1) An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart as detected on the body surface. It results from the composite effect of all the action potentials and dipoles created in the myocardium during activation.
2) The orientation and magnitude of the net dipoles generated throughout the heart during electrical activation determine the standard wave forms seen on the ECG. Different phases of activation produce dipoles of varying orientation and magnitude, resulting in the P, QRS, and T waves.
3) While the ECG provides useful diagnostic information, it cannot directly assess the contractile performance of the heart, which is also important for evaluating myocardial status.
This document discusses vectorial analysis of electrocardiograms. It explains that the instantaneous mean vector represents the average direction of electrical flow in the heart at a moment in time, which is usually downward. Vector direction is measured in degrees relative to a zero reference point. The mean QRS vector during ventricular depolarization is typically around +59 degrees. Different electrocardiogram leads are analyzed by drawing perpendicular projections of the heart's vector onto the axis of each lead to determine the recorded potential. This vectorial approach is used to analyze the potentials seen in the three standard limb leads during the QRS complex.
Vector cardiography analyzes the electrical activity of the heart along three axes by obtaining an ECG, displaying the results as a vector cardiogram which produces loop patterns representing the distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart. It examines ECG potentials along three-dimensional x, y, and z axes of the body to determine the direction of atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization, detecting each electric heart vector component with equal sensitivity.
The document discusses electrical activity of the heart as recorded by an electrocardiogram (ECG). It defines key ECG terminology like waves, intervals, complexes and explains what each part of the ECG represents in terms of electrical activity in the heart. Specific waves like P, QRS, T are described in detail along with common abnormalities. Other concepts covered include heart rate calculation methods, cardiac rhythms and axis determination. The document provides a comprehensive overview of interpreting and understanding ECG readings.
An ECG is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. It is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac diseases in a noninvasive manner. The ECG records the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization and repolarization of the atria, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Proper electrode placement and ensuring good skin contact is important for obtaining an accurate recording. The recording is then analyzed based on heart rate, rhythm, intervals, wave amplitudes and shapes to identify any abnormalities.
The document discusses the basics of electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes how electrical signals are conducted through the heart starting from the sinoatrial node and traveling to the atria and ventricles.
2) It explains the phases of the cardiac action potential including depolarization, repolarization, and how this generates the ECG.
3) It shows diagrams of how electrode placements on the body affect the amplitude and direction of deflections recorded on an ECG.
An electrocardiogram uses electrical conductors placed on the arms and legs to detect cardiac potential differences between sites. The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram records voltage changes from 12 different leads, including bipolar limb leads and unipolar chest leads. It provides a record of voltage changes occurring on the body surface as the heart's electrical impulse propagates through the cardiac cycle, following standardized conventions.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP A on ECG LEADS. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
This document discusses vectorial analysis of electrocardiograms. It explains that the instantaneous mean vector represents the average direction of electrical flow in the heart at a moment in time, which is usually downward. Vector direction is measured in degrees relative to a zero reference point. The mean QRS vector during ventricular depolarization is typically around +59 degrees. Different electrocardiogram leads are analyzed by drawing perpendicular projections of the heart's vector onto the axis of each lead to determine the recorded potential. This vectorial approach is used to analyze the potentials seen in the three standard limb leads during the QRS complex.
Vector cardiography analyzes the electrical activity of the heart along three axes by obtaining an ECG, displaying the results as a vector cardiogram which produces loop patterns representing the distribution of electrical potential generated by the heart. It examines ECG potentials along three-dimensional x, y, and z axes of the body to determine the direction of atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization, detecting each electric heart vector component with equal sensitivity.
The document discusses electrical activity of the heart as recorded by an electrocardiogram (ECG). It defines key ECG terminology like waves, intervals, complexes and explains what each part of the ECG represents in terms of electrical activity in the heart. Specific waves like P, QRS, T are described in detail along with common abnormalities. Other concepts covered include heart rate calculation methods, cardiac rhythms and axis determination. The document provides a comprehensive overview of interpreting and understanding ECG readings.
An ECG is a recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. It is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac diseases in a noninvasive manner. The ECG records the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization and repolarization of the atria, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Proper electrode placement and ensuring good skin contact is important for obtaining an accurate recording. The recording is then analyzed based on heart rate, rhythm, intervals, wave amplitudes and shapes to identify any abnormalities.
The document discusses the basics of electrocardiograms (ECGs) including:
1) It describes how electrical signals are conducted through the heart starting from the sinoatrial node and traveling to the atria and ventricles.
2) It explains the phases of the cardiac action potential including depolarization, repolarization, and how this generates the ECG.
3) It shows diagrams of how electrode placements on the body affect the amplitude and direction of deflections recorded on an ECG.
An electrocardiogram uses electrical conductors placed on the arms and legs to detect cardiac potential differences between sites. The standard 12-lead electrocardiogram records voltage changes from 12 different leads, including bipolar limb leads and unipolar chest leads. It provides a record of voltage changes occurring on the body surface as the heart's electrical impulse propagates through the cardiac cycle, following standardized conventions.
