Catalytic Solutions For The Removal Of Organic And Inorganic Compounds From Industrial Gases
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Catalytic Solutions For The Removal Of Organic And Inorganic Compounds From Industrial Gases - Overview - Gas sources/impurities - Advantages of catalytic approach - Catalyst selection and properties - Selected references and applications - Regenerative Thermal Oxidation (RTO) - Direct Thermal Oxidation (TO) - Fixed Bed Adsorption - Catalytic Oxidation (CO) - Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) - Selective Non-Catalytic reduction (SNCR)
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DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
Study 4: Construction / Design Verification
Study 4: Construction / Design Verification
CONTENTS
4.0 PURPOSE
4.0.1 Team
4.0.2 Timing
4.0.3 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 4: APPLICATION
4.1 METHOD
4.1.1 Installation Check
4.1.2 Implementation Check
4.1.3 Modification Check
4.2 REVIEW OF HAZARD STUDY 4
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 ESTIMATIONOF PLATEAGE AND REFLUX
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Generalized Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
2.2 Equation based Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
3 PREDICTION OF OVERALL PLATE EFFICIENCY
4 SIZING OF MAIN PLANT ITEMS
4.1 Column Diameter
4.2 Surface Area of Condensers and Reboilers
FIGURES
1 NON-IDEAL EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
2 AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE,
UNDERWOOD
3 PLATE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF O’CONNEL
Catalytic Reforming Technology - Infographics
Catalytic Reforming technology - Infographics
IFP Fixed-bed Semi-regenerative Unit Revamps, Troubleshooting
IFP (CCR) Technology Optimization
In trying to determine the potential benefits from revamping a Fixed-bed Semi-Regenerative catalytic reformer, a refiner must evaluate several areas of operation:
— What is the unit operating objective?
— What degrees of freedom are available for revamp /optimization?
— Can refinery margins, and the discretionary capital budgeting program support the revamp / optimization?
Refiners must select the catalytic reformer operating point that will maximize profit within the following:
1) the mechanical constraints of the unit and
2) the short term unit operating objectives.
projects that improve operating profit are compared with the required capital investment.
This is done using discounted cash flow, or one of a number of other capital budgeting analysis tools, and those projects with the greatest return are put at the top of the capital budget list.
HAZARD STUDY 1: REPORTING
HAZARD STUDY 1: REPORTING
CONTENTS:
1.0 Actions Agreed
1.1 Project Definition
1.2 Process Description
1.3 Control Philosophy
1.4 Incident Review
1.5 Inherent SHE
1.6 Materials Hazards
1.7 Safety
1.8 Health
1.9 Environment
1.10 Transport and Siting
1.11 External Authorities
1.12 Design Guidelines and Codes
1.13 Organization
1.14 Emergency Facilities
1.15 Further Studies
1.16 Conclusion
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Methanation Catalyst
VULCAN Series VSG-N101/102
SHUTDOWN
CATALYST DISCHARGE
NICKEL CARBONYL HAZARD
REDUCTION PROCEDURE
Recommended
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
Study 4: Construction / Design Verification
Study 4: Construction / Design Verification
CONTENTS
4.0 PURPOSE
4.0.1 Team
4.0.2 Timing
4.0.3 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 4: APPLICATION
4.1 METHOD
4.1.1 Installation Check
4.1.2 Implementation Check
4.1.3 Modification Check
4.2 REVIEW OF HAZARD STUDY 4
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
Reactor Arrangement for Continuous Vapor Phase Chlorination
CONTENTS
1 BACKGROUND
2 REACTOR
3 CHEMICAL SYSTEM
4 PROCESS CHEMISTRY
5 KINETICS EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING
6 INTERPRETATION OF KINETICS INFORMATION
7 OPERATING CONDITIONS AND REACTOR DESIGN
8 REACTOR STABILITY AND CONTROL
FIGURES
1 POSTULATED REACTION PATHS FOR PROGRESSIVE CHLORINATION OF B-PICOLINE 3
2 CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE: MODEL PREDICTIONS OF PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION IN FULLY-MIXED REACTOR
3 TWO-STAGE REACTOR: RATE OF CHLORINATION OF b-PICOLINE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
Shortcut Methods of Distillation Design
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 ESTIMATIONOF PLATEAGE AND REFLUX
REQUIREMENTS
2.1 Generalized Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
2.2 Equation based Procedure for Nmin and Rmin
3 PREDICTION OF OVERALL PLATE EFFICIENCY
4 SIZING OF MAIN PLANT ITEMS
4.1 Column Diameter
4.2 Surface Area of Condensers and Reboilers
FIGURES
1 NON-IDEAL EQUILIBRIUM CURVE
2 AT A GLANCE CHART BASED ON FENSKE,
UNDERWOOD
3 PLATE EFFICIENCY CORRELATION OF O’CONNEL
Catalytic Reforming Technology - Infographics
Catalytic Reforming technology - Infographics
IFP Fixed-bed Semi-regenerative Unit Revamps, Troubleshooting
IFP (CCR) Technology Optimization
In trying to determine the potential benefits from revamping a Fixed-bed Semi-Regenerative catalytic reformer, a refiner must evaluate several areas of operation:
— What is the unit operating objective?
— What degrees of freedom are available for revamp /optimization?
— Can refinery margins, and the discretionary capital budgeting program support the revamp / optimization?
Refiners must select the catalytic reformer operating point that will maximize profit within the following:
1) the mechanical constraints of the unit and
2) the short term unit operating objectives.
projects that improve operating profit are compared with the required capital investment.
This is done using discounted cash flow, or one of a number of other capital budgeting analysis tools, and those projects with the greatest return are put at the top of the capital budget list.
