Cause and Effect
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This document discusses cause and effect relationships and how experiments can provide evidence of these relationships. It explains that experiments can give direct observations or allow inferences to be made that help explain observed effects. A cause and effect relationship is defined as one where one event causes another to happen. Effective explanations of cause and effect relationships use full sentences and paragraphs, have a logical sequence, and provide enough detail so the audience understands without guessing.
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There is a great deal of variation in the specific techniques scientists use explore the natural world. However, the following steps characterize the majority of scientific investigations:
Step 1: Make observations
Step 2: Propose a hypothesis to explain observations
Step 3: Test the hypothesis with further observations or experiments
Step 4: Analyze data
Step 5: State conclusions about hypothesis based on data analysis
Each of these steps is explained briefly below, and in more detail later in this section.
Step 1: Make observations
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Step 2: Propose a hypothesis
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Example: The researcher hypothesizes that monarch caterpillars prefer to feed on milkweed compared to other common plants. (Notice how the hypothesis is a statement, not a question as in step 1.)
Step 3: Test the hypothesis
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Example: The researcher sets up an experiment in the lab in which a number of monarch caterpillars are given a choice between milkweed and a number of other common plants to feed on.
Step 4: Analyze data
The researchersummarizes and analyzes the information, or data, generated by these further observations or experiments.
Example: In her experiment, milkweed was chosen by caterpillars 9 times out of 10 over all other plant selections.
Step 5: State conclusions
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3. How does this article relate to anything we have or will discuss in class? How does this article relate to something related to your major, possible career and/or life? Note, your article may not relate to the class, but it should at least relate to your major, career and/or life. (2 pts)
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5. What questions does the article leave unanswered? (1 pt)
6. What did you learn from this article? (1 pt)
Electronically submit your answers to Blueline by noon on 1/26/16
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Sci method student
The document outlines the key aspects of the scientific method. It discusses that science seeks to understand natural phenomena through asking questions and seeking empirical answers. The scientific method involves making observations, developing hypotheses, making predictions based on hypotheses, experimentally testing predictions, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It provides examples of how the scientific method is used to solve everyday problems and advance scientific understanding.
individual assessment of each child -etwinning -young scientists
This document appears to be an assessment of a child's skills in various areas including observation, classification, measurement, communication, questioning, defining functions, interpreting observations, making predictions, formulating hypotheses, interpreting data and drawing conclusions, recognizing variables and controlling experiments, modeling, and investigating. The assessment involves selecting the level that best describes the child's abilities for each skill area. The levels range from basic to more advanced abilities.
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Research developing theoretical and conceptual frameworks
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Structural forms
The document provides instructions for a structural engineering challenge to build the tallest structure possible using 5 pieces of paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines key structural concepts like strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A sketch of the completed structure must be provided.
Unit d structures & forces
The document provides instructions for a classroom activity where students must build the tallest structure possible using only 5 pieces of blank paper and masking tape within 10 minutes. It defines what a structure is and discusses the concepts of structural strength, stability, and the three basic structural forms: solid/mass, frame, and shell structures. A hybrid structure is noted as a combination of two or more forms.
Electromagnetic spectrum
The document discusses the wave model of light and the electromagnetic spectrum. It explains that light is a form of energy that travels in waves, with characteristics like wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and crest and trough. The electromagnetic spectrum encompasses all forms of energy that travel as waves, including light, which is classified based on its wavelength.
Light sources
Incandescent lightbulbs produce light through heating while fluorescent and phosphorescent lights use electricity to excite particles that then glow and produce visible light. Fluorescent lights are more energy efficient than incandescent but contain toxic materials, while phosphorescent lights continue glowing after the energy source is removed. Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent lights produce light through chemical reactions, as seen in glow sticks and deep sea creatures, respectively.
Unit c light and optics
The document discusses different types of light sources:
- Incandescent light bulbs produce light by heating a filament to high temperatures. Most of the energy is released as heat.
- Fluorescent lights use electricity to excite mercury vapor which produces ultraviolet light, causing a phosphor coating to glow and produce visible light. They are more energy efficient but harder to dispose of than incandescent lights.
- Phosphorescent materials continue to glow for a period of time after the light source is removed by slowly releasing stored energy.
- Chemiluminescent and bioluminescent reactions produce light through chemical processes in glow sticks and deep sea creatures.
- Light is a type of electromagnetic wave.