Here's a Presentation made by GROUP A on ECG LEADS. This slide was created for Problem Based Learning (PBL) wrap up session Held At Kathmandu University- Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital (BMCTH).
feel free to Download and share this slide. You can leave comments for further improvement on other presentations. Thankyou. Cheers!
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography including:
- The objectives of interpreting an EKG
- General principles such as depolarization, repolarization and the cardiac conduction system
- Definitions of key aspects of an EKG such as waves, intervals, leads and normal values
- How to estimate heart rate from an EKG
- Examples of normal sinus rhythm and common rhythm disturbances
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of ECG development. It then covers how to perform an ECG, how an ECG works by detecting electrical changes during heartbeats, ECG paper calibration, the 12 leads, and how to interpret various ECG components like rate, rhythm, axes, waves, intervals, and segments. Key points about normal ECG readings are also presented along with 10 interpretation rules.
This document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including:
1. ECG records electrical potentials during the cardiac cycle using leads attached to the limbs and chest.
2. There are standard bipolar limb leads and augmented unipolar leads, as well as 6 chest leads.
3. The ECG can be used to analyze heart rate, rhythm, conduction, chamber size, muscle thickness and detect abnormalities.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity of the heart. There are 12 conventional ECG leads that measure the heart from different angles. The ECG uses electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to record the heart's electrical signals as waveforms on graph paper over time, showing deflections like the P, Q, R, S, and T waves. The ECG provides information about heart rate, rhythms, and time intervals to evaluate for conditions like arrhythmias or conduction delays.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines an ECG as a tracing of the heart's electrical activity. The objectives are to learn how to perform an ECG, interpret the results, and recognize various pathologies. Key points covered include electrode placement, components of the ECG wave, the physiology of cardiac conduction, interpreting the rate, rhythm, axis, and analyzing P, QRS, and T waves. Causes of axis deviations and details on analyzing the P wave are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG), including how an ECG works, the basics of recording an ECG, ECG leads, normal ECG waveforms and intervals, interpreting an ECG, common abnormalities, and how to report an ECG. It discusses topics such as the cardiac conduction system, Einthoven's triangle, the 12-lead ECG, determining heart rate and axis, normal sinus rhythm, P waves, QRS complex, ST segment, T waves, and the QT interval.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including what it is, how it works, the normal components and intervals seen on an ECG, abnormalities that may be seen, and tips for performing an ECG. It discusses how ECG can be used to evaluate the heart's electrical conduction system and identify cardiac abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography and introduces more advanced concepts. It covers topics such as cardiac anatomy, depolarization and repolarization, the placement of electrodes, the 12-lead ECG system, and vectorcardiography. The document aims to explain electrocardiography fundamentals and relationships between bipolar and unipolar limb leads, as well as discuss additional leads and their clinical significance. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding electrocardiography principles.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs), including a brief history of ECG development, basic cardiac anatomy and the heart's conducting system, components of the ECG waveform, electrode placements, how to read ECG paper, and cardiac axis. It explains that the ECG is a tool that records electrical activity of the heart to assess cardiac function and identify abnormalities, traces its development back to Willem Einthoven in the 1890s, and provides details on heart structures involved in the cardiac cycle and what different parts of the ECG represent.
An ECG (electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of your heart at rest. It provides information about your heart rate and rhythm and shows if there is an enlargement of the heart due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or evidence of a previous heart attack (myocardial infarction).
Questions and Answers related to ECG and illustration. Short assignment with diagram and images
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and the basics of reading an ECG. It describes the conduction system of the heart and how the electrical signals are represented on an ECG trace. Key aspects that are summarized include:
- The sinoatrial node initiates the electrical impulse that travels through the atria, atrioventricular node, and ventricles, causing them to contract.
- On the ECG, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, the PR interval represents conduction through the AV node, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
- A 12-lead ECG provides multiple views of the
The document discusses the electrocardiogram (ECG), which shows the electrical pattern generated by the heart as it activates from the atria to the ventricles. The ECG uses leads to provide a 3D view of the direction of depolarization. The conduction system of the heart includes the sinoatrial node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The normal ECG shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. The positions of the leads determine which part of the heart is visualized on the ECG.
ECG interpretation in a simple method ppt.
out lines :
Anatomy of the Heart
The Cardiovascular System
Physiology of the Heart
Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
The Electrocardiogram (ECG):-
Chest Leads
Recording of the ECG
Components of an ECG Tracing
ECG Interpretation :-
Sinoatrial (SA) Node Arrhythmias
Atrial Arrhythmias
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks
Artificial Cardiac Pacemakers
The 12-Lead ECG and M.I
Cardiac Emergency Medications
The document summarizes the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. It describes:
1) The cardiac cycle involves electrical, pressure, and volume changes between heartbeats including systole when the myocardium contracts and diastole when it relaxes.