HAZARD STUDY 1: REPORTING
HAZARD STUDY 1: REPORTING
CONTENTS:
1.0 Actions Agreed
1.1 Project Definition
1.2 Process Description
1.3 Control Philosophy
1.4 Incident Review
1.5 Inherent SHE
1.6 Materials Hazards
1.7 Safety
1.8 Health
1.9 Environment
1.10 Transport and Siting
1.11 External Authorities
1.12 Design Guidelines and Codes
1.13 Organization
1.14 Emergency Facilities
1.15 Further Studies
1.16 Conclusion
Discharge and Reduction Procedures for Methanation Catalyst
Methanation Catalyst
VULCAN Series VSG-N101/102
SHUTDOWN
CATALYST DISCHARGE
NICKEL CARBONYL HAZARD
REDUCTION PROCEDURE
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
◆ Alumina Balls
◆ Saddles
◆ Super Saddles
◆ Berl Saddles
◆ Raschig Rings
◆ Pall Rings
◆ Cross- Partition Rings
◆ Molecular Sieves
◆ Honeycombs
◆ Structured Packings
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Best Practice, Critical Variables for Catalytic Reforming Examples, Minimum Critical Variables,Conclusion
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and...
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and Shale Gas Upgrading
- Claus process
- Chemical oxidants
- Caustic scrubbers
- Adsorption
- H2S scavengers
- Amine absorption units
- Liquid-phase oxidation systems
- Physical solvents
- Membrane processes
- Biological methods
- Materials Used for H2S Adsorption
- Activated carbon
- Zeolites (Molecular sieves)
- Polymers
- Metal oxides
- Sludge derived adsorbents
APPENDIX
Summary of H2S Removal Process Characteristics
Summary Table Comparing Dry-Based H2S Removal Processes from Shale Gas
Carbon Formation in Mixed Feed Preheat Coils
Carbon Formation in Mixed Feed Preheat Coils:
Maximum Mixed Feed Pre-heat Temperature
What follows is a crude but effective routine, which evaluates the maximum possible temperature allowable to prevent excessive carbon laydown in the mixed feed pre-heat coils.
Fugitive Emissions
0 INTRODUCTION
The four main sources of Fugitive Emissions on most plants are valves, machine seals, re-makable joints and pressure relief devices. Other possible sources include open-ended lines, sampling connections, drains and vents.
Sometimes special precautions are taken to minimize Fugitive Emissions, for example the use of bellows seal valves. However, generally no special precautions are taken and the subsequent Fugitive Emissions to atmosphere represent a significant amount of plant losses.
Regulatory requirements covering Fugitive Emissions exist in many countries and therefore a leak reduction program should be implemented. Fugitive Emissions also represent financial losses to the business as well as potential damage to the environment.
Key Operational Guidelines - Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Key Operational Guidelines During Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
CONTENTS
2.0 PURPOSE
2.0.1 Team
2.0.2 Timing
2.0.3 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 2: APPLICATION
2.1 Study of Process and Non-Process Activities
2.2 Study of Programmable Electronic Systems (PES)
2.3 Risk Assessment
2.4 Defining the Basis for Safe Operation
2.5 Review of Hazard Study 2
APPENDICES
Appendix A Hazard Study 2 Method
A.1 Significant Hazards Flowsheet
A.2 Event Guide Diagram
A.3 Consequence Guide Diagram
A.4 Typical Measures to Reduce Consequences
Appendix B Programmable Electronic Systems (PES) Guide Diagram
Appendix C Risk Assessment
C.1 Risk Assessment Procedure
C.2 Risk Matrix
C.3 Risk Matrix Guidance for Consequence Categories – Safety and Health Incidents
C.4 Risk Matrix Guidance for Consequence Categories – Environmental Incidents
Appendix D Key Hazards and Control Measures
Appendix E Content of Hazard Study 2 Report Package.
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 THEORY
3 EXCEL 2007: MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Multiple Regression Using the Data Analysis ADD-IN
3.3 Interpret Regression Statistics Table
3.4 Interpret ANOVA Table
3.5 Interpret Regression Coefficients Table
3.6 Confidence Intervals for Slope Coefficients
3.7 Test Hypothesis of Zero Slope Coefficients ("Test of Statistical Significance")
3.8 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter
3.8.1 Using the p-value approach
3.8.2 Using the critical value approach
3.9 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters
3.10 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors
3.11 Excel Limitations
4 SPECIAL FEATURES REQUIRING MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES
5 USER INFORMATION SUPPLIED
A SUBROUTINE
B DATA
C RESULTS
6 EXAMPLE
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of the residue left after evaporation i.e., the non-volatile material in ammonia solution.
2 PRINCIPLE
A known weight of sample is evaporated to dryness in a platinum dish on a steam bath. The increase in mass of the dish is measured.
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation catalysts are almost always manufactured and transported in the oxidized form, and therefore they must be reduced in the reactor to give nickel metal in order to make them active. The reduction is usually carried out in process gas and occurs by the two reactions:
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
Study 6: Project Close-out /Post Start-up Review
Study 6: Project Close-out /Post Start-up Review
CONTENTS
6.0 PURPOSE
6.0.1 Team
6.0.2 Timing
6.0.3 Preparation
6.0.4 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 6: APPLICATION
6.1 METHOD
6.2 REVIEW OF HAZARD STUDY 6
Temperature Measurement
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
RESISTANCE ELEMENTS AND THERMOCOUPLES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
NORMAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE RANGE
ALARM SETTINGS
TRIP SETTINGS
FLUID VELOCITY
REYNOLDS NUMBER
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
EQUIPMENT REFERENCE
NOZZLE SIZE
MINIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE
CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE
CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE
Reactor Modeling Tools - STANJAN
Tools for Reactor Modeling:
THE ELEMENT POTENTIAL METHOD FOR CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS: STANJAN
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 SUMMARY
3 INTRODUCTION
4 EXAMPLES
4.1 CARBON-RICH C-0 SYSTEM
4.2 EXAMPLE WITH TWO COMPLEX PHASES
4.3 GAS TURBINE ENGINE EXAMPLE
4.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX
FIGURES
5.1 EXAMPLE RUN LOG FOR CARBON-RICH C-O SYSTEM
5.2 OUTPUT FOR EXAMPLE WITH TWO COMPLEX PHASES
5.3 FIRST STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE ENTHALPY OF THE REACTANTS
5.4 SECOND STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE
5.5 THIRD STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE NOZZLE EXIT STATE
AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STANJAN
REFERENCES
Hot Hydrogen Stripping
In pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation there is a tendency to form polymeric materials on and in the catalyst bed. These are formed by condensation of gums and diolefins at local areas in the reactor .........
