The document provides an outline for a presentation on concrete, cement, and construction materials. It includes sections on concrete properties and production, cement types, and common construction materials like asphalt and aggregate. Concrete is made from a mixture of cement, water, aggregates, and sometimes chemical admixtures. Proper mixing, placement, and curing are outlined as important for developing concrete's strength and durability. The most common cement is portland cement, and types I and II are generally used. Asphalt and aggregates are also highlighted as major construction materials.

1. CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS and
CONCRETE
BARAN ARSLAN - 20519522
AYÇA ŞEKER - 20772831
SERKAN KOÇ - 20519814
T.GİZEM AKSOY - 20519497
A.DİLEK SAYINTA- 20519981

2. GOALS
 To give brief information about
I. Concrete-properties,production,composition
II. Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement
III. Construction Materials-mostly used ones.
 To give ideas about how presentation is made
 To upgrade our skills on making presentation

3. Outline
 CONCRETE
1-What is concrete?
2-Composition of concrete
a) Water
b) Aggregates
c) Reinforcement
d) Chemical admixtures
e) Cement
3-Concrete production
a) Mixing Concrete
b) Workability
c) Curing

4. 4-Properties of Concrete
5-Types of Concrete
6-Concrete Testing
7-Concrete Recycling
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
a) Asphalt
b) Aggregate
c) Brick
d) Gypsum
 References
Outline continued

5. CONCRETE
WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 Construction material
 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates,
and in some cases, admixtures.
 The cement and water form a paste that hardens
and bonds the aggregates together.
 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.
 Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide variety of
agricultural and residential uses.
 Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.
http://www.inlandcanada.com/NR/rdonlyres/F0EBC912-01A0-4D58-AE7D-
6F9FD7DE0FF7/0/ConcreteRecycler3.jpg

6. CONCRETE
 Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and
reproduce any surface texture.
 The most widely used construction material in the world.
 In the United States almost twice as much concrete is used as
all other construction materials combined.
 The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an
appropriate construction material for many applications.

7. Composition of concrete
 Water
 Aggregates
 Chemical admixtures
 Cement
http://www.bu.edu/sjmag/scimag2008/images/Texture__Concret
e_Cracked_by_ivelt_resources.jpg

8. WATER
 Good water is essential for quality concrete.
 Should be good enough to drink--free
of trash, organic matter and excessive
chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
amount of water and the water-cement ratio.
http://pure-perfection.net/custom/Water-Droplet-1039X761.jpg

9. AGGREGATES
 Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent of the
volume of concrete.
 Sand, gravel and crushed stone are the
primary aggregates used.
 All aggregates must be essentially free
of silt and/or organic matter.
http://www.bondedaggregate.co.uk/images/select-aggregate-
driveway.jpg

10. CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
 Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with
plain concrete mixes.
 In normal use, admixture dosages
are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing. http://www.cca.org.nz/images/admixtures1.jpg

11. CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
The most common types of admixturesare:
 Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.
 Acrylic retarders :
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).

12. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural
concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the
concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
 Improve the durability of concrete exposed to
moisture and freeze/thaw action.
 Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and
corrosive agents such as manure or silage.

13. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete,
allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of
water-reducing admixtures
 Increase workability
 Reduce the water content of a concrete.
 Improves its strength and durability characteristics.

14. REINFORCEMENT
 Strong in compression, as the aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
 Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to fail.
 Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either
metal reinforcing bars, steel fibers,
glass fiber, or plastic fiber to carry tensile loads.
http://www.eurocode2.info/images/reinforcement.jpg

15. CEMENT
 Crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of their ability to set and harden
under or with excess water through the hydration of the
cement’s chemical compounds or minerals
http://img.alibaba.com/photo/11654315/Portla
nd_Cement_42_5_N_R.jpg

16. CEMENT
 Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
 Modern uses
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,
mortar, panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,
tunnels, parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing,
poles, pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)

17. CEMENT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made
from calcination of clay-rich limestones.
Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made
from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and
clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing
clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.

18. CEMENT
Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to
35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.
Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or
more SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.
Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only
a small quantity is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans
with lime.

19. CEMENT
Masonry cements: Portland cement where other
materials have been added primarily to impart plasticity.
Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the
main raw materials. Used for refractory applications (such as
cementing furnace bricks) and certain applications where rapid
hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
There is only one producing facility in the U.S.