2) There are four mechanical events in a cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity and can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm or conduction.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including definitions of key terms, electrode placement, lead configurations, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG waveform such as the P, QRS, and T waves. It describes normal sinus rhythm and various cardiac arrhythmias and abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG such as premature ventricular contractions, heart block, tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation. Factors that can cause interference or artifacts on an ECG tracing are also discussed.
The ECG is a diagnostic tool that measures electrical currents in the heart during the cardiac cycle using electrodes placed on the body. It provides information about heart rate and rhythm, as well as signs of conditions like myocardial infarction, chamber enlargement, and conduction delays or blocks. Key aspects of the ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR interval. Abnormal rhythms and conduction patterns seen on ECG can help diagnose conditions affecting the heart's electrical system.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart as detected on the body surface. It results from the composite effect of all the action potentials generated in the myocardium during activation and the resulting dipoles created between regions of depolarized and non-depolarized tissue. The standard waves of the ECG - the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave - arise from the orientation and magnitude of the net dipoles in the heart during electrical activation and repolarization of the myocardium. The P wave results from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization.
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography including:
- The objectives of interpreting an EKG
- General principles such as depolarization, repolarization and the cardiac conduction system
- Definitions of key aspects of an EKG such as waves, intervals, leads and normal values
- How to estimate heart rate from an EKG
- Examples of normal sinus rhythm and common rhythm disturbances
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of ECG development. It then covers how to perform an ECG, how an ECG works by detecting electrical changes during heartbeats, ECG paper calibration, the 12 leads, and how to interpret various ECG components like rate, rhythm, axes, waves, intervals, and segments. Key points about normal ECG readings are also presented along with 10 interpretation rules.
This document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), including:
1. ECG records electrical potentials during the cardiac cycle using leads attached to the limbs and chest.
2. There are standard bipolar limb leads and augmented unipolar leads, as well as 6 chest leads.
3. The ECG can be used to analyze heart rate, rhythm, conduction, chamber size, muscle thickness and detect abnormalities.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) measures the electrical activity of the heart. There are 12 conventional ECG leads that measure the heart from different angles. The ECG uses electrodes placed on the limbs and chest to record the heart's electrical signals as waveforms on graph paper over time, showing deflections like the P, Q, R, S, and T waves. The ECG provides information about heart rate, rhythms, and time intervals to evaluate for conditions like arrhythmias or conduction delays.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines an ECG as a tracing of the heart's electrical activity. The objectives are to learn how to perform an ECG, interpret the results, and recognize various pathologies. Key points covered include electrode placement, components of the ECG wave, the physiology of cardiac conduction, interpreting the rate, rhythm, axis, and analyzing P, QRS, and T waves. Causes of axis deviations and details on analyzing the P wave are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG), including how an ECG works, the basics of recording an ECG, ECG leads, normal ECG waveforms and intervals, interpreting an ECG, common abnormalities, and how to report an ECG. It discusses topics such as the cardiac conduction system, Einthoven's triangle, the 12-lead ECG, determining heart rate and axis, normal sinus rhythm, P waves, QRS complex, ST segment, T waves, and the QT interval.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including what it is, how it works, the normal components and intervals seen on an ECG, abnormalities that may be seen, and tips for performing an ECG. It discusses how ECG can be used to evaluate the heart's electrical conduction system and identify cardiac abnormalities.
This document provides an overview of basic electrocardiography and introduces more advanced concepts. It covers topics such as cardiac anatomy, depolarization and repolarization, the placement of electrodes, the 12-lead ECG system, and vectorcardiography. The document aims to explain electrocardiography fundamentals and relationships between bipolar and unipolar limb leads, as well as discuss additional leads and their clinical significance. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of understanding electrocardiography principles.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs), including a brief history of ECG development, basic cardiac anatomy and the heart's conducting system, components of the ECG waveform, electrode placements, how to read ECG paper, and cardiac axis. It explains that the ECG is a tool that records electrical activity of the heart to assess cardiac function and identify abnormalities, traces its development back to Willem Einthoven in the 1890s, and provides details on heart structures involved in the cardiac cycle and what different parts of the ECG represent.
An ECG (electrocardiogram) records the electrical activity of your heart at rest. It provides information about your heart rate and rhythm and shows if there is an enlargement of the heart due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or evidence of a previous heart attack (myocardial infarction).
Questions and Answers related to ECG and illustration. Short assignment with diagram and images
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and the basics of reading an ECG. It describes the conduction system of the heart and how the electrical signals are represented on an ECG trace. Key aspects that are summarized include:
- The sinoatrial node initiates the electrical impulse that travels through the atria, atrioventricular node, and ventricles, causing them to contract.
- On the ECG, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, the PR interval represents conduction through the AV node, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization.
- A 12-lead ECG provides multiple views of the
The document discusses the electrocardiogram (ECG), which shows the electrical pattern generated by the heart as it activates from the atria to the ventricles. The ECG uses leads to provide a 3D view of the direction of depolarization. The conduction system of the heart includes the sinoatrial node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The normal ECG shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave representing atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. The positions of the leads determine which part of the heart is visualized on the ECG.