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
0.1 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans < 500 kW
0.2 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans > 500 kW
0.3 Critical Classification for High Substance Hazard
Reasons
0.4 Centrifugal Blowers
0.5 General Purpose Fans
1 SCOPE 3
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3
3 DEFINITIONS 3
4 PRINCIPLES 4
5 CONDITION MONITORING 4
6 EXAMINATION 4
6.1 Impeller 5
6.2 Shaft and Sleeves 5
6.3 Bearings 5
7 ADDITIONAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
ALL FANS DEEMED CRITICAL FOR HIGH PROCESS
SUBSTANCE HAZARD REASONS 7
7.1 Casing 7
7.2 Dynamic Seals 7
APPENDICES
A EXAMINATION LOGIC DIAGRAM
Fixed Bed Adsorber Design Guidelines
OVERVIEW - FIXED BED ADSORBER DESIGN GUIDELINES
Fixed-bed adsorber design is based upon the following considerations:
• Adsorbent bed profile and media loading capacity characteristics for the specific application and adsorbent material used.
• Pressure drop characteristics across the adsorbent bed.
• Reaction kinetics.
Typically, adsorber design entails use of the following methodology:
• Adsorbent selection based upon performance and application information.
• Bed sizing based upon adsorbent loading data and service life requirements.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon pressure drop criteria.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon reaction kinetics criteria.
A discussion of each design consideration follows.
Steam Reforming - Poisons
Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
More Related Content
What's hot
VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
◆ Alumina Balls
◆ Saddles
◆ Super Saddles
◆ Berl Saddles
◆ Raschig Rings
◆ Pall Rings
◆ Cross- Partition Rings
◆ Molecular Sieves
◆ Honeycombs
◆ Structured Packings
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Best Practice, Critical Variables for Catalytic Reforming Examples, Minimum Critical Variables,Conclusion
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and...
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and Shale Gas Upgrading
- Claus process
- Chemical oxidants
- Caustic scrubbers
- Adsorption
- H2S scavengers
- Amine absorption units
- Liquid-phase oxidation systems
- Physical solvents
- Membrane processes
- Biological methods
- Materials Used for H2S Adsorption
- Activated carbon
- Zeolites (Molecular sieves)
- Polymers
- Metal oxides
- Sludge derived adsorbents
APPENDIX
Summary of H2S Removal Process Characteristics
Summary Table Comparing Dry-Based H2S Removal Processes from Shale Gas
Carbon Formation in Mixed Feed Preheat Coils
Carbon Formation in Mixed Feed Preheat Coils:
Maximum Mixed Feed Pre-heat Temperature
What follows is a crude but effective routine, which evaluates the maximum possible temperature allowable to prevent excessive carbon laydown in the mixed feed pre-heat coils.
Fugitive Emissions
0 INTRODUCTION
The four main sources of Fugitive Emissions on most plants are valves, machine seals, re-makable joints and pressure relief devices. Other possible sources include open-ended lines, sampling connections, drains and vents.
Sometimes special precautions are taken to minimize Fugitive Emissions, for example the use of bellows seal valves. However, generally no special precautions are taken and the subsequent Fugitive Emissions to atmosphere represent a significant amount of plant losses.
Regulatory requirements covering Fugitive Emissions exist in many countries and therefore a leak reduction program should be implemented. Fugitive Emissions also represent financial losses to the business as well as potential damage to the environment.
Key Operational Guidelines - Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Key Operational Guidelines During Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
CONTENTS
2.0 PURPOSE
2.0.1 Team
2.0.2 Timing
2.0.3 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 2: APPLICATION
2.1 Study of Process and Non-Process Activities
2.2 Study of Programmable Electronic Systems (PES)
2.3 Risk Assessment
2.4 Defining the Basis for Safe Operation
2.5 Review of Hazard Study 2
APPENDICES
Appendix A Hazard Study 2 Method
A.1 Significant Hazards Flowsheet
A.2 Event Guide Diagram
A.3 Consequence Guide Diagram
A.4 Typical Measures to Reduce Consequences
Appendix B Programmable Electronic Systems (PES) Guide Diagram
Appendix C Risk Assessment
C.1 Risk Assessment Procedure
C.2 Risk Matrix
C.3 Risk Matrix Guidance for Consequence Categories – Safety and Health Incidents
C.4 Risk Matrix Guidance for Consequence Categories – Environmental Incidents
Appendix D Key Hazards and Control Measures
Appendix E Content of Hazard Study 2 Report Package.
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
Reactor Modeling Tools - An Overview
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 OPTIONS IN REACTOR MODELING
2.1 General
2.2 Level of Complexity of Model
2.3 Mode of Operation of Model
2.4 Deterministic versus Empirical Modeling
2.5 Platforms for Model
2.6 Steady State versus Dynamic Model
2.7 Dimensions Modeled in Reactor
2.8 Scale of Modeling for Multiphase Reactors
2.9 Writing and Using the Model
APPENDICES
A CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT REACTOR MODELS
B NEEDS FOR MODELING AT DIFFERENT SCALES IN
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTORS
C REACTOR MODELS EMPLOYED WITHIN GBHE
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS ENGINEERING GUIDE
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
Reactor Modeling Tools – Multiple Regressions
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 THEORY
3 EXCEL 2007: MULTIPLE REGRESSIONS
3.1 Overview
3.2 Multiple Regression Using the Data Analysis ADD-IN
3.3 Interpret Regression Statistics Table
3.4 Interpret ANOVA Table
3.5 Interpret Regression Coefficients Table
3.6 Confidence Intervals for Slope Coefficients
3.7 Test Hypothesis of Zero Slope Coefficients ("Test of Statistical Significance")
3.8 Test Hypothesis on a Regression Parameter
3.8.1 Using the p-value approach
3.8.2 Using the critical value approach
3.9 Overall Test of Significance of the Regression Parameters
3.10 Predicted Value of Y Given Regressors
3.11 Excel Limitations
4 SPECIAL FEATURES REQUIRING MORE SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUES
5 USER INFORMATION SUPPLIED
A SUBROUTINE
B DATA
C RESULTS
6 EXAMPLE
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
1 SCOPE AND FIELD OF APPLICATION
This method is suitable for the determination of the residue left after evaporation i.e., the non-volatile material in ammonia solution.
2 PRINCIPLE
A known weight of sample is evaporated to dryness in a platinum dish on a steam bath. The increase in mass of the dish is measured.
