The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Layers Most incoming sensory signals: IV Most output signals leave cortex: V & VI To brain stem and SC: V Fibers to thalamus: VI Intracortical association functions: I,II,III

3. Functional Areas Stuttering & Laughter !

4. Association Areas PRT Association area: Continous info about body spatial coordinates Language comprehension Initial processing of visual language (reading) Are for naming objects

5. Specific Functional Areas

6. Face Recognition

7. Wernicke ’ s Area Plays the greatest single role of any part of the cerebral cortex for the higher comprehension levels of brain function that we call intelligence

8. Cerebral Dominance? Dominant & nondominant hemispheres Categorical hemisphere Sequential-analytic processes Language Analytical reasoning Representational hemisphere Visuospatial relations Identification of objects by their form Recognition of faces Recognition of musical themes

9. Lesions of Representational & Categorical Hemispheres Lesions of categorical hemisphere: Language disorders Disturbed about their disability and often depressed Lesions of representational hemisphere: No language disorders Sometimes unconcerned and even euphoric! Astereognosis —the inability to identify objects by feeling them Lesions of inferior parietal lobule cause unilateral inattention and neglect Inability to tell a story or make a joke

10. Language Language is one of the fundamental bases of human intelligence and a key part of human culture Areas concerned: Wernicke's area connected via Arcuate fasciculus to Broca's area 2 nd language Broca’s area concerned is different from that associated with native language Children learning 2 languages simultaneously have the same Broca’s area dealing with both languages

11. Two aspects: Sensory Auditory input Visual input Motor

12. Language Disorders Aphasias Abnormalities of language functions that are not due to defects of vision or hearing or to motor paralysis Caused by lesions in categorical hemisphere Most common cause is embolism or thrombosis of a cerebral blood vessel Wernicke’s Aphasia Global Aphasia Motor Aphasia Dysarthria Receptive and expressive aphasia*

13. Language – Chair! "I know what it is . . . I have a lot of them." Anomic (angular gyrus) "Flair . . . no, swair . . . tair." Fluent (areas 40, 41, and 42; conduction aphasia) "Stool" or "choss" (neologism) Fluent (Wernicke’s area) "Tssair" Nonfluent (Broca’s area) Characteristic Naming Errors Type of Aphasia and Site of Lesion

14. Thoughts A “pattern” of stimulation of many parts of the nervous system at the same time, probably involving most importantly the cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, and upper reticular formation of the brain stem. ( Holistic theory )

15. Memory Stored in brain by changing basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission b/w neurons as a result of previous neural activity New (facilitated) pathways - memory traces Once traces are established - they can be selectively activated by the thinking mind to reproduce the memories

16. Classification Time-wise Short-term Presynaptic ++ or -- Intermediate long-term Reversible chemical/structural changes (pre- or postsynaptic) Long-term Actual structural changes Functional Declarative Skill

17. Classification Explicit or declarative memory Associated with consciousness/awareness Implicit or nondeclarative memory Does not involve awareness

18. Hippocampus Storage of memories Lesion causes: Anterograde & Retrograde amnesia Cannot establish new declarative memories Can establish skill (reflexive) memories

19. Strangeness & Familiarity Some parts of temporal lobes causes a change in interpretation of one's surroundings déjà vu phenomenon!