20. PORTLAND CEMENT
 Most active component of concrete
 The greatest unit cost in concrete,
 Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
economically the balance of properties
desired for any particular concrete mixture.
http://www.cement.org/decorative/images/overview2.jp
g

21. PORTLAND CEMENT
 The production process for portland cement first involves
grinding limestone or chalk and alumina and silica from shale
or clay.
 Type I/II portland cements are the most popular cements used
by concrete producers
-Type I cement is the general purpose cement and most
common type. Unless an alternative is specified, Type I is
usually used.
-Type II cement releases less heat during hardening. It is
more suitable for projects involving large masses of concrete--
heavy retaining walls

22. Types of Portland cement
Cement
type
Use
I1
General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating
conditions
II2
Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack
III When high-early strength is required
IV3
When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive
structures)
V4
When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4
A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIA4
A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIIA4
A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

23. PORTLAND CEMENT
Physical Properties of Portland Cements
1) Fineness,
2) Soundness
3) Consistency
4) Setting time
5) Compressive strength
6) Heat of hydration
7) Loss of ignition

24. Concrete production
 This process develops physical and chemical properties like
mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical
and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete
 Workability
 Curing

25. Mixing concrete
 Essential for
I. The production of uniform concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
 Equipment and methods should be capable
of effectively mixing
http://en.yujianjx.com/upload/Concrete-Mixing-Plants-HZS50.jpg

26. Workability
 The ease with which freshly mixed concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
 Difficult to measure but ready-mix companies usually have
experience in determining the proper mix.
 Important to accurately describe what the concrete is to be
used for, and how it will be placed.

27. Curing
 Concrete that has been specified, batched, mixed, placed, and
finished "letter-perfect" can still be a failure if improperly or
inadequately cured.
 Usually the last step in a concrete
project and, unfortunately,
is often neglected even by professionals.
http://www.eagleind.com/piclib/324.jpg

28. Curing
 Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened
concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
 Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist
and avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below
50°F) for at least three days.
 A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.

29. Curing
 The best curing method depends on:
 Cost,
 Application equipment required,
 Materials available,
 Size and shape of the concrete surface.
 Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing
the surface.
 Can be done by:
 Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic
sheets,
 Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.

30. Curing
 Begin the curing as soon as the concrete has hardened
sufficiently to avoid erosion or other damage to the freshly
finished surface.
 Usually within one to two hours after placement and finishing.
http://epg.modot.mo.gov/files/thumb/b/b2/1055.jpg/400px-
1055.jpg

31. Properties of concrete
 Strength
 Elasticity
 Cracking
 Shrinkage cracking
 Tension cracking

32. Strength
Concrete has relatively
 High compressive strength,
 Low tensile strength
 Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is
about 10%-15% of its compressive strength
 The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods

33. Elasticity
 Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
 The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of
elasticity to be calculated using the following equation:
where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where
f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

34. Cracking
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent.
 Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use
http://www.hughpearman.com/2007/illustrat
ions/shibboleth01.jpg

35. Shrinkage cracking
 Occur when concrete members undergo restrained volumetric
changes (shrinkage) as a result of either drying, autogenous
shrinkage or thermal effects.
 The number and width of shrinkage
cracks that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement provided.
http://epg.modot.org/files/thumb/3/39/216_Removal_of_existing_expa
nsion_joint.jpg/550px-216_Removal_of_existing_expansion_joint.jpg

36. Tension cracking
 Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied
load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
 The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.

37. Types of concrete
 Regular concrete
 High-strength concrete
 Stamped concrete
 High-performance concrete
 Self-consolidating concretes
 Vacuum concretes
 Shotcrete
 Pervious concrete
 Cellular concrete,
 Cork-cement composites
 Roller-compacted concrete
 Glass concrete
 Asphalt concrete
 Rapid strength concrete
 Rubberized concrete
 Polymer concrete
 Geopolymer or green concrete
 Limecrete
 Refractory Cement
 Concrete cloth
 Innovative mixtures
 Gypsum concrete

38. Concrete testing
Compression testing of a concrete cylinder
Same cylinder after failure
http://www.antouncivil.com.au/vca/Images/testing.jpg
http://www.concrete-curb.com/wp-
content/uploads/BreakageCylinder.jpg

39. General test methods
 Compaction Factor Test (Compacting Factor Test, Glanville)
 Compaction Test
 Free Orifice Test (Orimet Test)
 K-Slump Tester
 Free Flow Test Methods
 Slump Test
 Modified Slump Test
 Slump Rate Machine
 Kelly Ball Test
 Ring Penetration Test
 Cone Penetration Test
 Moving Sphere Viscometer
 Flow Trough Test
 Delivery-Chute Torque Meter
 Delivery-Chute Depth Meter
 Surface Settlement Test

40. Concrete recycling
 increasingly common method of disposing of concrete
structures
 recycling is increasing due to
-improved environmental awareness
- governmental laws
-economic benefits
 Recycling concrete provides
-environmental benefits
-conserving landfill space