Methanation Catalyst Start Up Procedures
Methanation catalysts are almost always manufactured and transported in the oxidized form, and therefore they must be reduced in the reactor to give nickel metal in order to make them active. The reduction is usually carried out in process gas and occurs by the two reactions:
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
Study 6: Project Close-out /Post Start-up Review
Study 6: Project Close-out /Post Start-up Review
CONTENTS
6.0 PURPOSE
6.0.1 Team
6.0.2 Timing
6.0.3 Preparation
6.0.4 Documentation
HAZARD STUDY 6: APPLICATION
6.1 METHOD
6.2 REVIEW OF HAZARD STUDY 6
Temperature Measurement
TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT:
RESISTANCE ELEMENTS AND THERMOCOUPLES
SPECIFICATION OF FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION OF FLUID
NORMAL OPERATING TEMPERATURE
REQUIRED TEMPERATURE RANGE
ALARM SETTINGS
TRIP SETTINGS
FLUID VELOCITY
REYNOLDS NUMBER
LINE SIZE
LINE REFERENCE
EQUIPMENT REFERENCE
NOZZLE SIZE
MINIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE
CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE
MAXIMUM DESIGN PRESSURE
CORRESPONDING TEMPERATURE
Reactor Modeling Tools - STANJAN
Tools for Reactor Modeling:
THE ELEMENT POTENTIAL METHOD FOR CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS: STANJAN
CONTENTS
1 SCOPE
2 SUMMARY
3 INTRODUCTION
4 EXAMPLES
4.1 CARBON-RICH C-0 SYSTEM
4.2 EXAMPLE WITH TWO COMPLEX PHASES
4.3 GAS TURBINE ENGINE EXAMPLE
4.4 OTHER APPLICATIONS
APPENDIX
FIGURES
5.1 EXAMPLE RUN LOG FOR CARBON-RICH C-O SYSTEM
5.2 OUTPUT FOR EXAMPLE WITH TWO COMPLEX PHASES
5.3 FIRST STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE ENTHALPY OF THE REACTANTS
5.4 SECOND STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE ADIABATIC FLAME TEMPERATURE
5.5 THIRD STEP IN THE TURBINE EXAMPLE: CALCULATION OF THE NOZZLE EXIT STATE
AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION OF STANJAN
REFERENCES
Hot Hydrogen Stripping
In pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation there is a tendency to form polymeric materials on and in the catalyst bed. These are formed by condensation of gums and diolefins at local areas in the reactor .........
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
0.1 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans < 500 kW
0.2 Reasons for Critical Classification of Arduous Duty
Fans > 500 kW
0.3 Critical Classification for High Substance Hazard
Reasons
0.4 Centrifugal Blowers
0.5 General Purpose Fans
1 SCOPE 3
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION 3
3 DEFINITIONS 3
4 PRINCIPLES 4
5 CONDITION MONITORING 4
6 EXAMINATION 4
6.1 Impeller 5
6.2 Shaft and Sleeves 5
6.3 Bearings 5
7 ADDITIONAL EXAMINATION REQUIREMENTS FOR
ALL FANS DEEMED CRITICAL FOR HIGH PROCESS
SUBSTANCE HAZARD REASONS 7
7.1 Casing 7
7.2 Dynamic Seals 7
APPENDICES
A EXAMINATION LOGIC DIAGRAM
Fixed Bed Adsorber Design Guidelines
OVERVIEW - FIXED BED ADSORBER DESIGN GUIDELINES
Fixed-bed adsorber design is based upon the following considerations:
• Adsorbent bed profile and media loading capacity characteristics for the specific application and adsorbent material used.
• Pressure drop characteristics across the adsorbent bed.
• Reaction kinetics.
Typically, adsorber design entails use of the following methodology:
• Adsorbent selection based upon performance and application information.
• Bed sizing based upon adsorbent loading data and service life requirements.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon pressure drop criteria.
• Bed sizing adjustment based upon reaction kinetics criteria.
A discussion of each design consideration follows.
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VULCAN Series A2ST Advanced Alumina Support Technology
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Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
Critical Variables in Catalytic Reforming and Unit Monitoring Best Practices
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and...
A Comprehensive Guide to Controlling H2S Emissions in Natural, Associated and...
Guidelines for Charging Primary Reforming Catalyst via Wet Method
Guidelines for Charging Primary Reforming Catalyst via Wet Method
Key Operational Guidelines - Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Key Operational Guidelines - Low Temperature Shift Catalyst Reduction
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
Study 2: Front-End Engineering Design and Project Definition
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
In-Situ Oxidation Procedure for High and Low Temperature Shift Catalysts
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
Determination of Residue on Evaporation in Anhydrous Ammonia
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
Examination of Critical Centrifugal Fans and Blowers
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Common poisons include
Sulfur
Chlorides and other halides
Metals including arsenic, vanadium, mercury, alkali metals (including potassium)
Phosphates
Organo-metalics
Revamps for Ageing Hydrogen Plants
This presentation highlights some of the retrofits that can be applied to
Improve efficiency
Increase production
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
The Hazards
Review incidents by reactor
Purification….
Through the various unit operations to
Ammonia synthesis
Nickel Carbonyl
Pre-reduced catalysts
Discharging catalysts
Conclusion
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Contents
Review of incidents by reactor
Primary reforming
Secondary reforming
HTS
LTS
Methanator
Reactor loading
Support media
Some general comments on alternative actions when a plant gets into abnormal operation
Amines
Amines
Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysis, Production Processes and Applications
Contents
Historical perspective
Background
(MMA, DMA and TMA)
Stereochemistry and Structure
Reaction Mechanisms and Thermodynamics
CATALYSTS FOR AMINATION
Non-Zeolitic Catalysts for Amination
Mordinite (MOR) Catalysts for Amination
Zeolite Catalysts for Amination
Amines Production
Amines: Markets and Applications
Gas Separation
Conventional Amines Treating System
Amine System for Gas Sweetening
APPENDIX
Structures
Ethyleneamines Production
Lattice Energy LLC - Surprising Similarities between LENR Active Sites and En...
