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The method or procedure
adopted by scientist for their
investigation is called scientific
method.
The steps can be broadly classified
under two processes.
The logical process
The technical process
LOGICAL PROCESS
The logical process is the thought process by which
an ordinary person solves the problem of daily life.
It includes various mental processes like
observation, comparison, reasoning etc.
Technical process
 The technical process include the action processes like
measurement, experimentation, calculation, reporting…
etc
1. Sensing a problem
2. Defining the problem
3. Analyzing the problem
4. Collection of data
5. Interpreting data
6. Formulation of hypothesis
7. Selecting the most likely hypothesis
8. Drawing conclusion and generalization
9. Application of generalization
1. Sensing a problem –A problem is felt difficulty. It is the
situation where an immediate solution is not available.
2. Defining the problem – The problem is defined in clear ,
definite, concise language.
3. Analyzing the problem – In this we locate the relevant data.
For this we analyze the key words in the problem.
4. Collection of data –After helps us to collect relevant data.
These can be gathered by reading books, making field trips,
performing experiments and discussing with experts.
5. Interpreting data – After collecting data it is critically
examined with respect to relevance , appropriateness, clarity
etc. The collected data should be organized.
6. Forming hypothesis – Tentative solution are formulated by
interpreting and organizing the data.
7. Selecting the most likely hypothesis –The most likely
hypothesis is accepted and tested experimentally.
8. Drawing conclusion and generalization – The tested
hypothesis lead to the conclusion and generalization can be
formed this.
9. Application of generalization – The generalized idea is then
applied in new practical situation.
1 . Induction :- This is founded by Francis Bacon
It is the process of arriving at a conclusion from the facts observed. Here min
moves from specific to general bottom to top; simple to complex; familiar to
unfamiliar; known to unknown; concrete to abstract etc.
All inductive inference are based on the following assumptions.
a) The law of uniformity in nature : Nature is uniform in behavior. A
phenomenon that takes in certain circumstances will repeat itself
whenever that circumstance occurs.
b) The law of causation : Nothing takes place without any reason. Every
phenomenon has a cause or a set of causes that is invariable connected
with it.
2 . Deduction : Founded by Aristotle.
It is the reverse of induction. Here facts are deducted by the application of
established formulas. Here the mind moves from general to specific ,
unknown to known , abstract to concrete , top to bottom….
Deduction helps to link theory and observations.
3 . Analogy : Analogy help[s us to draw inference in scientific investigation.
4. Analysis and synthesis : Analysis means separation into
meaningful parts and synthesis means putting them
together.
5. Hypothesis :A hypothesis is a tentative solution or a shrewd
guess that is formulated and provisionally adopted to
explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further
investigation.
6. Transfer of training : when training in one situation helps in
other fields of activity , it is said to transfer of training.
1 . Collection of data : Data may be available in books in science and laboratory. In
data collection the data should be properly recorded and reported. The data must
be valid reliable ,systematic and complete.
2. Observation : Observation means prolonged perception of things or events
directed and sustained by attention.
3. Experimentation : Experimentation is used to find out cause effect relationship.
Experimentation provides control over the condition under which we observe and
hence help to arrive at more precise result.
4. Concept of sampling : A population is the collection of all elements that have
one or more characteristics in common. Sampling is the process of selecting units
from a population so that by studying the sample , we can generalized result to the
population.
5. Controlling variable : means to control all over variables than the one which is
hypothesized to cause the event which have influence on the event being studied.
6. Recording and reporting data : This involves summarization manipulation and
reduction of data. The data we gathered from various sources are recorded for
future reference.

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Scientific method

  • 1.
  • 2. The method or procedure adopted by scientist for their investigation is called scientific method.
  • 3. The steps can be broadly classified under two processes. The logical process The technical process
  • 4. LOGICAL PROCESS The logical process is the thought process by which an ordinary person solves the problem of daily life. It includes various mental processes like observation, comparison, reasoning etc.
  • 5. Technical process  The technical process include the action processes like measurement, experimentation, calculation, reporting… etc
  • 6. 1. Sensing a problem 2. Defining the problem 3. Analyzing the problem 4. Collection of data 5. Interpreting data 6. Formulation of hypothesis 7. Selecting the most likely hypothesis 8. Drawing conclusion and generalization 9. Application of generalization
  • 7. 1. Sensing a problem –A problem is felt difficulty. It is the situation where an immediate solution is not available. 2. Defining the problem – The problem is defined in clear , definite, concise language. 3. Analyzing the problem – In this we locate the relevant data. For this we analyze the key words in the problem. 4. Collection of data –After helps us to collect relevant data. These can be gathered by reading books, making field trips, performing experiments and discussing with experts. 5. Interpreting data – After collecting data it is critically examined with respect to relevance , appropriateness, clarity etc. The collected data should be organized. 6. Forming hypothesis – Tentative solution are formulated by interpreting and organizing the data. 7. Selecting the most likely hypothesis –The most likely hypothesis is accepted and tested experimentally. 8. Drawing conclusion and generalization – The tested hypothesis lead to the conclusion and generalization can be formed this. 9. Application of generalization – The generalized idea is then applied in new practical situation.
  • 8. 1 . Induction :- This is founded by Francis Bacon It is the process of arriving at a conclusion from the facts observed. Here min moves from specific to general bottom to top; simple to complex; familiar to unfamiliar; known to unknown; concrete to abstract etc. All inductive inference are based on the following assumptions. a) The law of uniformity in nature : Nature is uniform in behavior. A phenomenon that takes in certain circumstances will repeat itself whenever that circumstance occurs. b) The law of causation : Nothing takes place without any reason. Every phenomenon has a cause or a set of causes that is invariable connected with it. 2 . Deduction : Founded by Aristotle. It is the reverse of induction. Here facts are deducted by the application of established formulas. Here the mind moves from general to specific , unknown to known , abstract to concrete , top to bottom…. Deduction helps to link theory and observations. 3 . Analogy : Analogy help[s us to draw inference in scientific investigation.
  • 9. 4. Analysis and synthesis : Analysis means separation into meaningful parts and synthesis means putting them together. 5. Hypothesis :A hypothesis is a tentative solution or a shrewd guess that is formulated and provisionally adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further investigation. 6. Transfer of training : when training in one situation helps in other fields of activity , it is said to transfer of training.
  • 10. 1 . Collection of data : Data may be available in books in science and laboratory. In data collection the data should be properly recorded and reported. The data must be valid reliable ,systematic and complete. 2. Observation : Observation means prolonged perception of things or events directed and sustained by attention. 3. Experimentation : Experimentation is used to find out cause effect relationship. Experimentation provides control over the condition under which we observe and hence help to arrive at more precise result. 4. Concept of sampling : A population is the collection of all elements that have one or more characteristics in common. Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population so that by studying the sample , we can generalized result to the population. 5. Controlling variable : means to control all over variables than the one which is hypothesized to cause the event which have influence on the event being studied. 6. Recording and reporting data : This involves summarization manipulation and reduction of data. The data we gathered from various sources are recorded for future reference.