41. Construction materials
 Asphalt
 Aggregate
 Brick
 Gypsum

42. ASPHALT
 Also known as bitumen
 Dark brown to black
 Highly viscous
 Hydrocarbon produced from
petroleum distillation residue.
 At least 80% carbon, which explains
its deep black color.
 Sulphur is another ingredient.
 Primarily used as a sealant for
rooftops and a durable surface for
roads, airport runways, playgrounds
and parking lots.
http://www.ekocozum.com/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2008/05/asfalt.jpg

43. ASPHALT
 Asphalt can be separated
from the other components in
crude oil
 By the process of fractional
distillation, usually under
vacuum conditions.
http://www.cranedigital.com/case_studies/oil_and_gas/fractional_distillation_column2.jpg

44. TYPES OF ASPHALT
 The major types of asphalt
used in construction are ;
 Rolled asphalt
 Mastic asphalt.
http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/JPEGsurf/smisSMA
.jpg
http://www.pkeenanroads.com/wp-content/gallery/stone/rolled.jpg

45. Rolled Asphalt
 Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel, or
recycled concrete, with an asphalt binder.
 Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots,
by being applied in layers and compacted.
 Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according to
the process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.

46. TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT
 Hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC)
- Produced at 160 degrees
Celsius.
-This high temperature serves to
decrease viscosity and
moisture during the
manufacturing process,
resulting in a very durable
material.
-HMAC is most commonly used
for high-traffic areas, such as
busy highways and airports.
http://www.crossroadspaving.com/images/asphalt-paving-repair.jpg

47. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Warm mix asphalt concrete
(WAM or WMA)
-Reduces the temperature
required for manufacture by adding
asphalt emulsions, waxes, or
zeolites.
-Benefits both the environment
and the workers, as it results in less
fossil fuel consumption and reduced
emission of fumes. http://www.wispave.org/images/iStock_000007064664XSmall.jpg

48. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Cold mix asphalt concrete,
-Emulsified in soapy water before
mixing it with the aggregate,
eliminating the need for high
temperatures altogether.
-The asphalt produced is not
nearly as durable as HMAC or WAM
-Typically used for low traffic
areas or to patch damaged HMAC.
http://www.dykespaving.com/wp-content/themes/classic/images/coldmix.jpg

49. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Cut-back asphalt concrete
-Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many other
countries around the world still use it.
-The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in
significantly more air pollution than the other forms.
-Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene
beforemixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity
while the concrete is layered and compacted.

50. MASTIC ASPHALT
 Also called sheet asphalt.
 Lower bitumen content than the rolled asphalt.
 Used for some roads and footpaths.
 Used also in roofing and flooring
.
http://www.e-470.com/images/newsSMAfullsized.jpg

51. MASTIC ASPHALT
 Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.
 Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled
asphalt.
 Benefits include
-Anti-skid property
-The absence of air pockets
But if laid improperly
-May cause slippery road conditions.

52. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Durability
- A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties
change with age.
- Sometimes called age hardening
. - In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity
increases and it becomes more stiff and brittle.

53. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Rheology
 The study of deformation and flow of matter.
 Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is
important in HMA performance.
 HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be
susceptible to rutting and bleeding, while those that are too
stiff may be susceptible to fatigue cracking.

54. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Safety
 Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives
off vapor) when heated.
 Flash point.
 For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested
and controlled.
 Purity.
 Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of
almost pure bitumen.
 Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be
harmful to asphalt performance.

55. AGGREGATE
 Collective term for sand, gravel and crushed stone mineral
materials in their natural or processed state
 Roads and highways constitute the largest single use of
aggregate at 40 percent of the total

56. AGGREGATE ORIGINS AND
PRODUCTION
 Can either be natural or manufactured
I. Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock
formations through an open excavation
II. Manufactured rock typically consists of industrial byproducts
such as slag (byproduct of the metallurgical processing –
typically produced from processing steel, tin and copper)
 Specialty rock that is produced to have a particular physical
characteristic not found in natural rock (such as the low
density of lightweight aggregate).

57. AGGREGATE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
 Toughness and abrasion resistance. Aggregates should be
hard and tough enough to resist crushing, degradation and
disintegration from activities such as manufacturing,
stockpiling, production, placing and compaction.
 Durability and soundness. Aggregates must be resistant to
breakdown and disintegration from weathering
(wetting/drying) or else they may break apart and cause
premature pavement distress.