ECG interpretation in a simple method ppt.
out lines :
Anatomy of the Heart
The Cardiovascular System
Physiology of the Heart
Electrical Conduction System of the Heart
The Electrocardiogram (ECG):-
Chest Leads
Recording of the ECG
Components of an ECG Tracing
ECG Interpretation :-
Sinoatrial (SA) Node Arrhythmias
Atrial Arrhythmias
Ventricular Arrhythmias
Atrioventricular (AV) Blocks
Artificial Cardiac Pacemakers
The 12-Lead ECG and M.I
Cardiac Emergency Medications
The document summarizes the mechanical and electrical events of the cardiac cycle. It describes:
1) The cardiac cycle involves electrical, pressure, and volume changes between heartbeats including systole when the myocardium contracts and diastole when it relaxes.
2) There are four mechanical events in a cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) records the electrical activity and can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm or conduction.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including definitions of key terms, electrode placement, lead configurations, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG waveform such as the P, QRS, and T waves. It describes normal sinus rhythm and various cardiac arrhythmias and abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG such as premature ventricular contractions, heart block, tachycardia, and atrial fibrillation. Factors that can cause interference or artifacts on an ECG tracing are also discussed.
The ECG is a diagnostic tool that measures electrical currents in the heart during the cardiac cycle using electrodes placed on the body. It provides information about heart rate and rhythm, as well as signs of conditions like myocardial infarction, chamber enlargement, and conduction delays or blocks. Key aspects of the ECG include the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and intervals between them like the PR interval. Abnormal rhythms and conduction patterns seen on ECG can help diagnose conditions affecting the heart's electrical system.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart as detected on the body surface. It results from the composite effect of all the action potentials generated in the myocardium during activation and the resulting dipoles created between regions of depolarized and non-depolarized tissue. The standard waves of the ECG - the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave - arise from the orientation and magnitude of the net dipoles in the heart during electrical activation and repolarization of the myocardium. The P wave results from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Should Distributed Agile have a Third culture? by Line Mark Rugholtagilencr
The document discusses whether distributed agile teams should have a "third culture". It suggests that a third culture can balance different communication and work styles between cultures by developing new common processes. Examples show how Indian and Danish cultures differ in areas like hierarchy, communication styles, and expectations of team roles. The presentation provides strategies for teams to gain understanding, share expectations, and jointly design processes to create a new blended third culture for their distributed team.
Scrum and Lean : Multiply the Powers by Om Bandagilencr
The document discusses how Scrum and Lean principles can be combined to improve software development processes. It describes key Lean concepts like eliminating waste, continuous flow, pull-based prioritization, and continuous improvement. When combined with Scrum's iterative project execution framework, Lean can provide tools and models to focus on critical aspects like reducing work in progress, aligning team rhythms, fixing issues immediately, and preventing future defects. The document argues that Lean and Scrum together form a powerful methodology for software development.
Working towards true Scrum Mastery by Sanjiv Augustineagilencr
This document discusses achieving mastery in Scrum and agile practices. It begins by outlining trends showing growing adoption of Scrum and agile methods in organizations worldwide. It then discusses the path to mastery, including learning fundamentals through observation and practice, breaking from tradition to develop new techniques, and achieving fluency. Intrinsic motivation is emphasized as key to mastery, focusing on passion for the work rather than external rewards. Achieving personal mastery involves learning fundamentals from a coach, embracing a beginner's mindset, and engaging in deliberate practice over time to evolve skills.
Jonas Auken presented on test driven development (TDD) at an Agile NCR conference. He discussed how TDD provides immediate feedback, allows for comfortable refactoring, and helps design software through small, test-driven increments. Auken demonstrated TDD using a "Find my Ride" example application and emphasized that TDD avoids big upfront design and instead designs through refactoring and incremental changes validated by tests. The presentation aimed to inspire developers to adopt TDD practices for building higher quality software through shorter feedback loops and improved designs.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) including:
1. It describes the electrical activity in myocardial cells during depolarization and repolarization, and how this electrical activity is recorded as deflections on an ECG tracing.
2. It outlines the sequence of electrical events that occur in the heart during one cardiac cycle, including atrial depolarization, AV nodal delay, ventricular depolarization via the Purkinje system, and atrial repolarization.
3. It provides details on the vectors and direction of electrical flow that produce the various deflections on the ECG, such as the atrial and ventricular depolarization vectors.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including:
1) How ECGs work by measuring the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the body.
2) Details on Willem Einthoven who pioneered ECG research in the late 19th/early 20th century.
3) Explanation of normal ECG wave patterns and what different parts of the readout represent.
An ECG is a record of the heart's electrical activity over time captured by skin electrodes. It is a diagnostic tool used to detect cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, electrolyte disturbances, and screen for heart disease. An ECG involves placing electrodes on the skin of the limbs and chest to record the heart's electrical activity through 12 leads that detect the heart from different angles based on Einthoven's triangle. The ECG trace shows the P, QRS, and T waves that correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes and provides information on heart rate, rhythm, tissue activation, and damage.