Herein we discuss surprising similarities between the operation of micron-scale active sites in condensed matter low energy neutron reactions (LENRs) and those of biological enzyme proteins. It turns-out that radiation-free LENR electroweak nuclear catalysis and enzymatic chemical catalysis are not as distant from each other as one might naively assume.
As we have explained in our many publications, LENRs are star-like, neutron-induced nuclear transmutations that produce heavier stable elements from neutron captures on lighter ones while releasing abundant quantities of clean heat during the process.
Unlike stars, fusion, and fission reactors, LENRs do not emit any deadly MeV-energy neutron and gamma radiation. They occur in microscopic domains in laboratory devices, at very low rates in some industrial processes such as pyrolysis, as well as naturally in lightning and other places elsewhere on Earth. They are quietly happening all around us but went unrecognized by legions of scientists for over 100 years because easy-to-detect hard radiation emission signatures are absent.
Importantly, LENRs can be triggered under mild macroscopic conditions; e.g. at as little as room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This enzyme-like feat is possible with electroweak catalysis which creates ultralow-energy neutrons directly from electrons and protons (hydrogen) via many-body collective quantum effects in an electroweak reaction: e + p --> n + νe.
Fried et al.’s recent stunning experimental results (“Extreme electric fields power catalysis in the active site of ketosteroid isomerase”, Science 346 pp. 1510 - 1514, Dec. 19, 2014) revealed that a structurally and compositionally complex Carbon-based isomerase enzyme protein employs a combination of very high local electric fields and quantum entanglement of particles in active sites to achieve enormous increases in chemical reaction rates. Much simpler, abiotic LENR many-body active sites comprising Q-M entangled protons and electrons achieve even more enormous catalytic increases in rates of neutron-producing electroweak reactions using exactly the same effects. A key difference between them is field-strength: the enzyme uses electric fields averaging ~1.4 x 1010 V/m; LENRs use nonequilibrium pulses > 2.5 x 1011 V/m.
It has become apparent that deep technical knowledge about details of LENR electroweak catalysis can provide valuable insights into the operation of both enzymatic and abiotic chemical catalysis. There is an opportunity to use new types of conceptual insights to help greatly increase performance and reduce costs for a broad range of important industrial catalysts.
SYNGAS Process Integration
SYNGAS Process Integration
Ammonia / Methanol Flowsheet Integration
“Reducing Risk and Increasing Profitability”
Contents
Conventional Ammonia Plant Flow Sheet
Conventional Methanol Plant Flow Sheet
Superstructure Block Diagram
Process Design Tools
Pi Algorithm Approach
Ammonia / Methanol Flow Sheet Integration: Case Study#72514GB/H
Equipment List
Integration Flowsheet 1: Feed Preparation (HDS)
Integration Flowsheet 2: Feed Preparation (Saturator Circuit)
Integration Flowsheet 3: Pre-reformer, AGHR, ATR
Integration Flowsheet 4: Isothermal Shift
Integration Flowsheet 5: CO2 Removal
Stream Component - Material Balances
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Steam Reforming - Catalyst Loading
OBJECTIVES
Best practices
Sock Loading
Unidense
Pressure Drop Measurement
Common Problems
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Similar to Catalytic Solutions For The Removal Of Organic And Inorganic Compounds From Industrial Gases
VULCAN VGP Series Purification Catalyst / Absorbents Operating Manual
VULCAN VGP Series Purification Catalyst / Absorbents Operating Manual
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Process design and modification considerations
3 Health and Safety precautions
4 VULCAN VGP CATALYST containers and storage
5 VULCAN VGP CATALYST handling
6 VULCAN VGP CATALYST charging / loading
7 VULCAN VGP CATALYST discharge
8 Vessel entry
9 System start-up / Shutdown / Standby / Upsets
10 General considerations for liquid and gaseous systems
11 VULCAN VGP Sulfur guards
12 VULCAN VGP Mercury guards
13 VULCAN VGP Chloride guards
14 VULCAN VGP Arsine and other guards
15 VULCAN VGP Reduced materials
16 Reclamation or disposal of used absorbent
17 Treatment options with VULCAN VGP Series Catalyst Materials
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
Fixed Bed Reactor Scale-up Checklist
The purpose of this checklist is to identify the stages and potential problems associated with the scale up of fixed bed reactors from the drawing board to the full scale plant, and to determine how they should be checked.
The checking can be done using various methods. These are:
• Literature data.
• Lab testing.
• Calculation.
• Modeling.
• Semi-tech testing.
• Piloting or Sidestream testing.
Identifying the stages that need to be addressed for a particular catalyst/reactor development will help in estimating the time needed for the development of the reactor
