The document summarizes a presentation by Terry Sunderland from the Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) about CIFOR's work on landscapes and food systems. CIFOR conducts research on how forests, trees, and agriculture interact at the landscape scale. Key points include: CIFOR uses a landscape approach to understand complex land use systems; it has projects analyzing the link between tree cover and nutrition using national health survey data; and it aims to better integrate agriculture, forestry, and natural resource management through approaches like agroforestry and landscape management.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including design, construction, implementation and management of residential and commercial landscapes.
A Self Sustainable Community (Human Settlement) comprising all the activity to a range of Human Scale within the neighborhood interdependent to government or policies.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including design, construction, implementation and management of residential and commercial landscapes.
A Self Sustainable Community (Human Settlement) comprising all the activity to a range of Human Scale within the neighborhood interdependent to government or policies.
The Institute of Rural Research And Development (IRRAD)-Architecture case studyShailja km
IRRAD-sustainable development, environmental goals,zero runoff from the site,daylight and ventilation, photovoltaic panels, minimize the ecological foot print and carbon dioxide emissions,shading device
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city. What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
Calcutta Riverside, a leisurely 30 minute drive from Park Street, an integrated township by the River Ganges, emcompassing modern living and working space, an exclusive 9-hole golf course, a promenade, a marina, and thousands of trees. Discover this marvel of modern architecture at your 262 acres of home, inspired by nature and you.
Nanded City - a 700 acre mega township is the first of it’s kind planned, integrated, self-contained development in the country which is designed in tune with nature. It is a re-enactment of the ‘Inclusive Model’ of Magarpatta City which has been based on the participation of original farmer – land owners.
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-based planning to improve t...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township development with mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Indonesia as the highest CO2 emitter from land-based sector. Peatland restoration is a high global priority. Policies and regulation reflecting good-will and ability are crucial. There are challenges, which agroforestry can solve.
Bridging the gap: sustainable forests, agriculture and food securityCIFOR-ICRAF
Terry Sunderland, Principal Scientist & Team Leader, Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems
PEFC Conference: ”Sustainable Landscapes, Sustainable Livelihoods”
Bali, 17th November 2016
The Institute of Rural Research And Development (IRRAD)-Architecture case studyShailja km
IRRAD-sustainable development, environmental goals,zero runoff from the site,daylight and ventilation, photovoltaic panels, minimize the ecological foot print and carbon dioxide emissions,shading device
Infrastructural Urban Voids as an Instrument for Homogenous Urban Fabric Case...civej
In historic time social factors around the spatial existing framework generated development of the city. What we see today is contradictory as economic factors govern the growth of the city. Speed of transformation is noticeably high, while the growth of the city majors in a quantity of physical infrastructural development rather than the quality of public life. Ironically, when we look at a newly planned city like Navi Mumbai infrastructural needs sometimes are becoming the reason for the creation of urban voids in the city fabric. This paper is going to focus on Infrastructural linear voids which are cutting the morphology of the city. Urban Infrastructural voids in Kharghar are identified and typologies are formulated by observational study. This paper investigates if we can utilize these Infrastructural urban voids holistically to formulate a network of public spaces to bind the city holistically.
Calcutta Riverside, a leisurely 30 minute drive from Park Street, an integrated township by the River Ganges, emcompassing modern living and working space, an exclusive 9-hole golf course, a promenade, a marina, and thousands of trees. Discover this marvel of modern architecture at your 262 acres of home, inspired by nature and you.
Nanded City - a 700 acre mega township is the first of it’s kind planned, integrated, self-contained development in the country which is designed in tune with nature. It is a re-enactment of the ‘Inclusive Model’ of Magarpatta City which has been based on the participation of original farmer – land owners.
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-based planning to improve t...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township development with mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Indonesia as the highest CO2 emitter from land-based sector. Peatland restoration is a high global priority. Policies and regulation reflecting good-will and ability are crucial. There are challenges, which agroforestry can solve.
Bridging the gap: sustainable forests, agriculture and food securityCIFOR-ICRAF
Terry Sunderland, Principal Scientist & Team Leader, Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems
PEFC Conference: ”Sustainable Landscapes, Sustainable Livelihoods”
Bali, 17th November 2016
Forestry and landscapes: Solutions for sustainable developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Peter Holmgren, CIFOR's Director General, at the Bogor Agricultural Institute (Institut Pertanian Bogor or IPB), Indonesia, on February 17, 2017. Part of the IPB Talks series.
