The scientific method involves observing phenomena, formulating hypotheses to explain observations, experimentally testing hypotheses, and communicating results. It begins with making qualitative or quantitative observations of a system, followed by proposing a hypothesis to explain the observations. Experiments are then conducted to test the hypothesis, and theories may be developed that are supported by experimental evidence. Results are shared with the scientific community.

1. The
Scientific
Method

4. Scientific Method
– a logical approach to
solving problems by
observing and collecting
data, formulating and
testing hypotheses ,
forming theories that are
supported by data, then
communicating these

8. Observing
– qualitative or
quantitative data in
a system

11. Qualitative Data
Observable,
non-measurable
information
Ex. Windex is blue

14. Quantitative Data
Measurable,
numerical
information
Ex. the candle is
6.55 cm tall

17. System
-an environment in
which observations
are made
Ex. this classroom
or a test tube

22. Hypothesis
– a generalization
that is to be tested

24. Theory –
is a logical explanation
for
describing the behavior
of
natural phenomena.
It originates from or is
supported by
experimental evidence.

25. Models
– diagrams,
equations, or
representations
that help explain a
theory

30. Law
– generalization
that describes
phenomena (does
not explain)

41. Alchemy – responsible for the
tools and techniques needed for
working with chemicals both
mystical and practical.
The word chemistry comes from
alchemy – practiced in China and
India since 400 B.C.

42. An Experimental Approach
In the 1500s, a shift started from
alchemy to science
“Royal Society of London for the
Promotion of Natural Knowledge”
was responsible for this shift.
Encouraged scientists to use more
experimental evidence

43. Lavoisier
In the late 1700s, Antoine
Lavoisier helped transform
chemistry from a science of
observation to the science of
measurement
He settled on long-standing debate
about burning, which was…
Oxygen was required!

44. OK, Now a Review…
The Scientific Method
A logical approach to solving
problems or answering questions.
Starts with observation- noting
and recording information and
facts
Hypothesis- a proposed
explanation for the observation;
must be tested by an experiment

45. Steps in the Scientific Method
1. Observations (uses your senses)
a) quantitative involves numbers = 95oF
b) qualitative is word description = hot
2. Formulating hypotheses (ideas)
- a testable statement
3. Performing experiments (the test)
- gathers new information to help decide
whether the hypothesis is valid

46. Scientific Method
 “Controlled” experiment- designed
to test the hypothesis
 We gather data and observations by
doing the experiment
 Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle

47. Outcomes over the long term…
Theory (Model)
- A set of well-tested hypotheses that give an overall
explanation of some natural phenomenon – not able
to be proved
Natural Law (or Scientific Law)
- The same observation applies to many
different systems; summarizes results
- an example would be:
the Law of Conservation of Mass

48. Law vs. Theory
A law summarizes what has
happened.
A theory (model) is an attempt to
explain why it happened – this
changes as new information is
gathered.

49. - Page 22
Using your senses to The procedure that is used to
obtain information test the hypothesis
Hypothesis is a proposed
Tells what happened
explanation; should be
based on previous A well-tested explanation for the
knowledge; an “educated” observations; cannot be proven
guess due to new discoveries

50. Collaboration / Communication
When scientists share ideas by
collaboration and communication,
they increase the likelihood of a
successful outcome.