2. Key aspects of the ECG waveform include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
3. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of 3 bipolar limb leads, 3 augmented unipolar limb leads, and 6 precordial leads which provide different views of the heart's electrical activity.
The electrocardiogram(ECG) provides a graphic depiction of the electric forces generated by the heart . The ECG graph appear as a series of deflections and waves produced by each cardiac cycle.
During activation of the myocardium, electrical forces or action potentials are propagated in various directions. These electrical forces can be picked up from the surface of the body by means of electrodes and recorded in the form of an electrocardiogram.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through surface electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. This allows visualization of the cardiac cycle.
2. A standard 12-lead ECG provides views of the heart from different angles by using 10 electrodes in specific positions.
3. The ECG tracing displays P waves, QRS complex, T waves, and intervals between these waves which correspond to different phases of cardiac depolarization and repolarization.
4. Proper placement of electrodes and understanding of the waves and intervals on the ECG tracing are essential for cardiac rhythm and condition analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a graphic representation of the heart's electrical activity. It remains a first-line test for evaluating chest pain and abnormalities. The ECG depicts deflections corresponding to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization. Analysis of deflection amplitudes, intervals between deflections, and segments on the ECG trace can provide information on cardiac rhythm, conduction, structure, and function. A standard 12-lead ECG involves limb leads placed on the arms and legs and chest leads placed in predefined positions on the chest to view the heart's electrical activity from multiple angles.
The topic is about heart related diseases and how it can be cured.what are the diseases and what are the treatments and methods. You should view it.it may be helpful to you people.
Cells in the heart act as batteries, creating small electric potentials called biopotentials. When these biopotentials change during the heartbeat, it generates an ECG signal. ECG machines use electrodes to detect these signals from the body and amplify and filter them. The signals are comprised of the superimposed action potentials from different parts of the heart. Each ECG lead provides a different view of the heart based on which areas of the heart it is detecting signals from.
This document provides a guide for medical students to interpret electrocardiograms (ECGs). It aims to enable students to determine normal ECG features, assess rate and rhythm, and identify myocardial infarctions. The guide outlines how to present ECG findings in a logical order, covering rate and rhythm, conduction intervals, cardiac axis, QRS complexes, and ST segments and T waves. Key normal and abnormal ECG patterns are defined. The guide is intended to help standardize ECG interpretation training for medical students.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It can evaluate the heart's automaticity, conductivity, and excitability, but not contractility. The ECG is generated by ion fluxes across cell membranes during cardiac activation and recovery. It represents the vector sum of dipoles created by depolarization waves. A standard 12-lead ECG provides different views of the heart through limb and precordial leads. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the ST-T wave represents ventricular recovery.
ECG interpretation: Echocardiography and Cardiac Catherization.pptxprincessezepeace
The document provides an overview of three cardiac diagnostic tests:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) which records heart electrical activity and can detect issues like ischemia. Key components of the ECG like the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are explained.
2) Echocardiography which uses ultrasound to image heart structures and function. Doppler echocardiography evaluates blood flow. Stress echocardiography combines the test with exercise or drugs.
3) Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and perform angiograms by injecting contrast dye to image arteries. It is used to assess coronary artery disease.
This study was carried out to determine whether EMG noise causes an error in heart rate measurement when using a household heart rate monitor. The Sportline S7 heart rate monitor watch was the device used to determine the effects. Our null hypothesis is that the EMG noise will not cause a significant difference in the heart rate measurements. Our alternative hypothesis is that the EMG noise will significantly increase the heart rate measurements.
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart, including:
1) Cardiac action potentials are longer than skeletal muscle potentials, allowing the heart to contract as a whole rather than through summation.
2) Depolarization during a cardiac action potential results from an increase in sodium conductance, followed by a plateau phase from high calcium conductance.
3) Excitation spreads from the pacemaker region through gap junctions between cardiomyocytes, traveling through specialized conduction pathways to coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions.
4) The electrocardiogram reflects the summed electrical activity of the heart, with distinct waves associated with atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
The document discusses the preparation of a patient for an electrocardiogram (ECG) test. It defines an ECG as a test that detects and records the electrical activity of the heart over time using electrodes placed on the skin. It explains that a standard 12-lead ECG places 10 electrodes on the limbs and chest to measure the heart's electrical potential from 12 different angles. The document also provides details on the cardiac conduction system and reasons for performing an ECG, and emphasizes the importance of clinical considerations and proper patient preparation for the test.
This document provides a guide to reading and interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It begins by explaining that ECGs record the electrical impulses of the heart which cause it to contract. It then defines some key ECG terminology and describes the placement of ECG leads on the limbs. The document explains how the P, QRS, and T waves are produced and what each represents in terms of heart function. It discusses factors that can interfere with accurate ECG readings and provides examples of common arrhythmias like premature contractions, tachycardia, and heart block. The overall document serves as a comprehensive primer on the basics of electrocardiography.
