The document discusses burner design, operation, and maintenance on ammonia plants. It covers reformer burner types and designs, including premix and staged burners. It also addresses combustion characteristics like excess air and fuel viscosity effects. Maintenance best practices like checking burner pressures and atomizing steam temperatures are emphasized. Low NOx equipment uses techniques like staged air, fuel, and flue gas recirculation to reduce emissions. Good combustion requires attention to design, operation, maintenance, and partnership among related roles.
Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
Process Heaters, Furnaces and Fired Heaters: Improving Efficiency and Reducin...Belilove Company-Engineers
A process heater is a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a feed owing through coils of tubes aligned throughout the heater. Depending on the use, these are also called furnaces or red heaters. Some heaters simply deliver the feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage of the reaction process; others perform reactions on the feed while it travels through the tubes.
Look at two main types
Explain mechanisms
Explain prevention of cracking
Three main types
1 Carbon cracking
2 Boudouard carbon formation
3 CO reduction
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
Process Heaters, Furnaces and Fired Heaters: Improving Efficiency and Reducin...Belilove Company-Engineers
A process heater is a direct-fired heat exchanger that uses the hot gases of combustion to raise the temperature of a feed owing through coils of tubes aligned throughout the heater. Depending on the use, these are also called furnaces or red heaters. Some heaters simply deliver the feed at a predetermined temperature to the next stage of the reaction process; others perform reactions on the feed while it travels through the tubes.
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
The Hazards
Review incidents by reactor
Purification….
Through the various unit operations to
Ammonia synthesis
Nickel Carbonyl
Pre-reduced catalysts
Discharging catalysts
Conclusion
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Combustion sources such as furnaces and fired
heaters play a critical role in the process industry.
Unfortunately, combustion requires large amounts of
fuel (gas, fuel oil). As a result, combustion efficiency
directly influences the performance and operational
costs of production facilities. However, efficiency is not
the only concern. Compliance and safety are major
challenges as well.
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Equilibrium Effects
- Methane Steam
- Water Gas Shift
Relationship of Kp to Temperature
Relationship of WGS Kp to Temperature
Effect of Temperature on Methane Slip
Approach to Equilibrium
Reaction Path and Equilibrium
Effect of Pressure Increase
Operating Parameters
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Feed Rate
- Steam to Carbon
Effect of Exit Temperature Spread
Useful Tools
Calculating ATM
Theory of Carbon Formation in Steam Reforming
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Underpinning Theory
2.1 Conceptualization
2.2 Reforming Reactions
2.3 Carbon Formation Chemistry
2.3.1 Natural Gas
2.3.2 Carbon Formation for Naphtha Feeds
2.3.3 Carbon Gasification
2.4 Heat Transfer
3 Causes
3.1 Effects of Carbon Formation
3.2 Types of Carbon
4 What are the Effects of Carbon Formation?
4.1 Why does Carbon Formation Get Worse?
4.1.1 So what is the Next Step?
4.2 Consequences of Carbon Formation
4.3 Why does Carbon Form where it does?
4.3.1 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
4.4 Why does Carbon Formation Propagate Down the Tube?
4.4.1 Effect on Radiation on the Fluegas Side
4.5 Why does Carbon Formation propagate Up the Tube?
5 How do we Prevent Carbon Formation
5.1 The Role of Potash
5.2 Inclusion of Pre-reformer
5.3 Primary Reformer Catalyst Parameters
5.3.1 Activity
5.3.2 Heat Transfer
5.3.3 Increased Steam to Carbon Ratio
6 Steam Out
6.1 Why does increasing the Steam to Carbon Ratio Not Work?
6.2 Why does reducing the Feed Rate not help?
6.3 Fundamental Principles of Steam Outs
TABLES
1 Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Typical Reformer
2 Typical Catalyst Loading Options
FIGURES
1 Hot Bands
2 Conceptual Pellet
3 Naphtha Carbon Formation
4 Heat Transfer within an Reformer
5 Types of Carbon Formation
6 Effect of Carbon on Nickel Crystallites
7 Absorption of Heat
8 Comparison of "Base Case" v Carbon Forming Tube
9 Carbon Formation Vicious Circle
10 Temperature Profiles
11 Carbon Pinch Point
12 Carbon Formation
13 Effect on Process Gas Temperature
14 How does Carbon Propagate into an Unaffected Zone?
15 Movement of the Carbon Forming Region
16 Effect of Hot Bands on Radiative Heat Transfer
17 Effect of Potash on Carbon Formation
18 Application of a Pre-reformer
19 Effect of Activity on Carbon Formation
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - I
The Hazards
Review incidents by reactor
Purification….
Through the various unit operations to
Ammonia synthesis
Nickel Carbonyl
Pre-reduced catalysts
Discharging catalysts
Conclusion
VULCAN Series VSG-Z101 Primary Reforming
Initial Catalyst Reduction
Activating (reducing) the catalyst involves changing the nickel oxide to nickel, represented by:
NiO + H2 <==========> Ni + H2O
Natural gas is typically used as the hydrogen source. When it is, the catalyst reduction and putting the reformer on-line are accompanied in the same step.