Operating Manual - Mole Sieve Adsorbents
LOADING AND START-UP: ADSORBENTS AND ADSORPTION UNITS
PHILOSOPHY
PACKAGING AND INSPECTION
LOADING
1.1 Vessel Inspection
1.2 Loading of Bottom Support Material
1.3 Loading of Sieve
1.4 Special Precautions in the Case of PSA and VPSA Applications
1.5 Loading of Top Support Material
1.6 The vessel should then be closed in ready for process start-up.
2. START-UP
2.1 Check list before Commencing Start-up
3. INITIAL REGENERATION
3.1 Regeneration Gas Availability
3.2 Initial Regeneration Procedure
4. PROCESS START-UP
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT; Case Study: #0978766GB/H
CASE STUDY OVERVIEW
Syn Gas Sour Shift: Process Flow Diagram
AGR: Acid Gas to VULCAN SYSTEMS Sour Gas Shift
DESIGN BASIS:
ACID GAS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATION
SOUR SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
COS REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
SWEET SHIFT CASE
SHIFT REACTOR CATALYST SPECIFICATIONS
PERFORMANCE SIMULATION RESULTS
SOUR SHIFT SECTION
1 Cases Considered
2 Catalyst Used
3 Client Requirements
4 Oxygen and Olefins
5 HCN
6 NH3
7 Arsine
8 Input Data Sour Shift Unit
9 Activity (PROPRIETARY)
10 Results
ADIABATIC SWEET SHIFT SECTION: HTS Reactor followed by LTS Reactor
1 Catalyst Used
2 Inlet Operating Temperature HTS Reactor
3 Feed Flow Rate, Inlet Operating Pressure and Feed Composition HTS Reactor
4 Inlet Operating Conditions LTS Reactor
5 Client Requirements
6 Results: Standard Case as Presented to the Client
7 Results: Inlet Operating Pressure HTS Reactor = 25.2 bara
8 Results: Addition of 100 kmol/h N2
COS HYDROLYSIS SECTION FOR SWEET SHIFT CASE
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Equilibrium H2S and COS Levels (COS Hydrolysis Reaction)
4 Client Requirements
5 Results
H2S REMOVAL SECTION AFTER AGR UNIT
(2 Absorbent Beds (VULCAN VSG-EZ200) in Lead/Lag Arrangement)
1 Total Feed Flow Rate, Feed Composition, Direction of Flow, Inlet Operating Temperature, Inlet Operating Pressure
2 Inlet H2S and COS Levels
3 Client Requirements (All Cases)
4 Results
ISOTHERMAL SWEET SHIFT SECTION: Alternative Approach
VULCAN Simulation Input Data
1 Enthalpy method
2 Cases considered
3 Feed stream data
4 Kinetics
5 Catalyst
6 Catalyst Activity relative to standard
7 Catalyst size and packing details
8 Catalyst pressure drop parameters
9 Catalyst Volume
10 Standard die-off rate
11 BFW Rate
12 Vapor fraction
13 Steam Temperature
14 Steam Pressure
15 Boiling Model
16 Volumetric UA
Isothermal Shift Simulations Results
APPENDIX
Characteristics of Acid Gas Removal Technologies
Reactor & Impeller Design in Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation Reactors
Stirred Vessels
Loop Reactors
Other reactor types
Appendix
- List of contact details for suppliers
- Information from supplier’s websites
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
Selection of Internals for Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
5 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
5.1 Pressure Drop
5.2 Deep Vacuum
5.3 Hydraulic Capacity
5.4 Mass Transfer Efficiency
5.5 Turndown
5.6 Flow Regimes on Trays
5.7 Foaming
5.8 Two Liquid Phases
5.9 Scale Effects
5.10 Liquid Hold-up
5.11 Heat Transfer and Packed Columns
6 DISTILLATION TRAYS
6.1 Sieve Trays
6.2 Valve Trays
6.3 Dualflow Trays
6.4 Bubble Cap Trays
6.5 Baffle Trays
7 PACKINGS
7.1 Random Packings
7.2 Structured Packings
7.3 Grid Packings
8 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS' PROPRIETARY
DEVICES
8.1 DisTech
8.2 Glitsch
8.3 Koch
8.4 Kuhni
8.5 Norton
8.6 Nutter
8.7 Sulzer
8.8 UOP
9 COLUMN REVAMP
TABLES
1 GENERAL SELECTION CRITERIA
FIGURES
1 DECISION TREE
1 EXAMPLES OF DISTILLATION TRAY TYPES
2 EXAMPLES OF PACKING TYPES
3 TWO-STAGE LIQUID DISTRIBUTOR
4 EFFECT OF HEAT TRANSFER ON LIQUID FILM STABILITY
5 DUALFLOW TRAYS
6 BUBBLE CAP DETAIL
7 BAFFLE TRAYS
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Packed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 DESCRIPTION OF PACKED COLUMN INTERNALS
7. DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Selection of Packing Size
7.2 Rough Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 LIQUID DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION
8.1 Basic Concepts
8.2 Pour Point Density
8.3 Peripheral Irrigation - the Wall Zone
8.4 Distributor Levelness
8.5 Maximum Bed Height and Liquid Redistribution
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF PACKED COLUMN DESIGN
9.1 Packing
9.2 Support Grid
9.3 Liquid Collector
9.4 Liquid Distributor or Redistributor
9.5 Packing Hold-down Grid
9.6 Reflux or Feed Pipe
9.7 Reboil Return Pipe
9.8 Liquid Draw-offs
9.9 Vapor Draw-offs
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A DEFINITIONS
A.1 INTRODUCTION
A.2 MECHANICAL DEFINITIONS
A.3 PERFORMANCE DEFINITIONS
B PACKING HYDRAULICS - THE NORTON METHOD
TABLES
1 PACKING FACTORS FOR THE MORE COMMON
RANDOM PACKINGS
Pressure Systems
Pressure Systems
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION
1 SCOPE
2 DEFINITIONS ADDITIONAL TO THOSE IN THE EP GLOSSARY
2.1 PRESSURE VESSEL
2.2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE STORAGE TANK
2.3 VESSEL
2.4 PIPING SYSTEM
2.5 NON-PRESSURE PROTECTIVE DEVICE
2.6 ASSOCIATED RELIEF EQUIPMENT
3 APPLICATION OF PRINCIPLES
3.1 IMPLEMENTATION OF PEG 4
3.2 DESIGN, MANUFACTURE, REPAIR AND MODIFICATION
3.3 VERIFICATION OF DESIGN
3.4 GBHE REGISTRATION AND RECORDS
3.5 PERIODIC EXAMINATION
4 AUDITING
4.1 General
4.2 Scope of Audit
APPENDICES
A EQUIPMENT WHICH MAY BE EXEMPTED FROM GBHE REGISTRATION
C DOCUMENTATION FOR INCLUSION IN FILES OF REGISTERED EQUIPMENT
D ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PERIODIC EXAMINATION OF SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF EQUIPMENT
E DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF PRESSURE SYSTEMS PROCEDURES
F DECISION TREE FOR REGISTRATION OF PIPING SYSTEMS
G REGISTERED EQUIPMENT WHICH MAY BE EXEMPTED FROM DESIGN VERIFICATION
TABLES
1 REGISTERED VESSELS AND PIPING SYSTEMS: MAXIMUM EXAMINATION INTERVALS
2 EQUIPMENT TO BE CONSIDERED FOR CATEGORY LLT
FIGURES
1 SIMPLE PRESSURE RELIEF ARRANGEMENT
2 COMPLEX PRESSURE RELIEF ARRANGEMENT
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS INFORMATION FOR ENGINEERS DOCUMENT
VLE Data - Selection and Use
VLE Data - Selection and Use
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF IDEAL
AND NON-IDEAL SYSTEMS
4.1 Ideal Mixtures
4.2 Non-Ideal Mixtures
5 REVIEW OF VLE MODELS
5.1 Ideal Behavior in Both Phases
5.2 Liquid Phase Non-Idealities
5.3 High Pressure Systems
5.4 Special Models
6 SETTING UP A VLE MODEL
6.1 Define Problem
6.2 Select Data
6.3 Select Correlation(s)
6.4 Produce Model
7 AVOIDING PITFALLS
7.1 Experimental Data is Better than Estimates
7.2 Check Validity of Fitted Model
7.3 Check Limitations of Estimation Methods
7.4 Know Your System
7.5 Appreciate Errors and Effects
7.6 If in Doubt – Ask