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the skin. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium during each heartbeat. The ECG waveform includes the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval. ECGs use 12 leads in a standard configuration to view the heart from multiple angles. Holter monitoring involves continuous ECG recording over 24 hours or more to evaluate heart conditions that may not appear during a brief office ECG.
Ecg1 DR NIKUNJ R SHEKHADA (MBBS,MS GEN SURG,DNB CTS SR)DR NIKUNJ SHEKHADA
This document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses what an ECG is, the history and development of ECGs, and how to interpret different parts of the ECG including waves, intervals, axes, and patterns in various leads. Key points covered include that an ECG records electrical activity of the heart and can be used for clinical diagnosis, the normal components of an ECG (P, QRS, T waves), common intervals and their meanings (PR, QT), how depolarization spreads through the heart, and what different leads examine. The document is intended as an educational guide on understanding ECGs.
This document provides an overview of the basics of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the principles of cardiac activation and repolarization that underlie the ECG. It describes the components of an ECG machine and how it detects cardiac electrical signals. It explains the standard 12-lead ECG system and the orientation and views of the heart provided by each lead. Key waves, intervals, and parameters measured from the ECG are defined. The roles of cardiac anatomy and physiology in generating the ECG are also outlined.
The kidneys have multiple important functions including excretion of waste, regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, and hormone regulation. The basic functional unit of the kidney is the nephron, which filters blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbs and secretes substances along the tubule. Precise regulation of blood flow and filtration allow the kidneys to maintain homeostasis. Glomerular filtration rate and clearance concepts are used to measure kidney function.
The document summarizes various topics related to respiratory physiology including:
1. The respiratory response to high altitude includes hyperventilation, respiratory alkalosis, and increased renal bicarbonate excretion to resolve alkalosis.
2. Acute mountain sickness symptoms are caused by hypoxia and alkalosis, while prevention involves acclimatization.
3. Periodic breathing involves deep then shallow breathing in cycles, like Cheyne-Stokes respiration occurring every 40-60 seconds.
4. Hypoxemia can result from problems in oxygen delivery or uptake in the lungs, blood, or tissues.
This document discusses the regulation of respiration through central and peripheral chemoreceptors. It covers:
1) The central control of breathing located in the medulla including the dorsal respiratory group (DRG), ventral respiratory group (VRG), apneustic center, and pneumotaxic center.
2) The central chemoreceptors (CCR) located in the medulla which are sensitive to changes in pH and CO2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Increased CO2 and decreased pH stimulate increased ventilation.
3) The peripheral chemoreceptors (PCR) located in the carotid bodies which are stimulated by decreased oxygen levels and increased CO2 and hydrogen ions. The PCR
This document summarizes key concepts in pulmonary physiology including:
- Ventilation is defined as tidal volume times breathing rate and alveolar ventilation accounts for dead space.
- The spirometry tests FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC ratio are used to diagnose obstructive and restrictive lung diseases.
- The pulmonary circulation has low pressures and is highly compliant, distributing blood flow depending on ventilation, gravity, and exercise demands to optimize gas exchange.
- The ventilation-perfusion ratio describes the matching of ventilation and blood flow throughout the lungs and abnormalities can lead to physiologic shunts or dead space.
This document discusses veins, venous pressure, microcirculation, lymphatics, local blood flow control, arterial blood pressure control, cardiac output regulation, and the coupling of cardiac and vascular function. Key points include that veins act as reservoirs and return 60% of blood to the heart, central venous pressure measures right atrial pressure, the Starling forces that govern capillary filtration, and mechanisms like autoregulation, reactive hyperemia, and baroreceptor reflexes that control local blood flow and arterial pressure.
1. Respiration involves gas exchange, host defense, and metabolism. It includes pulmonary ventilation, diffusion of gases between alveoli and blood, and transport of gases through the body.
2. The respiratory system has an upper airway and lower airway. The lower airway is made up of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli. The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange.
3. During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract to expand the lungs and lower intrapleural pressure. During expiration, elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall passively return the lungs to the resting volume.
This document discusses cardiovascular circulation and hemodynamics. It covers general principles such as how the right and left hearts are interdependent and how blood flow to individual organs can be controlled independently. It also discusses factors that influence blood flow, pressure, and resistance such as vessel diameter, compliance, Poiseuille's law, and the types of vessels. Other topics covered include arterial pressures, pulse pressure, factors affecting mean arterial pressure, and physiological variations in blood pressure.
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the cardiac cycle. It provides details on:
- Cardiac muscle histology and action potential, including ion channels involved
- The cardiac cycle and components such as atrial systole, ventricular ejection, and filling phases
- How the cardiac cycle is coordinated by the conduction system and regulated by the autonomic nervous system
- Key concepts like the Frank-Starling law of the heart and factors affecting cardiac performance
The document announces a writing competition hosted by ECG on "Vectors in ECG" with prizes for the top essay of an ECG cup and chocolates, 1st runner up of a certificate and chocolate bar, and 2nd runner up of a certificate and candy bag. Submissions are due by April 30th at 2:00 PM and must be original work, as copy/paste submissions will be discouraged.
