
to walk.
5. Many people with spastic CP have walking
abnormalities, such as crossing their knees or
making seizure like movements with their legs
while walking. Muscle weakness and paralysis
may also be present.
The symptoms can affect the entire body or just
one side of the body.
6. 2) Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
People with Dyskinetic CP have trouble controlling
their body movements. The disorder causes
involuntary, abnormal movements in the arms, legs,
and hands.
In some cases, the face and tongue are also affected.
The movements can be slow and writhing or rapid
and jerky. They can make it difficult for the affected
person to walk, sit, swallow, or talk.
7. 3) Hypotonic cerebral palsy
Hypotonic CP causes diminished muscle tone and overly
relaxed muscles. The arms and legs move very easily and
appear floppy, like a rag doll.
Babies with this type of CP have little control over their head
and may have trouble breathing. As they grow older, they may
struggle to sit up straight as a result of their weakened
muscles. They can also have difficulty speaking, poor reflexes,
and walking abnormalities.
8. 4) Ataxic cerebral palsy
Ataxic CP is the least common type of CP. Ataxic CP is
characterized by voluntary muscle movements that
often appear disorganized, clumsy, or jerky.
People with this form of CP usually have problems with
balance and coordination. They may have difficulty
walking and performing fine motor functions, such as
grasping objects and writing.
9. 5) Mixed cerebral palsy
Some people have a combination of symptoms
from the different types of CP. This is called mixed
CP.
In most cases of mixed CP, people experience a
mix of spastic and dyskinetic CP.
10. ETIOLOGY OF CP
Cerebral palsy is caused by an abnormality or disruption in
brain development, most often before a child is born. In
many cases, the cause isn't known. Factors that can lead to
problems with brain development include:-
Gene mutations that lead to abnormal development
Maternal infections that affect the developing fetus
Fetal stroke, a disruption of blood supply to the developing
brain
11. Bleeding into the brain in the womb or as a
newborn Infant infections that cause
inflammation in or around the brain
Traumatic head injury to an infant from a
motor vehicle accident or fall Lack of oxygen
to the brain related to difficult labor or
delivery, although birth-related asphyxia is
much less commonly a cause than historically
thought
12. RISK FACTORS FOR CP
Maternal health
Certain infections or toxic exposures during pregnancy can
significantly increase cerebral palsy risk to the baby. Infections of
particular concern include:
Cytomegalovirus. This common virus causes flu-like symptoms and
can lead to birth defects if a mother has her first active infection during
pregnancy.
German measles (rubella). This viral infection can be prevented with
a vaccine.
Herpes. This can be passed from mother to child during pregnancy,
affecting the womb and placenta. Inflammation triggered by infection
can damage the unborn baby's developing nervous system.
13. Syphilis. This is a sexually transmitted bacterial
infection.
Toxoplasmosis. This infection is caused by a
parasite found in contaminated food, soil and the
feces of infected cats.
14. Infant illness
Illnesses in a newborn baby that can greatly increase the risk of cerebral
palsy include:
Bacterial meningitis. This bacterial infection causes inflammation in the
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Viral encephalitis. This viral infection similarly causes inflammation in the
membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
Severe or untreated jaundice. Jaundice appears as a yellowing of the skin.
The condition occurs when certain byproducts of "used" blood cells aren't
filtered from the bloodstream.
Bleeding into the brain. This condition is commonly caused by the baby
having a stroke in the womb.
15. Other factors of pregnancy and birth
While the potential contribution from each is
limited, additional pregnancy or birth factors
associated with increased cerebral palsy risk
include:
Breech presentation. Babies with cerebral palsy
are more likely to be in this feet-first position at the
beginning of labor rather than being headfirst.
16. Low birth weight. Babies who weigh less than 5.5 pounds
(2.5 kilograms) are at higher risk of developing cerebral
palsy. This risk increases as birth weight drops.
Multiple babies. Cerebral palsy risk increases with the
number of babies sharing the uterus. If one or more of the
babies die, the survivors' risk of cerebral palsy increases.
Premature birth. Babies born fewer than 28 weeks into
the pregnancy are at higher risk of cerebral palsy. The
earlier a baby is born, the greater the cerebral palsy risk.