58.  Particle shape and surface texture. Particle shape and
surface texture are important for proper compaction, load
resistance and workability. Generally, cubic angular-shaped
particles with a rough surface texture are best.
 Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is useful in
making weight-volume conversions and in calculating the void
content in compacted Hot Mixed Asphalt
 Cleanliness and deleterious materials. Aggregates must be
relatively clean when used in HMA. Vegetation, soft
particles, clay lumps, excess dust and vegetable matter may
affect performance by quickly degrading, which causes a loss
of structural support and/or prevents binder-aggregate bonding

59. GYPSUM
 Occurs in nature as :
- flattened
- often twinned crystals
- transparent cleavable masses
called selenite.
 May also occur in a silky, fibrous
form, in which case it is commonly
called satin spar.
 Finally may also be granular or quite
compact.
 In hand-sized samples.
 Can be transparent or opaque.
http://www.warmtec.co.nz/mediac/400_0/media/variotherm3.JPG

60. OCCURRENCE GYPSUM
 A common mineral, with thick
and extensive evaporite beds in
association with sedimentary
rocks.
 Gypsum is deposited in lake and
sea water.
 Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins
is commonly hydrated to gypsum
by groundwater in near surface
exposures.
 Often associated with the
minerals halite and sulfur.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum

61. USES OF GYPSUM
 Gypsum Board primarily used as a finish for walls and
ceilings; known in construction slang as Drywall
 Plaster ingredient.
 A component of Portland cement used to prevent flash setting
of concrete.

62. BRICK
 Masonry unit
 Does not infer any particular material
 About %90 of UK, bricks made from
some form of clay.
 %8 of UK bricks made of concrete
crushed rock aggregate and portland
cement are main constituents.
 %3 of UK of brick made from sand and lime,
sometimes with the addition of crushed flint.
http://www.urbanrevivals.com/images/brick/brick_all_web.jpg

63. TYPES OF BRICK
 Common unit - suitable for general
construction,with no special claim to
give an attractive appereance.
 Facing unit - speacilly made or
selected to give an attractive
appearance
 Header- shorter face of a masonry
unit showing on the face of a wall
 Brick- not exceeding 338 mm in
lenght,225mm in width,nor 113 mm
in height.
http://www.legacy-research.com/pages/files/justicectr/wellbricks.JPG

64. TYPES OF BRICK
 Engineering brick- fired clay brick,having a dense and strong
semi-vitreous body,conforming to defined limits for water
absorbtion and compressive strength
 Frogged brick-Frogs not exceeding %20 of gross volume
 Soft mud bricks- most economical.burned at 900-1000 C to
achieve strenght.
 Dry pressed bricks-more accurate,sharper-edged bricks

65. TYPES OF BRICK
 Extruded bricks-hard dense,lighter,easier to handle,different
thermal properties from solid bricks.make hardened by drying
20-40 hours at 50-150 C before being fired.
 Calcium silicate bricks-consist of lime,mixed with quartz ,
crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock with mineral
colourants. Bricks are accurate ,uniform, various colors( white
is common)

66. USES OF BRICK
 In metalurgy industry ,
glass industry for lining
furnaces.
 Use as a refractory (silica,
magnesia bricks)
 To make
walls,barbeques,fences etc..

67. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
BRICK
 Hard
 Durable
 Rectangular
 Smallish
 Holds heat well/insulates
 Compact
 Come in several earth-tone colors
 Cheap

68. REFERENCES
 WEB,http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/materialsgrp/cement.html
 WEB ,http://www.concrete.org/general/fE4-03.pdf
 WEB,http://architecture.arqhys.com/construction/properties-asphalt.html
 WEB,http://www.cement.org/basics/concretebasics_aggregate.asp
 Standard specification for portland cement (AASHTO M 85-89). 1986. AASHTO standard
specification for transportation materials. Part I, Specifications. 14th ed.
 Powers, T. C., L. E. Copeland, J. C. Hayes, and H. M. Mann. 1954. Permeability of portland
cement paste. ACl Journal Proceedings 51 (3):285-98.
 Whiting, D. 1988. Permeability of selected concretes. ACI special publication. Permeability of
concrete SP-108: 195-222.
 Tsuji, Y., and N. Miyake. 1988. Chemically prestressed precast concrete box culverts.
Concrete International: Design and Construction 10 (5):76-82 (May).
 Ramachandran, V. S., and R. F. Feldman. 1984. Cement science. In Concrete admixtures
handbook: Properties, science, and technology, ed. V. Ramachandran, 1-54. Park Ridge, N.J.:
Noyes Publications.

69. Thank you for your attention
 Simple question about our presentation.
1. What is the composition of concrete?
2. What is the purpose of curing?
3. What is the types of asphalt mostly used in construction?
4. What type of construction material is used for lining the kilns?