content introduction of cement types of cement tests on cement applications of cement manufacturing of cement

1. CEMENT
SUBMITTED, BY
ALTAF UR RAHMAN
SG21BAR001

2. INTRODUCTION
Cement is a binding material that is used
to bind different building materials
together, including bricks, stones,
concrete blocks, and other materials used
in construction. It is a fine powder made
by heating limestone and clay minerals in
a kiln to form clinker, grinding the clinker,
and adding small amounts of other
materials to create different types of
cement with specific properties.

3. TYPES OF CEMENT
• 1.Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
• 2.Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
• 3.Rapid Hardening Cement
• 4.Quick setting cement
• 5.Low Heat Cement
• 6.Sulfates resisting cement
• 7.Blast Furnace Slag Cement
• 8.High Alumina Cement
• 9.White Cement
• 10.Colored cement
• 11.Air Entraining Cement
• 12.Expansive cement
• 13.Hydrographic cement

4. 1. WHITE CEMENT
It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide and is a type of ordinary portland cement,
which is white. It is costlier and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and
facing panels, terrazzo surface, etc. and for interior and exterior decorative work like external
renderings of buildings, facing slabs, floorings, ornamental concrete products, paths of gardens,
swimming pools, etc.
2. COLORED CEMENT :
It is produced by mixing 5- 10% mineral pigments with ordinary cement. They are widely used for
decorative works on floors.
3. EXPANSIVE CEMENT :
Expansive cement expands slightly with time and does not shrink during and after the time of
hardening. This cement is mainly used for grouting anchor bolts and prestressed concrete
ducts.
4. BLAST FURNACE SLAG CEMENT
Blast furnace slag cement is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles
more or less in properties of Portland cement. It can be used for works where economic
considerations are predominant.

5. APPLICATIONS OF CEMENT
1. 1.It is used in mortar for plastering, masonry work, pointing, etc.
2. 2.It is used for making joints for drains and pipes.
3. 3.It is used for water tightness of structure.
4. 4.It is used in concrete for laying floors, roofs and constructing lintels,
beams, stairs, pillars etc.
5. 5.It is used where a hard surface is required for the protection of exposed
surfaces of structures against the destructive agents of the weather and
certain organic or inorganic chemicals.
6. 6.It is used for precast pipes manufacturing, piles, fencing posts etc.
7. 7.It is used in the construction of important engineering structures such as
bridges, culverts, dams, tunnels, lighthouses etc.
8. 8.It is used in the preparation of foundations, watertight floors, footpaths etc.
9. 9.It is employed for the construction of wells, water tanks, tennis courts,
lamp posts, telephone cabins, roads etc.

6. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CEMENT
There are four stages in this whole process.
• Mixing of raw material
• Burning
• Grinding
• Storage and packaging
MIXING OF RAW MATERIAL :
Calcium, Silicon, Iron and Aluminium are the raw materials used majorly in manufacture of cement. There are
two methods of mixing. Dry Process and Wet Process.
DRY PROCESS: The both calcareous and argillaceous raw materials are firstly crushed in the gyratory
crushers to get 2-5cm size pieces separately. The crushed materials are again grinded to get fine particles into
ball or tube mill. After screening this finely grinded materials are stored in hopper. Then powdered minerals
are mixed and dry raw mix is stored in silos and ready to be sent into rotary kiln.
WET PROCESS : In this process first raw materials are crushed and made into powdered form and
stored in silos. Then clay is washed and sticky organic matters are removed. Then powdered limestone and
water washed clay are sent to flow in the channels and transfer to grinding mills where they are completely
mixed and the paste is formed. Then grinding process is done in a ball or tube mill or even both. Then the
slurry is led into collecting basin where composition can be adjusted. The slurry contains around 38-40%
water that is stored in storage tanks and kept ready for the rotary kiln.

7. BURNING OF RAW MATERIALS :
This process is carried out in rotary kiln while the raw materials are rotated at 1-2rpm at its
longitudinal axis. The raw mix of dry process of corrected slurry of wet process is injected
into the kiln from the upper end. Powdered coal or oil or hot gases are used to be heated
up from the lower end of the kiln so that the long hot flames is produced. The lower part
(clinkering zone) have temperature in between 1500-1700 degree Celsius where lime and
clay are reacts to yielding calcium aluminates and calcium silicates. This aluminates and
silicates of calcium fuse to gather to form small and hard stones are known as clinkers.
The size of the clinker is varies from 5-10mm. The clinker coming from the burning zone
are very hot. To bring down the temperature of clinkers, air is admitted in counter current
direction at the base of the rotary kiln. The cooled clinkers are collected in small trolleys.
GRINDING OF CLINKERS :
The cooled clinkers are received from the cooling pans and sent into mills. The clinkers are
grinded finely into powder in ball mill or tube mill. Powdered gypsum is added around 2-3%
as retarding agent during final grinding. The final obtained product is cement that does not
settle quickly when comes in contact with water. After the initial setting time of the cement,
the cement becomes stiff and the gypsum retards the dissolution of tri-calcium aluminates
by forming tricalciumsulfoaluminate which is insoluble and prevents too early further
reactions of setting and hardening.
STORAGE AND PACKAGING :
The grinded cement is stored in silos, from which it is marketed either in container load or
50kg bags.

8. FIELD TESTS OF CEMENT
• 1.Date of Manufacturing
• 2.Cement Color
• 3.Whether Hard Lumps are Formed
• 4.Temperature Inside Cement Bag
• 5.Smoothness Test
• 6.Water Sinking Test
• 7.The smell of Cement Paste
• 8.Glass Plate Test
• 9.Block Test

9. LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT
• 1. Fineness Test
• 2. Consistency Test
• 3. Setting Time Test
• 4. Strength Test
• 5. Soundness Test
• 6. Tensile Strength Test
• 7. Heat of Hydration Test
• 8. Chemical Composition Test
• 9. Specific Gravity Test on Cement