17. CLINICAL FEATURES OF CP CHILD
Variations in muscle tone, such as being either too stiff or too
floppy
Stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity)
Stiff muscles with normal reflexes (rigidity)
Lack of balance and muscle coordination (ataxia)
Tremors or involuntary movements
Slow, writhing movements
18. Delays in reaching motor skills milestones, such as
pushing up on arms, sitting up or crawling.
Favoring one side of the body, such as reaching with one
hand or dragging a leg while crawling.
Difficulty walking, such as walking on toes, a crouched
gait, a scissors-like gait with knees crossing, a wide gait
or an asymmetrical gait
19. Excessive drooling or problems with swallowing
Difficulty with sucking or eating
Delays in speech development or difficulty speaking
Learning difficulties
Difficulty with fine motor skills, such as buttoning clothes or picking up
utensils
Seizures
21. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF CP CHILD
A physiotherapist will diagnose CP by taking a complete
medical history, performing a physical exam that includes a
detailed neurological exam, and evaluating the symptoms.
Additional testing can also be performed.
An electroencephalogram (EEG is used to evaluate the
electrical activity in the brain. It may be ordered when
someone is showing signs of epilepsy, which causes
seizures.
22. An MRI scan uses powerful magnets and radio
waves to produce detailed images of the brain. It
can identify any abnormalities or injuries in the
brain.
A CT scan creates clear, cross-sectional images
of the brain. It can also reveal any brain damage.
23. A cranial ultrasound is a relatively quick and inexpensive
method of using high-frequency sound waves to get basic
images of the brain in young infants.
A sample of blood may be taken and tested to rule out
other possible conditions, such as bleeding disorders.
24. MANAGEMENT OF CP CHILD
Pharmacological treatment :-
Oral anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants are
commonly used as first-line treatments for CP. Your
doctor might prescribe:
diazepam (Valium)
baclofen
tizanidine
25. Physiotherapy management in cerebral
palsy
Goal of Physiotherapy treatment:-
To improve mobility.
To prevent deformities.
To educate the parents.
To teach daily living skills.
To provide community and social support
26. Physiotherapy treatment program
For Infants - Stimulating advanced Postural, Equilibrium ,
and balance to provide head and Trunk control .
For toddlers / preschooler - Stretching the spastic muscles
, strengthening the weak muscles and promoting the
mobility.
For Adolescents - Improving cardiovascular status.
27. Basic problem in the neuromotor
development in children with CP
Difficulty in flexing and extending the body
against gravity.
Problems in sitting .
Functional ambulation .
28. For functional ambulation a child needs
Motivation to move .
Enough muscles strength and control .
Able to shift his body weight ( Balance).
Awareness of body position and movement.
Sufficient visual and vestibular system.
No deformities interference with joint functions.
29. Physiotherapy techniques
1. For maintenance of soft tissue length :-
Active and passive ROM
Weight bearing exercises
appropriate Positioning .
EMS - For reduce the spasticity and increase the
stretching of spastic muscle as well as decrease tone and
increase Strength.
30.
31. Used to reduce spasticity by reducing muscle
tone and stretch reflexes.
Cryotherapy-
Hydrotherapy -
Helps in stretching of Large muscle groups
and to help movement of trunk.
32.
33. Resistance exercise for improving strength
for and endurance.
Proprioceptive neuromuscular Facilitations
(PNF techniques )
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39. SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR CP
Surgery may be needed for muscle tightness or correct bone
abnormalities caused by spasticity. These treatments include:
1) Orthopedic surgery. Children with severe contractures or deformities
might need surgery on bones or joints to place their arms, hips or legs
in their correct positions.
Surgical procedures can also lengthen muscles and tendons that are
shortened by contractures. These corrections can lessen pain and
improve mobility. The procedures can also make it easier to use a
walker, braces or crutches.
40. 2) Cutting nerve fibers (selective dorsal
rhizotomy).
In some severe cases, when other treatments
haven't helped, surgeons might cut the nerves
serving the spastic muscles in a procedure called
selective dorsal rhizotomy. This relaxes the muscle
and reduces pain, but can cause numbness.
41. PREVENTION
Make sure you're vaccinated.
Take care of yourself.
Seek early and continuous prenatal
care.
Practice good child safety.
Avoid alcohol, tobacco and illegal