Excretory system
The excretory system works to maintain balance in the body by filtering waste and toxins from the blood and eliminating them from the body. It is led by the kidneys, which filter waste through tiny nephrons. The kidneys then produce urine, which travels through ureters to the bladder for storage and is later released through the urethra. In addition to the kidneys, the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs all play roles in excretion to eliminate various waste products.
Nervous system
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS sends sensory information to the CNS and carries out the CNS's instructions through the body. The peripheral nervous system consists of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions, and the somatic system, which controls voluntary movement and reflexes. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit chemical and electrical signals throughout the nervous system.
Circulatory system
The circulatory system has two circuits - one sends blood to the lungs to receive oxygen and return to the heart, while the second sends oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood back to the heart, and capillaries allow for gas exchange between blood and tissues. The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out, with the right side pumping to the lungs and left side pumping to the body.
Specialized cells & tissues
Specialized cells combine to form four main tissue types in humans and animals - connective, epithelial, nervous, and muscle tissue. Connective tissue supports and connects parts of the body, epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs, nervous tissue makes up the brain and spinal cord, and muscle tissue allows movement. Cells also combine to form three tissue types in plants - photosynthetic tissue uses sunlight to produce energy, protective tissue forms a waterproof layer, and transport tissue moves food and water.
Cell transport
This document discusses several concepts related to cell transport. It defines concentration and explains that diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration. It also defines permeable, impermeable, and semi-permeable membranes. A semi-permeable membrane, like the cell membrane, allows some substances like water and small particles to pass through via diffusion while blocking larger particles, which require channel proteins. The document also explains that osmosis is a special type of diffusion where water moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a low solute concentration to a high solute concentration. The tonicity of the environment determines whether cells appear bloated or shrunken.
The cell
All organisms are made of cells, which contain specialized structures called organelles that each perform a specific function. Cells work together to form tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells can be thought of as living factories containing organelles that act as the nucleus directing activities, mitochondria generating energy, a cell membrane controlling what enters and exits, vacuoles storing materials, cytoplasm providing nutrients, and in plant cells, a cell wall providing structure and chloroplasts carrying out photosynthesis.
Unit b cells & systems
The document provides information about microscopes and cells. It discusses the first microscope invented by Zacharias Janssen and how it allowed humans to see a new microscopic world. It then explains the basic parts and use of the compound light microscope, including how lenses are used to enlarge images and micrometers are used to measure tiny objects. It also discusses estimating sizes of objects viewed under the microscope using the field of view. The document concludes by outlining the six main characteristics of living things: made of cells, need energy, grow and develop, respond to environment, reproduce, and have adaptations.
Biomagnification
Biomagnification refers to the increasing concentration of chemicals as they move up the food chain. Chemicals accumulate in plants and algae, which are then eaten by smaller fish, building up further in larger fish and predatory birds and mammals. This can lead to toxic levels of chemicals like mercury and pesticides in organisms high on the food chain, including humans. An example given is how mercury from power plant emissions concentrates over 10,000 times moving from water to algae to fish to humans. Exposure to high levels of biomagnified chemicals can cause illness and affect offspring.
Transporting chemicals
Chemicals can be transported through the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. In the air, chemicals disperse and deposit based on their properties and wind patterns. Groundwater transports chemicals slowly through permeable soil. Surface water carries dissolved chemicals long distances while non-dissolved chemicals sink and concentrate near the source. Chemicals also leach through soil, with the rate affected by soil composition.
Monitoring the atmosphere
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their role in trapping heat in the atmosphere. It defines greenhouse gases as atmospheric gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that trap heat. It then explains the greenhouse effect as radiant energy from the sun being reflected back to the Earth's surface by a layer of these gases, trapping heat. It also discusses the enhanced greenhouse effect caused by increased carbon dioxide emissions from human activities and deforestation, which add to the heat-trapping in the atmosphere. A separate section explains ozone depletion and the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from UV radiation, and how CFC chemicals released into the atmosphere break down the ozone.
Monitoring air quality
Air quality is determined by measuring pollutant levels in the air and estimating emissions from sources. Common air pollutants include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ground-level ozone. Sulfur dioxide forms smog and acid rain and affects respiratory and eye health, produced from burning coal and oil. Nitrogen oxides are produced from vehicle and industrial combustion and cause smog. Ground-level ozone forms from reactions between oxygen, nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds from vehicles, industry and trees, and can cause breathing problems.
Monitoring water quality
Monitoring water quality is important to detect harmful pollutants and their concentrations. Five important chemical factors that indicate water quality are undissolved solids, phosphates and nitrates, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbon dioxide, and heavy metals. Each of these factors can be tested through specific chemical reactions to determine their presence and concentration in water samples. Biological indicators like the presence of certain aquatic organisms can also help assess water quality.