Women, men and the management of forests and landscapesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by CIFOR Scientist Amy Duchelle on 14 December 2016 at a side event on Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Social Inclusion at CBD COP13 in Cancun, Mexico.
Success from the Ground Up? Participatory Monitoring in Forest RestorationCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Manuel R. Guariguata and Kristen Evans at Forest Landscape and Ecosystem Restoration Day on 13 December 2016, as part of the thirteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD COP13) held in Cancun, Mexico.
New findings on the dynamics between forests, land use and food securityCIFOR-ICRAF
This collaborative presentation by IUFRO was given at a session titled "New findings on the dynamics between forests, land use and food security" at the Global Landscapes Forum in Lima, Peru, on December 7, 2014.
The session discussed direct and indirect roles of forests and trees in food systems, the importance of food production systems across the forest-agriculture continuum for food security, dietary diversity and nutrition, and the ensuing implications for land use. The social, economic and environmental synergies and trade-offs between forests and food security and related management interventions, as well as relevant response options will also be discussed. The debate also touched upon questions of sustainable land use under a post-Kyoto climate agreement.
Benefit sharing from a multilevel governance perspectiveCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered by Anne M Larson, January 2016, in Brussels.
It examines the opportunity, transaction and implementation costs of REDD+ at national and subnational levels, multilevel governance and rights, and assesses perspectives of equity at different levels.
Operationalizing landscape approach in Indonesia: The socio-economic perspect...CIFOR-ICRAF
By Ani Adiwinata Nawir, PhD
SLF –Sustainable Landscape & Food System Team, CIFOR
JFCC Panel Discussion on Indonesia and its environmental record, 28 November 2016, Inter-Continental Hotel Midplaza, Jakarta
Forest Management Unit (FMU): As an approach in Forest Landscape Restoration ...CIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was given by Ani Adiwinata Nawir (CIFOR), Julmansyah (FMU Sumbawa), M. Ridha Hakim (WWF Indonesia) and Petrus Gunarso (Tropenbos Indonesia) on the Workshop on Forest Restoration at Landscape Level in Asia-Pacific in Rotorua, New Zealand, on 3 November 2013.
Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal developmentCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
Evaluating the impacts of REDD+ interventions on forests and peopleCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by CIFOR Scientist Amy Duchelle on behalf of the Global Comparative Study (GCS) REDD+ Subnational Initiatives research group on 12 December 2016 at CBD COP13 in Cancun, Mexico.
Differential Diagnosis, Coccidiosis & Severe Gumboro SymptomsField Vet
Differential Diagnosis, Coccidiosis & Severe Gumboro Symptoms.
Actually, Coccidiosis and Gumboro is a common disease affecting chickens at a young age and very easily distinguished and diagnosed. BUT, some of the conditions case we get something different, not as usual.
But,...Consider the slide carefully, what’s your conclusion, if you diagnose a disease does not perform a necropsy, just by looking at clinical symptoms or physical exams?
more description, visit
http://fieldcasestudy.com/differential-diagnosis-coccidiosis-gumboro/
Presentation by Robert Nasi, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry, on the CGIAR - held at CIFOR's partners' meeting in Nairobi in February 2015.
Delivered at Cornell University by Dr. Louise Buck, on April 25th, 2018 as part of the International Programs-CALS Seminar Series: Perspectives in International Agriculture, Nutrition and Development.
Presented by Terry Sunderland, CIFOR Principal Scientist and Team Leader, Sustainable Landscapes and Food Systems, on 8 December 2016 at a CGIAR-CBD Linkages side event at CBD COP13, Cancun, Mexico.
This slideshow was presented by Dr. Christine Negra at the 2014 ESP Conference in Costa Rica. It covers integrated landscape management projects around the world, providing an overview of the global initiative and setting research priorities for the future. For more information on the session, please see the Conference Program: http://www.espconference.org/ESP_Conference/82483/5/0/60
Evidence-Based Forestry: Approaches and Results in the Asia-Pacific RegionCIFOR-ICRAF
This presentation was delivered at the third Asia-Pacific Forestry Week 2016, in Clark Freeport Zone, Philippines.
The five sub-thematic streams at APFW 2016 included:
Pathways to prosperity: Future trade and markets
Tackling climate change: challenges and opportunities
Serving society: forestry and people
New institutions, new governance
Our green future: green investment and growing our natural assets
Presentation by CIFOR on their Landscape initiative. This entails the management of trade-offs between conservation and development at the landscape scale.
