Cells of the Nervous System- Glial cells I Macroglia and Microglia I Nervous System Physiology I
This video will be about
1. Types of cells in nervous system
2. Glial cells
3. Types of glial cells- macroglia and microglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
5. Schwann cells
6. Astrocytes
7. Ependyma cells
8. Microglia
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definition of nervous system,distribution of nervous system in body,classification,Neuron structure and functions ,anatomy of glial cells and Types ,functions of Glial cells
definition of nervous system,distribution of nervous system in body,classification,Neuron structure and functions ,anatomy of glial cells and Types ,functions of Glial cells
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The brain controls most body functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and memory. The spinal cord is connected to the brain at the brain stem and is covered by the vertebrae of the spine.
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
This is the ppt that describes about organization of nerve in central nervous system. It also classify the nerves in various ways. Functions of different nerves and its characteristics are also described in this ppt.
Structures of Axon Terminals and Presynaptic Membrane
Presynaptic axon terminal has a definite intact membrane known as presynaptic
membrane.
Axon terminal has two important structures:
i. Mitochondria, which help in the synthesis of neurotransmitter substance
ii. Synaptic vesicles, which store neurotransmitter substanceMain function of the synapse is to transmit the
impulses, i.e. action potential from one neuron to
Another
1. Excitatory synapses
2. Inhibitory synapses,
NERVE CELLS FINAL( NEURON AND GLIAL CELLS.pptx FOR NURSING STUDENTSWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTAINS TWO MAIN TYPES OF CELLS.
A neuron is a nerve cell that is the basic building block of the
nervous system.
Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous
system.
Neurons are specialized to transmit information throughout the
body.
They constitute the communication network of the nervous system and transfer electrical impulses between the central nervous system and sensory organs such as eye,ear.nose,tongue and skin.
There are Approximately 86-100 billion neurons in the brain.
DENDRITES
Dendrites are the tree-like branched structures that arise from the nerve cell body.
Apart from the main dendrite branches, dendrites may contain additional protrusions
known as dendrite spines.
The axon hillock is a specialized region from which the
axon extends.
The axon is a single elongated tubal structure that extends from the Axon Hillock.
Each neuron has a single axon that extends and branches at its end.
The inner most Plasma membrane around the axon is Axolemma.
Neurilemma is the plasma membrane of schwann cells .
The spaces/gaps between the Schwann cells are known as the nodes of Ranvier and they serve to propagate electrical signals along the axon.
The branched end of the axon is known as the axon terminal[arborization] and
branches at the middle of the axon is axon collaterals .
This is the distal part of the axon that comes in contact with other cells. Also called as terminal boutons.
This part of the axon is largely involved in the release of the neurotransmitter.The cell body, also called the soma, is the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus ,cytoplasm and organelles.
The cell body connects to the dendrites, and send information to the
axon depending on the strength of the signal.
The neuronal cytoplasm have the following
The Nucleus,
Nucleolus,
Endoplasmic Reticulum,
Golgi Apparatus,
Mitochondria,
Ribosomes,
Lysosomes,
Endosomes,
And Peroxisomes. A bipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite).
A multipolar neuron is a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches), allowing for the integration of a great deal of information from other neurons.
TYPES OF NEURON:
A unipolar neuron is a type of neuron in which only one process called a neurite extends from the cell body. A pseudounipolar neuron is a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body. This type of neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches; one branch travels to the PNS and the other to the CNS.They are three types of neurons based on the function as follows Sensory Neuron
Inter-Neuron
Motor Neuron
Interneurons are the central nodes of neural circuits, enabling communication between sensory or motor neurons and the (CNS).
Glial cells (named from the Greek word for "glue") are non- neuronal cells that
provide support and nutrition,
maintain homeostasis,
form myelin,
and participate in signal transmission.
Mechanism of Action & Functions of Thyroid Hormone I Endocrine Physiology HM Learnings
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1. Mechanism of action of thyroid hormone
2. Functions of thyroid hormone
3. Calorigenic effect
4. Effect on cardiovascular system
5. Effect on nervous system
6. Effect on cholesterol metabolism
You can also watch the YouTube video of same on HM Learnings YouTube channel
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2. Why pulsatile secretion of GnRH?