8 A CASE STUDY
8.1 The Problem
8.2 The System
8.3 Data Available
8.4 Selected Correlation
8.5 Simulation
8.6 Selection of Model
9 RECOMMENDED READING
10 VLE EXPERTS IN GBHE
APPENDICES
A USE OF EXTENDED ANTOINE EQUATION
B USE OF WILSON EQUATION
C USEFUL METHODS OF ESTIMATING
D EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR VLE CALCULATIONS
TABLES
1 SUMMARY OF VLE METHODS
2 LIST OF USEFUL REFERENCES
FIGURES
1 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - IDEAL SOLUTION
BEHAVIOR
2 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - A GENERALISED
Y-X DIAGRAM
3 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
4 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MAXIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE
5 VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM - MINIMUM BOILING
AZEOTROPE -TWO LIQUID PHASES
6 SENSITIVITY TO ERROR IN VLE DATA (BASED ON FENSKE EQUATION)
7(a) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE A
7(b) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE B
7(c) FITTING WILSON 'A' VALUES TO VLE DATA - CASE C
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Using Cooling Water
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Using Cooling Water
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 HTFS
3.2 TEMA
4 CHECKLIST
5 QUALITY OF COOLING WATER
6 COOLING WATER ON SHELL SIDE OR TUBE SIDE
7 COOLING WATER ON THE SHELL SIDE
7.1 Baffle Spacing
7.2 Impingement Plates
7.3 Horizontal or Vertical Shell Orientation
7.4 Baffle Cut Orientation
7.5 Sludge Blowdown
7.6 Removable Bundles
8 FOULING RESISTANCES AND LIMITING TEMPERATURES
9 PRESSURE DROP
9.1 Pressure Drop Restrictions
9.2 Fouling and Pressure Drop
9.3 Elevation of a Heat Exchanger in the Plant
10 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
11 WATER VELOCITY
11.1 Low Water Velocity
11.1.1 Tube Side Water Flow
11.1.2 Shell Side Water Flow
11.2 High Water Velocity
12 ECONOMICS
13 DIRECTION OF WATER FLOW
14 VENTS AND DRAINS
15 CONTROL
15.1 Operating Variables
15.2 Heat Load Control
15.2.1 General
15.2.2 Heat load control by varying cooling water flow
15.3 Orifice Plates
16 MAINTENANCE
Pressure Relief Systems
Pressure Relief Systems
BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6
The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
METHANOL PLANT - SHALE GAS FEED PRETREATMENT
CASE STUDY #091406
Case Background
A Methanol plant operator would like to examine the technical feasibility of using Shale Gas as a feedstock to their Methanol plant.
The first step in the Methanol production process is gas pretreatment. The purpose of gas pretreatment is to make the gas suitable for the downstream processes. There are two groups of compounds that are usually present in natural gas and that should be removed during pretreatment—the associate NGL and the sulfur-containing compounds. Some natural gas reservoirs may also have other trace components that must be removed, but these are not discussed here.
This case study examines the impact of CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) on the pre-treatment section design, performance and efficiency of ACME Methanol Plant’ feed gas pre-treatment section.
Case 1: Normal Shale Gas
Case 2: “Bad Gas”
Case 3: Low CO2
Case 4: High CO2
Pickling & Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
Design and Rating of Trayed Distillation Columns
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
5 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEES
6 TRAY DESCRIPTION
7 DESIGN CALCULATIONS
7.1 Rough Design
7.2 Preliminary Design
7.3 Detailed Design and Rating
8 PROGRAM USE – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
8.1 General Considerations
8.2 Effects of Design Variables on Performance Parameters
9 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF TRAY DESIGN
9.1 Liquid Feeds
9.2 Vapor Feeds
9.3 Two Phase or Flashing Feeds
9.4 Reboiler Returns
9.5 Liquid Drawoffs
9.6 Vapor Drawoffs
9.7 Reboiler Circuits
10 TRAY VIBRATION
10.1 Unstable Flow
10.2 Oscillation Frequencies
10.3 Analysis of Tray Vibration and Action to be Taken
11 REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A TRAY DEFINITIONS
FIGURES
1 TYPICAL TRAY LAYOUT
2 LIQUID RECIRCULATION ON A LARGE ONE-PASS TRAY
3 BASIC CROSS FLOW TRAY LAYOUTS
4 TRAY DESIGN DEFINITIONS
5 LIQUID FEEDS
6 REBOIL RETURN NOZZEL
7 PARTIAL LIQUID DRAWOFF FROM BOTTOM OF
DOWNCOMER
8 CHIMMNEY TRAY
9 VAPOR DRAWOFF – INTERMEDIATE TRAY
10 TOWER INTERNALS FOR REBOILER CIRCUITS
11 IDEALIZED PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
12 TYPICAL SIEVE TRAY PRESSURE DROP CHARACTERISTIC
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In this presentation, Nett Technologies discusses the following topics:
- Verified Retrofit Technologies
- Nett Technologies
- Engine Emission Testing Capabilities
- EPA and ARB verified products
- Selective Catalytic Reduction System discussion
- Active DPF and SCR System discussions
- Passive DPF and SCR System discussions
- Diesel Oxidation Catalyst System discussions
- 3-Way Catalyst System discussions
- Passive Diesel Particulate System discussions
- Active Diesel Particulate System discussionsBoiler Water Circulation Pumps
Boiler Water Circulation Pumps
1 SCOPE
2 CHOICE OF TYPE AND NUMBER OF PUMPS
2.1 Need for Continuous Flow
2.2 Pump Reliability
3 CHOICE OF DRIVER
4 DUTY CALCULATIONS
5 CHOICE OF SEAL
5.1 Mechanical Seals
5.2 Soft-packed Glands
5.3 Construction Features
5.4 Guarding
6 CONSTRUCTION FEATURES
6.1 Vertical Glandless Wet-stator Motor Pumps
7 LAYOUT
7.1 Non-return Valves
7.2 Reducers at Pump Connections
7.3 Glandless Pumps for System Pressures
Exceeding 60 bar abs
7.4 Access round Glandless Pumps
7.5 Cooling Water Supply
8 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAMS
8.1 Horizontal Pumps in Category 1
8.2 Vertical Wet-stator Motor Pumps in Category
APPENDICES
A PROPERTIES OF WATER AT THE SATURATION LINE
B ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
VERTICAL GLANDLESS WET-STATOR MOTOR PUMPS
C ANNEX TO API 610, 6TH EDITION 1981:
HORIZONTAL BACK PULL-OUT PUMPS FOR BOILER
WATER CIRCULATION DUTY
FIGURES
3.1 NPSH CORRECTION FOR WATER
3.2 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(NO BUBBLES)
3.3 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN WATER AT 50 BAR
(WITH 3% VAPOR CONTENT)
8.1 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - CATEGORY 1
8.2 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - SOFT PACKED GLAND INSTALLATION
8.3 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM HORIZONTAL PUMPS - MECHANICAL SEAL INSTALLATION
8.4 RECOMMENDED LINE DIAGRAM VERTICAL WET STATOR PUMPS - CATEGORY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Vaccirc web3-presentation
Vacuum enhanced recirculation and in-well airstripping system removes up to 99% of volatile organic compound during re-circulation. Increases in-situ bioremediation.
