This document provides an introduction to the components of a computer system. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU), which includes the control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). It also covers main memory types like random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The document introduces other hardware components like input devices, output devices, and secondary storage. It provides an overview of how these components work together in a basic computer system.

1. Computer Fundamentals (NCB)
Unit-I Introduction to Computer
Fundamentals
Introduction to Components of a Computer
system (disks, memory, processor, etc.)
Academic Year: 2018-19 Chapter - 01
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2. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
In this chapter you will learn about:
• Generations of Computers
• Hardware
• Software
• Networking and Internet
• Information System
• Programming and Database
• Extra: Number System
Unit-I Introduction to Computer Fundamentals

3. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
What is Computer?
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4. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
A computer is an electronic device that can perform
arithmetic operation at high speed
It is also called as a calculator, also called as a data processor
(store, process and retrieve the data whenever desired)
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5. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Basic organization of computer system
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6. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Storage Unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Secondary
Storage
Primary
Storage
Control Unit
(CU)
Arithmetic
Logical Unit
(ALU)
Output
Unit
Information
Input
Unit
Data
Data Flow
Control Flow
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7. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Input devices
When unprocessed data is sent to the computer with the help of input devices, the data is
processed and sent to output devices. The input devices may be hand-operated or automated.
The act of processing is mainly regulated by the CPU. Some examples of input
devices are:
• Computer keyboard
• Digital camera
• Digital video
• Graphics tablet
• Image scanner
• Joystick
• Microphone
• Mouse
• Overlay keyboard
• Real-time clock
• Trackball
• Touchscreen
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8. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Output devices
The means through which computer gives output are known
as output devices. Some examples of output devices are:
• Computer monitor
• Printer
• PC speaker
• Projector
• Sound card
• Video card
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9. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Control unit
The control unit (often called a control system or central controller)
manages the computer's various components; it reads and interprets
(decodes) the program instructions, transforming them into control
signals that activate other parts of the computer. Control systems in
advanced computers may change the order of execution of some
instructions to improve performance.
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special
memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory
the next instruction is to be read from.
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10. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
The control system's function is as follows:
1.Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program
counter,
2. Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals
for each of the other systems,
3. Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction,
4. Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps
from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored
within the instruction code,
5. It provide the necessary data to an ALU or register,
6.If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct
the hardware to perform the requested operation,
7. Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or
perhaps an output device.
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11. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Central processing unit (CPU)
The control unit, ALU, and registers are collectively
known as a central processing unit (CPU). Early CPUs
were composed of many separate components but
since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been
constructed on a single integrated circuit called a
microprocessor.
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12. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic
and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU
supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include
multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc.,
and square roots.
An ALU may also compare numbers and return Boolean truth values
(true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or
less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?"). Logic operations involve
Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating
complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean logic.
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13. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Memory
A computer's memory can be viewed as a list of cells into which
numbers can be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and
can store a single number. The computer can be instructed to "put the
number 123 into the cell numbered 1357“ or to "add the number that is
in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into
cell 1595.“
In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store
binary numbers in groups of eight bits (called a byte). Each byte is able
to represent 256 different numbers (28 = 256); either from 0 to 255 or
−128 to +127.
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14. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Computer main memory comes in two principal
varieties:
• random-access memory or RAM
• read-only memory or ROM
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15. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
What is computer system?
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16. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
System is a group of integrated parts having a
common purpose of achieving some objective(s).
Computer has integrated components (input unit,
output unit, storage, and CPU), which works together
to perform the task/ steps (executing the program)
which refer as computer system.
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17. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Generations of Computers
(Till today, there are Five Computer Generations)
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18. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
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19. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
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20. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
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21. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
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What are the Components of a
Computer system ?
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Computer systems include:
• Hardware
• Software
• Networking
• The Internet
• Information systems
• Programming
• Databases and social issues
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24. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
What is Hardware?
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25. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Hardware refers to the physical devices of the
computer system.