3. Functions of testosterone
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2. Definition of spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis
3. Steps of spermatogenesis
4. Spermiation
5. Difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis
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How Pulse oximeter works- Principle and Limitations I SpO2 I Respiratory Phys...HM Learnings
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3. Limitation of Pulse oximeter
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2. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
3. CT Scan of COVID-19 (Glass ground opacities)
4. Hypoxia in COVID-19
5. Causes and progression of hypoxia in COVID-19
6. Summary of COVID-19 pathophysiology
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Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Part 1 (SARS CoV 2) I Target cells of COVID 19 I ...HM Learnings
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Calcitonin- Physiological actions I Calcium homeostasis 3 I Endocrine Physiol...HM Learnings
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1. Introduction
2. Stimulus of calcitonin secretion
3.Physiological actions
4. Mechanism of action of calcitonin
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Oogenesis and follicular development Part 2 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
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2. Dominant follicle within the periovulatory period
3. Corpus luteum
SlideShare link of Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1I Endocrine Physiology I- https://www.slideshare.net/HMLearnings/oogenesis-and-follicular-development-part-1-i-endocrine-physiology-i
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Oogenesis and follicular development Part 1 I Endocrine Physiology IHM Learnings
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The slides will talk about
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3. Primordial follicle
4. Preantral follicle (primary and secondary follicle)
5. Antral follicle
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Parathyroid hormone - Stimulus, Physiological actions, Regulation I Calcium homeostasis 2 I Endocrine Physiology
The slides will be about the following
1. Introduction
2. Stimulus of PTH secretion
3. Secretion of PTH
4. Mechanism of action of PTH
5. Physiological actions
6. Regulation of PTH secretion
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Cortisol- Synthesis, Regulation, Physiological actions, Disorders I Adrenal I...HM Learnings
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2. Synthesis
3. Regulation
4. Mechanism of action
5. Physiological action
6. Clearance
7. Disorders
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The slides will discuss the following:
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2. Diagnosis
3. Causes
4. Pathophysiology
5. Consequences
6. Treatment
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RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood PhysiologyHM Learnings
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The slide will cover the following:
1. Introduction to RBC indices
2. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
3. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
4. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
5. Color index (CI)
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2. What is internal environment ?
3. Why ECF is considered as an internal environment for cell ?
4. Homeostatic mechanism
5. Components of homeostatic mechanism
6. Feedback mechanism
7. Negative feedback mechanism
8. Positive feedback mechanism
9. Feedforward mechanism
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1. Diseases of Sympathetic Nervous System
2. Horner Syndrome- Pathophysiology, Etiology, Clinical features
3. Raynaud Phenomenon- Pathophysiology, Clinical features
4. Diseases of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
5. Argyll Robertson Pupil- Pathophysiology, Clinical features
6. Adie tonic Pupil- Pathophysiology, Clinical features
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Synaptic transmission types I Steps of chemical neurotransmission I Nervous S...HM Learnings
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1. Synatic transmission- Definition
2. Types of synaptic transmission
3. Process of electrical neurotransmission
4. Process of chemical neurotransmission
5. Difference between electrical and chemical neurotransmission
6. Steps of chemical neurotransmission
7. Synthesis of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
8. Storage of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides
9. Synaptic vesicle proteins
10. Release of neurotransmitters
11. SNARE complex formation
12. Recycling of synaptic vesicle (exo-endocytic cycle)
13.Binding of neurotransmitters to postsynaptic receptors
14. Termination of action of released neurotransmitter
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Autonomic neurotransmission and drugs affecting it II ANS Pharmacology II Ner...HM Learnings
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1. Cholinergic Neurotransmission- acetylcholine synthesis, its release and removal from synapse
2. Drugs affecting the cholinergic neurotransmission
3. Adrenergic neurotransmission- norepinephrine synthesis, its release and removal from synapse
4. Drugs affecting the adrenergic neurotransmission
5. Epinephrine synthesis
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Physiology of Synapse II Synapse types II Functional Elements of Synapse II ...HM Learnings
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This video will be about
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2. Classification of synapse - anatomical, functional classification
3. Functional elements of synapse
4. Presynaptic axon terminal
5. Types of synaptic vesicles
6. Active zone
7. Components of active zone
8. Functions of active zone
9. Synaptic cleft
10. Postsynaptic membrane
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Autonomic Nervous System Physiology II Part 2 II Nervous System Physiology IIHM Learnings
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The slide will discuss :
1. Difference between preganglionic and postganglionic neuron in parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
2. Impulse transmission at autonomic junctions
3. Neurotransmitters at autonomic junctions
4. Acetylcholine receptors
5. Adrenergic receptors
6. Physiological actions of Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
7. Table showing the difference between somatomotor and autonomic nervous system
8. Table showing the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
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Cells of the Nervous System- Glial cells I Macroglia and Microglia I Nervous System Physiology I
1.