Pipelinedesignforisoturbulentflowofnon newtonianfluids-131017112903-phpapp02
Pipeline design for Non newtonian Fluids
Similar to Catalytic Solutions For The Removal Of Organic And Inorganic Compounds From Industrial Gases (20)
VULCAN VGP Series Purification Catalyst / Absorbents Operating Manual
VULCAN VGP Series Purification Catalyst / Absorbents Operating Manual
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
(AGRU) ACID GAS SOUR SHIFT: CASE STUDY IN REFINERY GAS TREATMENT
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Using Cooling Water
Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Using Cooling Water
Pressurereliefsystemsvol1 150729223438-lva1-app6892
Pressurereliefsystemsvol1 150729223438-lva1-app6892
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• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
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The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
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Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
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Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0603
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 INTRODUCTION
2 PROCEDURE
3 SUMMARY
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Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
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Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0601
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CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
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FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
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Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
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Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
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CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEER...
PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DEVELOPING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS AND PRELIMINARY ENGINEERING LINE DIAGRAMS PROCESS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGY
2.1 Philosophy of the Design Process
2.2 Outline of Methodology
2.3 Additional Aspects of Methodology
3 WORKBOOK
4 EXAMPLE: BATCH NEUTRALIZATION AND STRIPPING PROCESS
4.1 Start of Stage 1
4.2 Stage 1
4.3 Stage 2
4.3 Stage 3
5 REFERENCES
TABLES
1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES
2 OUTPUT FROM EACH STAGE
3 STEP BY STEP APPROACH
4 FUNCTION
5 OPERATION
6 FAILURES
7 STAGE 3 PROMPTS (DATA SHEET)
8 PRELIMINARY MASS BALANCE
9 PRELIMINARY EQUIPMENT LIST
10 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
11 STAGE 2: DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING STATES AND TRANSMISSIONS
12 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS
FIGURES
1 DESIGN PROCESS
2 DESIGN PHILOSOPHY.
3 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
4 POSSIBLE OUTCOMES FROM A KEYWORD PROMPT
5 OPERATING STATES
6 OPERATING STATES/TRANSITIONS
7 EXAMPLE: OVERALL BLOCK DIAGRAM
8 EXAMPLE: “PRIMITIVE PFD”
9 EXAMPLE: STAGE 1 “WORKING DIAGRAM”.
10 EXAMPLE: MAIN OPERATING STATES AND TRANSITIONS
11 EXAMPLE: DETAILED PFD (END OF STAGE 1)
12 EXAMPLE: STAGE 2 “WORKING DIAGRAM”
13 EXAMPLE: STAGE 3 “REV 0” ELD
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Deberes de purificación
Eliminación de azufre
Eliminación de haluro
Reducción de gases - CO, H2
Oxígeno
Mercurio, Arsano
Hidrocarburos insaturados
CO2, oxigenadores
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
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Figure 1. Typical LPG Fractionation line-up and Sulfur Compound Distribution
Potential Market for low Sulfur LPGs
Sulfur removal from LPGs
Oxidative coupling combined with distillation
Figure 2. Debutanizer with Catalytic Oxidative Coupling
Aspen Simulation Results
Integration of reaction and distillation
Technical Issues
Practical Issues
Future Considerations
Market Issues
Technical Issues
Additional Technical Requirements
References
Appendix
Kerosene Sweetening
FCC Catalyst Design: Morphology, Physiology, Reaction Chemistry and Manufactu...
FCC Catalyst Design: Morphology, Physiology, Reaction Chemistry and Manufacturing
Introduction
FCC Catalyst Components
- the Zeolite
- the Matrix
- Additives ( ZSM-5, other )
Catalyst Manufacturing
Reaction Chemistry
- b scission (cracking)
- hydrogen transfer
- heat balance considerations
Selecting the Right Combination
Burner Design, Operation and Maintenance on Ammonia Plants
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Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Excess Air/Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
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UiPath Community Day Dubai: AI at Work..
Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
📕 Curious on our agenda? Wait no more!
10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
Lovely Sinha, UiPath Community Chapter Leader, UiPath MVPx3, Hyper-automation Consultant, First Abu Dhabi Bank
10:20 A UiPath cross-region MEA overview
Ashraf El Zarka, VP and Managing Director MEA, UiPath
10:35: Customer Success Journey
Deepthi Deepak, Head of Intelligent Automation CoE, First Abu Dhabi Bank
11:15 The UiPath approach to GenAI with our three principles: improve accuracy, supercharge productivity, and automate more
Boris Krumrey, Global VP, Automation Innovation, UiPath
12:15 To discover how Marc Ellis leverages tech-driven solutions in recruitment and managed services.
Brendan Lingam, Director of Sales and Business Development, Marc Ellis
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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