Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal development
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Presented by Daniel Murdiyarso, Principal Scientist,on World Wetlands Day, 2 February 2017, at the Italian Cultural Institute of Jakarta (Istituto Italiano di Cultura Jakarta), Indonesia.
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Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal development
- 1. Blue carbon science for sustainable coastal development Daniel Murdiyarso
- 3. • Introduction • What do we know? o Deforestation o GHG emissions o Biodiversity loss o Food security • Mangrove & Climate Change o Mitigation o Adaptation • Mangrove restoration • Concluding remarks Outline
- 4. Definition • Blue Carbon includes ocean blue carbon that represents carbon stored in open ocean carbon pools. • Coastal Blue Carbon – The carbon stored in tidal wetlands, which includes tidally influenced forests, mangroves, tidal marshes and seagrass meadows, within soil, living biomass and non living biomass carbon pools.
- 5. Blue carbon distribution: Asia UNEP-WCMC, ISME 2011
- 6. McLeod et al. (2011) 20 x Carbon burial rates
- 7. 3-4 x Ecosystem C stocks
- 8. 0.19 Bton CO2/yr US$ 1-6 B/yr Deforestation rate: 52,000 ha/yr
- 9. 40,000,000 fewer cars on the roads
- 10. Dominant land-use after mangrove conversions Richards and Fries (2015), PNAS
- 11. Direct benefits to the community Mangroves: Providers of ecosystem services
- 12. Source: IPCC (2013) SLR IPCC AR5
- 13. Sasmito et al. 2016 Interior Fringe Source: IPCC (2013)
- 14. Mudflat zone Fringe zone Interior zone Hydro-geomorphic setting
- 15. Sediment accretion rates Marker Horizon (MH) 210Pb Sasmito et al. (in prep.)
- 16. C sequestration Marker Horizon (MH) 210Pb Sasmito et al. (in prep.)
- 17. C-stocks and sediment measurements Sediment C-stocks C-stocks Sediment
- 22. New approaches for restoration and sustainable management Photo by: Ben Brown Firewood $270k Mangrove Crab $550kEcotourism ??$ Integrating science with local objectives Bosma et al. 2014 Integrated Associated Separated Idealized?
- 24. Sustainable Development Goals By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
- 25. Paris Agreement • NAMA • NDC (Art.4) • REDD+ (Art.5) • Adaptation (Art.7) • Loss and Damage (Art.8) • Green Climate Fund (GCF)
- 26. Darwin, 3-6 May 2016
- 27. Mainstreaming “blue carbon” – Indonesian Pavilion
- 28. • Costal Blue Carbon, including mangroves and segrass meadows have huge potential for CC A&M • Promoting ES provided by coastal BC is timely • Managing coastal BC including restoration are biophysically and socially complex but possible • Coastal BC is globally recognized and should be mainstreamed in the (sub)national agenda Concluding remarks
Editor's Notes
- We have been working in pan tropical region covering 25 countries with the distribution shown here
- Scientific community has recognized the wide range of services that coastal ecosystems can provide Salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows are unique ecosystems that support aquatic biodiversity, provide hatching ground and nursery for fish, protect coastal zones from storm surges, wave and tsunami They are also large storehouse of coastal Blue Carbon The rates of C burial of these coastal ecosystems is significantly higher than any terrestrial ecosystems Notably, mangrove is capable of capturing and storing C, as large as five times than lowland tropical forests that are mostly reside in sediments Intact coastal BC has to be protected for CC mitigation and human well-being.
- However, mangroves are among the most threatened and rapidly disappearing natural ecosystem Deforestation rate of around 13 Mha of mangrove, mainly for aquaculture development is well above 1% per year GHG emissions due to unsustainable coastal development is up to 1 Billion tons of CO2-eq per annum or 20% of emission from global deforestation It is resulting a global economic loss of US$ 6-40 B Mangrove conversions also leave millions of hectares of abandoned and degraded coastal wetlands
- On the other hands, mangroves ecosystems enhance coastal resilience from SLR With high scenario, the SLR by the year 2100 is almost 1 m Scientists also predict that under high scenario, the interior mangroves will survive until 2070, while the fringe mangroves can only survive until 2055 Mangroves offer strategic measures to cope with SLR, hence adaptation to CC
- On the other hands, mangroves ecosystems enhance coastal resilience from SLR With high scenario, the SLR by the year 2100 is almost 1 m Scientists also predict that under high scenario, the interior mangroves will survive until 2070, while the fringe mangroves can only survive until 2055 Mangroves offer strategic measures to cope with SLR, hence adaptation to CC
- Most sediment accreted in the mudflat when mangroves are preserved Past accretion is not observed using 210Pb
- Again, mudflat accumulate carbon the most (ca. 7 ton/ha/yr) and fringe accumulate the least due to waves and current
- Scientific community has recognized the wide range of services that coastal ecosystems can provide Salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows are unique ecosystems that support aquatic biodiversity, provide hatching ground and nursery for fish, protect coastal zones from storm surges, wave and tsunami They are also large storehouse of coastal Blue Carbon The rates of C burial of these coastal ecosystems is significantly higher than any terrestrial ecosystems Notably, mangrove is capable of capturing and storing C, as large as five times than lowland tropical forests that are mostly reside in sediments Intact coastal BC has to be protected for CC mitigation and human well-being.
- Scientific community has recognized the wide range of services that coastal ecosystems can provide Salt marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows are unique ecosystems that support aquatic biodiversity, provide hatching ground and nursery for fish, protect coastal zones from storm surges, wave and tsunami They are also large storehouse of coastal Blue Carbon The rates of C burial of these coastal ecosystems is significantly higher than any terrestrial ecosystems Notably, mangrove is capable of capturing and storing C, as large as five times than lowland tropical forests that are mostly reside in sediments Intact coastal BC has to be protected for CC mitigation and human well-being.