2.
3. Cells of nervous system
• Two types of cells:
• Neuron/ nerve cell
• Glial cells/ neuroglia
4. Glial cells
• Glial cells are connective tissue of nervous system
• Functions of glial cells
1. They form the extracellular matrix in which neurons are embedded.
2. They play metabolic and nutritive roles for neurons.
3. They may act as a sink or source of ions.
4. They insulate axons and synapses
5. They phagocytose neural debris.
• Types of glial cells- macroglia, microglia
• Types of macroglia- astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, ependyma
cells
5. Difference between Neuron & Neuroglia
Neuron Neuroglia
Conduct impulse in form of action potential Don't conduct impulse
Form synapses with other neurons Don't form synapses
Communicating function Supporting function
Highly differentiated cells, lost their ability to
divide
Have ability to divide
6. Oligodendrocytes
• Synthesize myelin sheath in CNS (brain & spinal cord)
• During brain development, oligodendrocyte send out a few
cytoplasmic processes that wrap around the adjacent axons and form
myelin around them.
• Myelin consists of a long sheet of oligodendrocyte plasma membrane,
which is spirally wrapped around an axonal segment.
• Importance of myelin sheath
• myelin sheath increase the impulse conduction velocity by 10- to
100-fold along axons with fairly minute diameters (saltatory
conduction)
7. Schwann cells
• Synthesize myelin sheath in PNS.
• Schwann cell growth factor secretion, debris removal by Schwann
cells after injury, and the axonal guidance function of the basal lamina
are responsible for the exceptional regenerative capacity of the PNS
compared with the CNS.
8. Astrocytes
• Star shaped cells
• Two forms- protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes
• Protoplasmic astrocytes are found in gray matter and fibrous
astrocytes are found in white matter.
9. Functions of astrocytes
• End feet of astrocyte processes induce and maintain the tight junctions
in endothelial cells that effectively form the blood brain barrier.
• Induce angiogenesis
• Secrete nerve growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins and
adhesion molecules in CNS e.g. nerve cell–nerve cell adhesion
molecule (N-CAM), laminin, fibronectin. These help in the migration
of neurons and regulate the morphology, proliferation, differentiation,
or survival of neurons
• Reuptake and inactivation of neurotransmitters (e.g glutamate, GABA)
10. • posses variety of ion channels like K+ channel. K+ ions released from
neurons during neurotransmission are soaked up by astrocytes and
moved away from the area through astrocyte gap junctions. This is
known as spatial buffering.
• Detoxification of CNS
11. Ependyma cells
• Ependyma cells line the surfaces of the brain’s ventricles and central
canal of the spinal cord.
12. Microglia
• Smallest cells in CNS.
• Act as scavenger cells that reassemble the tissue macrophages.
• Microglia arise from macrophages outside of the nervous system and
are physiologically and embryologically unrelated to other neural cell
types.
13. Under resting condition,
microglia are ramified
Activated in response to
pathologic states to
reactive microglia.
Reactive microglia are characterized by
absence of branching pattern and
presence of lysosomes and phagosomes.
These active brain macrophages
which phagocytose
degenerating cells and undergo
programmed cell death.
Microglia- immune cells of CNS