Human impacts
Human activities like agriculture, solid waste disposal, and industry have significantly impacted the environment by adding and releasing chemicals. Agriculture contributes to eutrophication through fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus and pesticides that can accumulate up the food chain. Solid waste disposal in landfills produces leachate containing heavy metals and other toxins that seep into soil and water without protective layers. Wastewater from daily use also contaminates the environment with chemicals even after treatment at sewage plants. Burning fossil fuels further pollutes the air with gases causing acid rain and air pollution.
Transport of substances
This document discusses several methods of transporting substances in biology. Diffusion is the passive movement of particles from high to low concentration. Osmosis is a type of diffusion where water moves through a membrane. Active transport moves nutrients against a concentration gradient using energy. Ingestion directly takes substances in, while hydrolysis uses enzymes and water to break down larger molecules. A substrate provides nutrients and a surface for an organism to live or move on.
Acids & bases
This document defines acids and bases, their properties, and how pH is used to measure acidity and alkalinity. Acids have a pH below 7 and increase hydrogen ion concentration in water, tasting sour. Bases have a pH above 7 and increase hydroxyl ion concentration, tasting bitter. Neutral substances have a pH of 7. pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, with lower numbers being more acidic and higher more basic. Acid rain forms when rainwater reacts with air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from industry and vehicles.
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JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Holsinger, Bruce W. - Music, body and desire in medieval culture [2001].pdf
Music and Medieval History
HUMAN EYE By-R.M Class 10 phy best digital notes.pdf
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Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
We present the JWST discovery of SN 2023adsy, a transient object located in a host galaxy JADES-GS
+
53.13485
−
27.82088
with a host spectroscopic redshift of
2.903
±
0.007
. The transient was identified in deep James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)/NIRCam imaging from the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) program. Photometric and spectroscopic followup with NIRCam and NIRSpec, respectively, confirm the redshift and yield UV-NIR light-curve, NIR color, and spectroscopic information all consistent with a Type Ia classification. Despite its classification as a likely SN Ia, SN 2023adsy is both fairly red (
�
(
�
−
�
)
∼
0.9
) despite a host galaxy with low-extinction and has a high Ca II velocity (
19
,
000
±
2
,
000
km/s) compared to the general population of SNe Ia. While these characteristics are consistent with some Ca-rich SNe Ia, particularly SN 2016hnk, SN 2023adsy is intrinsically brighter than the low-
�
Ca-rich population. Although such an object is too red for any low-
�
cosmological sample, we apply a fiducial standardization approach to SN 2023adsy and find that the SN 2023adsy luminosity distance measurement is in excellent agreement (
≲
1
�
) with
Λ
CDM. Therefore unlike low-
�
Ca-rich SNe Ia, SN 2023adsy is standardizable and gives no indication that SN Ia standardized luminosities change significantly with redshift. A larger sample of distant SNe Ia is required to determine if SN Ia population characteristics at high-
�
truly diverge from their low-
�
counterparts, and to confirm that standardized luminosities nevertheless remain constant with redshift.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
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Discovery of An Apparent Red, High-Velocity Type Ia Supernova at 𝐳 = 2.9 wi...
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
Microbiology of Central Nervous System INFECTIONS.pdf
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Immunotherapy presentation from clinical immunology
Immunotherapy presentation from clinical immunology
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Injection: Risks and challenges - Injection of CO2 into geological rock forma...
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Cause and Effect
- 1. TOPIC 3 – CAUSE AND EFFECT
- 2. The Plan: Discuss a cause and effect relationship
- 3. Through experimentation we gain new evidence to help explain a given effect. This evidence may be based on observations or inferences.
- 4. - give direct evidence of a given situation or effect. i.e. - the time it takes an object to move from one point to another, the colour of light emitted by a given material, the change in temperature during a chemical reaction - are indirect evidence supported by previous experience, logical assumptions, and scientific reasoning. Observations Inferences
- 5. LETS MAKE SOME INFERENCES
- 6. Experiments often give us new observations/evidence or allow inferences that help us to explain what we have observed. We call this a cause and effect relationship! Cause and effect relationship – is a relationship in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect). One cause can have several effects. We use inferences based on our observations.
- 7. A cause and effect relationship should: 1. Should be written in full sentences and in a paragraph format. 2. Should have a logical order or sequence 3. Be detailed enough so that the audience doesn't need to guess.
- 8. CAUSE AND EFFECT EXAMPLES