From 27-29 October 2014, WLE, in cooperation with the CGIAR Systemwide Program on Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRI) and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees, and Agroforestry (FTA), held a workshop on Institutions for Ecosystems Services in Washington DC.
The goals of the workshop were to:
-Encourage sharing and discussion on research methods and tools to study the links between institutions and ecosystem services
-Synthesize lessons about institutional arrangements needed to ensure that ecosystem services projects are able to deliver benefits to local resource users and produce local, regional, and national global environmental benefits
-Identify policies and program interventions that can strengthen these institutions
-Outline priorities for future research, policy, and project implementation, particularly of relevance for PIM, WLE, and FTA programs
Landscape Approach Initiatives and Traditional Village Systems: Leaning for S...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Louis Verchot, Director of CIFOR’s Forests and Environment Program, outlines the history of CIFOR's work in India and the opportunities the country offers as an entry point into a new research programme for South Asia.
Mejorando la estimación de emisiones GEI conversión bosque degradado a planta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Kristell Hergoualc'h (Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Inclusión y transparencia como clave del éxito para el mecanismo de transfere...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Lauren Cooper and Rowenn Kalman (Michigan State University) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Avances de Perú con relación al marco de transparencia del Acuerdo de ParísCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Berioska Quispe Estrada (Directora General de Cambio Climático y Desertificación) at Workshop “Lecciones para el monitoreo transparente: Experiencias de la Amazonia peruana” on 7 Mei 2024 in Lima, Peru.
Land tenure and forest landscape restoration in Cameroon and MadagascarCIFOR-ICRAF
FLR is an adaptive process that brings people (including women, men, youth, local and indigenous communities) together to identify, negotiate and implement practices that restore and enhance ecological and social functionality of forest landscapes that have been deforested or degraded.
ReSI-NoC - Strategie de mise en oeuvre.pdfCIFOR-ICRAF
Re nforcer les S ystèmes d’ I nnovations
agrosylvopastorales économiquement
rentables, écologiquement durables et
socialement équitables dans la région du
No rd C ameroun
ReSI-NoC: Introduction au contexte du projetCIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les systèmes d’innovation agricole en vue de
promouvoir des systèmes de production agricole et
d’élevage économiquement rentables, écologiquement
durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord au Cameroun (ReSI-NoC)
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement renta...CIFOR-ICRAF
Renforcer les Systèmes d’Innovations agrosylvopastorales économiquement rentables, écologiquement durables et socialement équitables dans la région du
Nord Cameroun
Introducing Blue Carbon Deck seeking for actionable partnershipsCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso (Principal Scientist, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
A Wide Range of Eco System Services with MangrovesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Mihyun Seol and Himlal Baral (CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Presented by Citra Gilang (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Peat land Restoration Project in HLG LonderangCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Hyoung Gyun Kim (Korea–Indonesia Forest Cooperation Center) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Sungsang Mangrove Restoration and Ecotourism (SMART): A participatory action ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Beni Okarda (Senior Research Officer, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Coastal and mangrove vulnerability assessment In the Northern Coast of Java, ...CIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Phidju Marrin Sagala (Research Consultant, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, IndonesiaCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Milkah Royna (Student Intern, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Cooperative Mangrove Project: Introduction, Scope, and PerspectivesCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Bora Lee (Warm-Temperate and Subtropical Forest Research Center, NIFoS Jeju, Republic of Korea) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Centre for International Forestry Research: Landscapes and food systems
1. THINKING beyond the canopy
Centre for International Forestry Research:
Landscapes and food systems
Terry Sunderland
Presentation to Wildlife Conservation Society
The Bronx, NY
26th September 2014
3. CIFOR’s vision
Forests are high on the political
agenda
People recognize the value of
forests for maintaining livelihoods
and ecosystems
Decisions that influence forests
and the people that depend on
them are based on solid science
and principles of good
governance, and reflect the
perspectives of developing
countries and forest-dependent
people
4. CIFOR’s history
Established in 1993 as part of the CGIAR
Board’s early guidance led to emphasis on
policy-oriented, multi-disciplinary research
Major lines of research have included:
• Criteria and indicators
• Underlying causes of deforestation
• Decentralisation
• Improved logging practices
• Forests and livelihoods
• Forest finance and governance
Board approved a new strategy in 2008
5. CGIAR
CIFOR is one of 15 centers that make up the CGIAR Consortium
CIFOR is the Lead Center for the CGIAR Research Programme on Forests, Trees
and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA), in partnership with the World Agroforestry
Centre, Bioversity, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture,
CATIE and CIRAD
6. Where we work
Burkina Faso Cameroon EthiopiaZambiaBrazil Indonesia
Headquarters: Bogor, Indonesia
8 regional & project offices
Research sites in more than 30 countries
Peru Kenya Vietnam
7. Global comparative
research
Synthesizing
existing knowledge
Systematic reviews
Developing new
methods
Partnerships
Capacity-building
Outreach
How we work:
Approaches
8. CGIAR (Stability
Funds) 5.301
CGIAR (CRPs) 4.555
European
Commission 4.843
Norway 3.991
Australia (ACIAR and
AusAid) 2.098
USA (USAID/U.S.