The document summarizes regulation of heart pumping and control of the heart rate. It discusses the Frank-Starling law where the volume of blood ejected depends on the volume present in the ventricle at the end of diastole. It also describes control of the heart by the autonomic nervous system, with the sympathetic nervous system increasing heart rate and contractility and the parasympathetic nervous system decreasing heart rate. The normal electrocardiogram waveform is also summarized.
The document discusses several topics related to the cerebral cortex and brain functions:
1. It describes the six layers of the cerebral cortex and their roles in processing sensory and motor signals.
2. It discusses some functional areas of the cortex including those involved in language, face recognition, and spatial awareness.
3. It covers topics like cerebral dominance, language areas, aphasias, memory, thought, the limbic system, hypothalamus, amygdala, reticular formation, and sleep cycles.
4. Key areas and structures mentioned include Wernicke's area, Broca's area, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, reticular formation, and their
The document discusses cardiac muscle and the physiology of the heart. It describes the structure of cardiac muscle including specialized excitatory and conductive fibers. It explains the cardiac muscle action potential and how it differs from other muscles. The cardiac cycle and its components are outlined including atrial and ventricular systole and diastole. The roles of preload and afterload on heart function are introduced.
The document discusses the structure and function of the cerebral cortex. It describes the six layers of the cortex and notes that sensory input arrives in layer 4 while output signals leave through layers 5 and 6. It then discusses functional areas like association areas and specific areas for tasks like face recognition. The document also covers cerebral dominance, lesions in different hemispheres, language areas and disorders, memory classification and the role of the hippocampus in memory storage.
The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei that function with the cerebral cortex to control motor activity. They receive input from the cortex and send output back to the cortex. The putamen circuit executes patterns of motor activity like writing or throwing a baseball. Lesions in different parts of the basal ganglia circuit cause movement disorders like chorea or hemiballismus. The caudate circuit controls sequences of motor patterns through cognition. Parkinson's disease results from dopamine depletion in the basal ganglia and causes tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and other motor and non-motor symptoms. Treatment involves dopamine replacement therapy and other drugs or surgery.
1. The Electrocardiogram
When activated, the heart is a concentrated locus of time-varying electrical potentials in
the body. When a portion of the myocardium becomes depolarized from an action
potential, its polarity is temporarily reversed, becoming positive on the inside and
negative on the outside relative to neighboring inactivated tissue. When this reversal
occurs, it temporarily creates two neighboring regions of opposite charge, or polarity,
within the myocardium (Fig. 12.6). This difference in polarity between two locations is
called a dipole. Electrical currents readily flow from one poll of a dipole to the other
though any media between the poles that can conduct electrical current. The intracellular
and extracellular fluids in the body are largely composed of electrolyte solution, which is
a good conductor of electricity. For this reason, the heart can be thought of as a potential
generator in a volume conductor. Consequently, any dipole formed at any time and in any
direction within the myocardium between depolarized and nondepolarized regions is
transmitted through the body as currents between the ends of the dipoles. These currents
radiate outward through the body all the way to the surface of the skin.
An electrocardiogram, or ECG, is an amplified, timed recording of the electrical activity
of the heart, as it is detected on the surface of the body. The recording gives a plot of
voltage as a function of time. It results from the composite effect of all the different types
of action potentials generated in the myocardium during activation and the resulting
magnitude and orientation of the dipoles created. Although it is correct to say that the
electrical activity in the heart is responsible for creating the ECG, the physician looks at
this process in reverse; that is, the physician examines the ECG to create a picture of the
electrical activity in the heart.
The electrocardiogram is one of the most useful diagnostic tools available in medicine to
the physician, but it is important to understand what information can and cannot be
gained from the analysis of an ECG. The ECG can be used to detect abnormalities in
heart rhythm and conduction, myocardial ischemia and infarction, plasma electrolyte
imbalances, and effects of numerous drugs. One can also gain information from the ECG
about the anatomic orientation of the heart, the size of the atria and ventricles, and the
path taken by action potentials through the heart during normal or abnormal activation
(e.g., the average direction of activation of the ventricles). The ECG, however, cannot
give direct information about the contractile performance of the heart, which is equally
important in the evaluation of myocardial status in a clinical setting.