Hardware components of a computer system are the
electronic and mechanical parts
Computer hardware includes the physical parts or
components of a computer, such as the central
processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data
storage, graphic card, sound card and motherboard.
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26. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
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27. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Main Hardware components includes:
▪ Processor
▪ Main memory
▪ Secondary memory
▪ Input devices
▪ Output devices
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28. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Basic Processor and Memory Architecture of Computer System
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Central Processing Unit
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30. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Control Unit
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31. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Arithmetic Logic Unit
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32. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Function of Commonly used Register
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33. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Types of Processor
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Types of Processor
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Types of Processor
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36. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Main Memory
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Main Memory
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Memory Capacity
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Random Access memory (RAM)
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Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Read Only Memory (ROM)
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Cache Memory
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Limitation of Primary Storage
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Secondary Storage
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46. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Secondary Storage
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Sequential-Access Storage Device
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48. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Direct-Access Storage Device
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49. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Already covered in previous Session
Input and Output Device
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What is Software?
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51. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Software refers to set of computer program, procedure, and
associate documents (flowcharts, manuals, etc.)
A sequence if instructions written in a language understood
by a computer is called computer program.
Software
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Networking and Internet
Network is a set of devices (nodes) that linked or grouped
together by communication link to send or receive the data.
Distributing Processing, in which task is divided among the
multiple devices (computer) instead of one single machine.
Network has to meet certain criteria:
• Performance : Throughput, delay, transit time , response time
• Reliability : It is measured in terms of frequency of failure
• Security : Protecting data from unauthorized access
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53. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Networking and Internet
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54. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Networking and Internet
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• The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer
networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link devices
worldwide.
• It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by
a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
• The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and
services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents and
applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), electronic mail,
telephony, and file sharing.
Networking and Internet
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56. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
• An information system (IS) is an organized system for the
collection, organization, storage and communication of
information.
• Information system can also be described as a combination
of hardware, software, data, business process and
functions which can be used to increase efficiency and
management of an organization.
Information System
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A computer(-based) information system is essentially an IS using computer
technology to carry out some or all of its planned tasks. The basic components of
computer-based information systems are:
• Hardware- these are the devices like the monitor processor, printer and
keyboard, all of which work together to accept, process, show data and
information.
• Software- are the programs that allow the hardware to process the data.
• Databases- are the gathering of associated files or tables containing related
data.
• Networks- are a connecting system that allows diverse computers to distribute
resources.
• Procedures- are the commands for combining the components above to
process information and produce the preferred output.
Information System
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58. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
Some examples of such systems are:
• data warehouses
• enterprise resource planning
• enterprise systems
• expert systems
• search engines
• geographic information system
• global information system
• office automation
Information System
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59. Introduction to Components of a Computer system
• Computer programming is the process of building and designing an
executable computer program for accomplishing a specific
computing task.
• Programming involves tasks such as analysis, generating algorithms,
profiling algorithms' accuracy and resource consumption, and the
implementation of algorithms in a chosen programming language
(commonly referred to as coding)
Computer Programming
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Computer programmers are those who write computer
software. Their jobs usually involve:
• Coding
• Debugging
• Documentation
• Integration
• Maintenance
• Requirements analysis
• Software architecture
• Software testing
Computer Programmer
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• A database is an organized collection of data, stored and
accessed electronically.
• Database designers typically organize the data to model
aspects of reality in a way that supports processes
requiring information, such as (for example) modelling the
availability of rooms in hotels in a way that supports
finding a hotel with vacancies.
Database
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Database
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• A database-management system (DBMS) is a computer-software
application that interacts with end-users, other applications, and the
database itself to capture and analyze data. (Sometimes a DBMS is
loosely referred to as a "database".)
• A general purpose DBMS allows the definition, creation, querying,
update, and administration of databases.
• A database is generally stored in a DBMS-specific format which is not
portable, but different DBMSs can share data by using standards
such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Unit-I Introduction to Computer Fundamentals