FWS) 0.975
French Global
Environment Facility
0.775
Germany (GIZ) 0.765
Canada (IDRC) 0.744
Finland 0.535
Spain (INIA) 0.507
Others 4.780
Financial resources
2011 Expenditures: USD 28.6 million
9. Human resources
270 staff representing 38 countries
85 consultants, 29 PhD students/interns
Broad network of Associates
11. Themes
Smallholder
production
systems and
markets
Management
and
conservation
of forests and
trees
Landscape
management,
biodiversity
conservation,
ecosystem
services and
livelihoods
Climate
change
adaptation
and
mitigation
Impacts of
trade and
investment
Intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs)
System Level Outcomes (SLOs)
Theme 1 Theme 2 Theme 3 Theme 4 Theme 5
Cross-cutting themes:
Gender
Communications
Sentinel Landscapes
Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment
12. Why ‘landscapes’?
• Forests support ca. 65% of worlds terrestrial taxa (Lindenmeyer 2009)
• Estimated 1.6 billion people “depend” on forested landscapes in some
way for their livelihoods (Agrawal et al. 2013)
• 40% of world’s food originates in multi-functional landscapes (FAO
2013)
• Forests and trees sustain agriculture through ES provision
• “Landscape approaches” have moved to forefront of research and
development agenda (Global Landscape Fora)
13. What do we mean by landscapes?
• Landscapes are fuzzy
concepts – they are not
planning units
• “A geographical
construct that includes
not only the biophysical
components of an area
but also the social,
political, institutional and
cultural components of
that system”
14. Shooting in the dark..?
• Large body of literature on “landscape approaches” and
“ecosystem approaches” but little consensus on applicability or
terminology
• General principles and guidelines have been largely missing
• However, need to avoid “one size fits all” approach
• Complex landscapes; complex challenges
16. Multi-functionality
• Combination of separate
land units with different
functions (spatial
segregation)
• Different functions on the
same unit of land but
separated in time
(temporal segregation)
• Different functions on the
same unit of land at the
same time (functional
integration or “real multi-
functionality)
17. But in reality, segregation is the norm
Plantation Forest
Agriculture
18. New (landscape) approaches?
• Since 2008, CIFOR and multiple partners working on defining
and refining broad “landscape approaches” building on
previous initiatives
• How? Review of published literature, multiple workshops for
consensus building, conferences/side events, e.g. Diversitas,
IUFRO, CBD Bonn, Nagoya
• Validated by extensive survey of field practitioners
• Based on this on-going work, SBSTTA commissioned CIFOR to
draft report “sustainable use of biodiversity at the landscape
scale” (see http://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/sbstta/sbstta-
15/official/sbstta-15-13-en.pdf)
• Currently: Systematic map of landscape approaches
19. So, what is new?
• The landscape approach has been
re-defined to include societal
concerns related to conservation
and development trade-offs and
negotiate for them
• Increased integration of poverty
alleviation goals
• Increased integration of agricultural
production and food security
• Emphasis is on adaptive
management, stakeholder
involvement and multiple objectives
21. Ten principles for a landscape approach
1. Continual learning and adaptive management
2. Common concern entry point
3. Multiple scales
4. Multi-functionality
5. Multi-stakeholder
6. Negotiated and transparent change
7. Clarification of rights and principles
8. Participatory and user-friendly monitoring
9. Resilience
10. Strengthened stakeholder capacity
22. What impact?
• Recommendation XV/6
"sustainable use" from SBSTTA
XV (includes work on bushmeat)
• Tabled for adoption at COP 11 in
Hyderabad: “taken note” of by
parties
• Desire (and funding) to follow up
with future CGIAR and CBD
policy processes
• Contribution to System Level
Outcomes of CGIAR
• Global Landscapes Forum,
Warsaw (2013) & Peru (2014)
23. Challenges of the landscape approach
• Understanding complex systems is not straightforward
• Understanding and influencing underlying trajectories
• Multi-functionality of landscape mosaics
• The landscape approach is different to spatial planning. Landscapes are
dynamic and subjective. Different people see them in different ways.