The Moment-to-Moment Orientation and Magnitude of Net Dipoles in the Heart
Determine the Formation of the Electrocardiogram
The formation of the standard wave forms within the ECG can be explained as arising
from the orientation and magnitude of the net, or collective average, dipoles that are
created throughout the heart during electrical activation of the myocardium. In
explanation, consider the voltage changes produced in which the body serves as a volume
conductor and the heart generates a collection of changing dipoles (Fig. 12.8). In this
example, an electrocardiographic recorder is connected between points A and B such that
when point A is positive relative to point B, the ECG is deflected upward, and when B is
positive relative to A, a downward deflection results. The black arrows show (in two
2. dimensions) the direction of the net dipole resulting from the many individual dipoles
present at any one time. The lengths of the arrows are proportional to the magnitude
(voltage) of the net dipole, which is related to the mass of myocardium generating the net
dipole. The blue arrows show the magnitude of the dipole component that is parallel to
the line between points A and B (the recorder electrodes); this component determines the
amplitude and polarity of voltage that will be recorded on the ECG. Atrial excitation
results from a wave of depolarization that originates in the SA node and spreads over the
atria, as indicated in panel 1 of Figure 12.8. The net dipole generated by this excitation
has a magnitude proportional to the mass of the atrial muscle involved and a direction
indicated by the black arrow. The head of the arrow points toward the positive end of the
dipole, where the atrial muscle is not yet depolarized. The negative end of the dipole is
located at the tail of the arrow, where depolarization has already occurred. Point A,
therefore, is positive relative to point B, and there will be an upward deflection of the
ECG. The magnitude of this upward deflection depends on two factors: (1) it is
proportional to the amount of tissue generating the dipole (the magnitude of the net
dipole), and (2) it depends on the orientation of the dipole relative to a parallel line
connecting points A and B. This latter relationship is demonstrated in Figure 12.9. For
example, imagine a wave of depolarization traveling through the atria muscle as a sagittal
plane, perpendicular to the ground, proceeding directly along the line connecting point B
to point A. This wave of depolarization then is aimed directly at the positive pole A and
will create a positive deflection as described above. For the sake of example only, we
shall assign this deflection an amplitude of +4 mm on the ECG recorder. Should this
same wave of depolarization, however, proceed from point A toward point B, the wave
would be aimed directly at the negative pole, resulting in a 4-mm negative, or downward,
deflection of the wave. The amplitude of the deflection will thus vary in this example
between -4 mm and +4 mm, depending on the angle of the wave of depolarization
relative to the line connecting A and B. Should the wave proceed toward A at a 45°
angle, the deflection would be a positive 2 mm; if it proceeds at 90° (perpendicular) to
the line connecting A and B, it would not be pointing at either pole and no deflection
would be recorded on the ECG. The deflection will also register zero once the atria are
completely depolarized, because no voltage difference will exist between A and B (i.e.,
no dipole exists).
3. Although the preceding discussion is an oversimplification, it presents the basic
principles of dipole magnitude and orientation relative to two recording points that create
the pattern of the common ECG. For example, after the P wave, the ECG returns to its
baseline or isoelectric level. During this time, the wave of depolarization moves through
the AV node, the AV bundle, the bundle branches, and the Purkinje system. The dipoles
created by depolarization of these structures are too small to produce a deflection on the
ECG. However, the depolarization of ventricular structures does create deflections on the
ECG. The net dipole that results from the initial depolarization of the septum is shown in
panel 2 of Figure 12.8. This depolarization is pointed toward point B and away from
point A because the left side of the septum depolarizes before the right side. This
orientation creates a small downward deflection produced on the ECG called the Q wave.
The normal Q wave is often so small that it is not apparent. Next, the wave of
depolarization spreads via the Purkinje system across the inside surface of the free walls
of the ventricles. Depolarization of free-wall ventricular muscle proceeds from the
innermost layers of muscle (subendocardium) to the outermost layers (subepicardium).
Because the muscle mass of the left ventricle is much greater than that of the right
ventricle, the net dipole during this phase has the direction indicated in panel 3. The
deflection of the ECG is upward because the dipole is directed at point A and is large
because of the great mass of tissue involved. This upward deflection is the R wave. The
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4. last portions of the ventricle to depolarize generate a net dipole with the direction shown
in panel 4, and thus the deflection on the ECG is downward. This final deflection is the S
wave. The ECG tracing returns to baseline when all of the ventricular muscle becomes
depolarized and all dipoles associated with ventricular depolarization disappear. The S-T
segment, or the period between the end of the S wave and the beginning of the T wave, is
generally isoelectric. This indicates that no dipoles large enough to influence the ECG
exist because all ventricular muscle is depolarized (the action potentials of all ventricular
cells are in phase 2).
Repolarization, like depolarization, generates a dipole because the voltage of the
depolarized area is different from that of the repolarized areas. The dipole associated with
atrial repolarization does not appear as a separate deflection on the ECG because it
generates a low voltage and because it is masked by the much larger QRS complex,
which is present at the same time. Ventricular repolarization is not as orderly as
ventricular depolarization. The duration of ventricular action potentials is longer in
subendocardial myocardium than in subepicardial myocardium. The longer duration of
subendocardial action potentials means that even though subendocardial cells were the
first to depolarize, they are the last to repolarize. Because subepicardial cells repolarize
first, the subepicardium is positive relative to the subendocardium That is, the polarity of
the net dipole of repolarization is the same as the polarity of the dipole of depolarization.
This results in an upward deflection because, as in depolarization, point A is positive with
respect to point B. This deflection is the T wave (see panel 5, Fig. 12.8). The T wave has
a longer duration than the QRS complex because repolarization does not proceed as a
synchronized, propagated wave. Instead, the timing of repolarization is a function of
properties of individual cells, such as numbers of particular K+ channels.