• Trade-offs are the norm and have to be negotiated
• There is no “end point” or best solution for a landscape – one can simply
intervene to avoid bad outcomes and favour better ones
25. • Methodical
overview of
quantity & quality
of evidence
• Follows
methodology of
systematic review
process
Objective Formulation
Stakeholder meetings, topic
setting
Method Development
Search strategy, inclusion criteria,
protocol draft
Searching Process
Establish literature database,
screen for relevance, remove
duplicates
Screening Process
Filter literature by screening at
title and abstract level
Retrieve Full Texts
Final filter, study quality
assessment
Report Production
Dissemination
Publish map, make searchable
database available, other outputs.
Systematic maps
26. Our (current) primary research questions:
What is the landscape approach, and how has it
evolved into current discourse and practice?
How, and where, is it actually being implemented?
3 Key objectives:
• Map the development of landscape approach theory
• Review and synthesize current terminology
• Review integrated landscape research by documenting current (and
prior) examples of landscape scale initiatives in the tropics
Objectives of the systematic map
27. Forests, food security and nutrition
• One billion+ people rely on forest products for
nutrition and income in some way (Agrawal et
al 2013)
• One fifth of rural income derived from the
environment (Wunder et al 2014)
• Wild harvested meat provides 30-50% of
protein intake for many rural communities (Nasi
et al 2011)
• 80% of world’s population rely on biodiversity
for primary health care (IUCN 2013)
• 40% of global food production comes from
diverse small-holder agricultural systems in
multi-functional landscapes (FAO 2010)
• Long tradition of managing forests for food
(IUFRO 2013)
• Forests sustaining agriculture: ecosystem
services provision (Foli et al. 2014)
28. CIFOR’s food security research
• Rooted in historical research
on NTFPs / landscapes
• Funded projects
• Publications
• Conference attendance and
scientific dissemination
• Blogs and media coverage
• Close collaboration with
range of partners
• Emerging team of in-house
specialists
29. Hypothesis: Trees and Forests are important
for dietary quality & diversity
Collection of nutritious NTFPs
Farm/forest mosaics may
promote more diverse diets
Agroforestry and fruit
production
Ecosystem services of forests for
agriculture
Availability of fuel wood
Provision of ‘back up’ foods for
lean season = safety nets
30. • Study using DHS data from
21 countries integrated with
GIS data on % tree cover to
estimate the relationship
between tree cover and child
nutrition indicators
• CIFOR project collecting
dietary intake information
from mothers and children in
study sites in five African
countries
Testing the hypothesis
31. We Integrate:
• Nutrition data from Demographic Health Surveys
with
• % tree cover data from GLCF (2003 and 2010
MODIS data at 250 m resolution)
(as well as other sources for other controls)
..to investigate whether there is a statistically
significant relationship between indicators of
dietary quality and tree cover
Study using USAID’s DHS data
32. Sample: about 93,000 children between ages 13
and 59 months in over 9,500 communities
(21 countries )
33. • There is a statistically significant positive relationship between % tree
cover and Dietary Diversity
• Fruit and Vegetable Consumption first increases and then decreases
with tree cover (peak tree cover is ca. 45%)
• There is no statistically significant relationship between tree cover
and Animal Source Foods
Results
34. • The results of the DHS study give
an indication that there are
interesting relationships, but are
far from offering an explanation
• DHS data are coarse
• The GIS data don’t tell us the
kinds of trees/forests
• Data can’t explain WHY
children in areas with more
trees have more diverse diets
• Country level regressions give
heterogenous results
• So….
So what?
35. Forests and trees outside forests
are essential for global food security
and nutrition
Summary of the International Conference on Forests for Food Security and Nutrition
FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy, 13–15 May 2013
Influencing the agenda?
36. New approaches for integrating agriculture
and NRM at the landscape scale?
• “Eco-agriculture” (Scherr and McNeely 2006)
• “Agroecology is complimentary to conventional agriculture and
needs scaling up” (United Nations 2011)
• “New agriculture needed…” (UNDP 2011)
• “Agro-ecological approach” (World Bank 2011)
• “Integrated management of biodiversity for food and agriculture”
(FAO 2011)
• “By 2020, the CGIAR should be a major leader in environment and
agriculture” (Cristian Samper, 25th September 2014)