Steam Reformer Surveys - Techniques for Optimization of Primary Reformer Oper...Gerard B. Hawkins
Introduction
Background Radiation and Temperature Measurement
Reformer Survey Inputs
Other Troubleshooting Tools
Safety
Preparation
Onsite Data Collection
TWT Survey
Observation/Troubleshooting
Modelling and Analysis
Results/Outputs
Case Studies
Conclusions
Case Study 1
Case Study 2
Case Study 3
Conclusions
Combustion sources such as furnaces and fired
heaters play a critical role in the process industry.
Unfortunately, combustion requires large amounts of
fuel (gas, fuel oil). As a result, combustion efficiency
directly influences the performance and operational
costs of production facilities. However, efficiency is not
the only concern. Compliance and safety are major
challenges as well.
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
This technical document were prepared by self during my tenure with Essar Oil Limited-Jamnagar, INDIA where I ahve preapred lots of this type of training manual and will provide you for your enhancement of technical knowledge!
Yokogawa, globally recognized leader in a number of process control fields, has authored an e-book which provides useful insight into how operators of combustion based equipment and systems can improve efficiency and enhance safety by employing modern technology.
Leading Manufacturer & Supplier of Industrial Furnace like aluminium melting furnace, Industrial Heat Treatment Furnace, Bogie hearth furnace, Pit type furnace, Rotary Furnace etc. from South India
Here we describing about different types of gas burners.Which gas burners are described in slides are listed in trade India business directory.If you knowing information about gas burners manufacturers you feel free to contact with trade India.
Catalyst Catastrophes in Syngas Production - II
Contents
Review of incidents by reactor
Primary reforming
Secondary reforming
HTS
LTS
Methanator
Reactor loading
Support media
Some general comments on alternative actions when a plant gets into abnormal operation
Brief introduction to Fired Heaters operation and design. Definition of the different Heaters in the industry and brief strategy how to operate them safely.
Fired heaters are used for heating hydrocarbons fluids in the refineries and petrochemical plants. They are used for high temperature heat transfer. In most fired heaters, we are burning fuel gas as source of heat . There are many heaters in the world where liquid fuel is also burnt in the fired heaters to provide the energy, but their number is decreasing due to tighter pollution laws. Heaters that are processing hydrocarbons services are prone to coking and cracking depending upon the nature of the hydrocarbons being processed. Typically heaters may run length of anywhere from 3 months for coking service to 6 years for different services. Heater designers and operators are always faced with the challenge of providing uniform heat transfer to all the tubes. Engineers use equations that assume uniform heat transfer to heater tubes When designing fired heaters. However, in reality, most fired heaters do not experience uniform heat transfer, and as a result, hot spots develop on the tubes. These hot spots cause coking inside the tubes which requires the heater be shutdown periodically to remove the coke and clean the tubes. Any shutdown to clean the tubes in a fired heater causes a substantial production loss. The owners want to extend the run length of fired heaters. Furnace Improvements has developed a new patented firing technology that provides uniform heat transfer to heater tubes. This technology can be applied to most fired heaters. Our patented technology reorients the burners at a slight angle away from the tubes. We are able to direct the hottest part of the flames and flue gases away from the tubes without affecting the heat transfer in any way. FIS has installed this in 5 heaters ranging from 14 MMBtu/hr. to 280 MMBtu/hr. The clients are experiencing significant reduction in tube metal temperatures. This is translating into lower coking rates and higher tube life. We have been able to increase the capacity of the heaters in most of the cases. In one of the case study that has been presented in this heater, the heater duty was increased from 14 MMBtu/hr. to 21 MMBtu/hr. Inclined firing improves the heat transfer to the tubes and makes in uniform.
Pressure Relief Systems Vol 2
Causes of Relief Situations
This Volume 2 is a guide to the qualitative identification of common causes of overpressure in process equipment. It cannot be exhaustive; the process engineer and relief systems team should look for any credible situation in addition to those given in this Part which could lead to a need for pressure relief (a relief situation).
This material provides the basic of design, operation and maintenance so that you can use this as guide line to operation, to inspect your boiler. Hope this will be benefit you.
Hygiene: Estimating and Understanding Personal Exposure to Inhalation of Vapo...Gerard B. Hawkins
Hygiene: Estimating and Understanding Personal Exposure to Inhalation of Vapors on Chemical Plants
It is a vital aspect of chemical plant design and operation to minimize any contact of the operating and maintenance personnel with the chemicals on the plant. Often the most significant route of exposure to chemicals is by inhalation, and in this case it is relatively easy to measure exposure. This has led to the development of standards which indicate levels of exposure which should minimize any risk to health. These will be called Occupational Exposure
Limits (OELs) in this Guide as a generic name...
The proper operation of the Reheating Furnace is dependent of gas quality used in its Burners, that is, it is necessary a " solution " that generate a gas to burner into the furnace with characteristic specific for ensure the better performance.
AIChE Smart Stack Damper Design Provides Better Control of Fired HeatersAshutosh Garg
Stack dampers are one of the insignificant yet important component of fired heaters in the refining industry. Over 90% of the heaters in the USA are natural draft and are dependent upon the draft for efficient combustion of fuel gas with air. Stack dampers currently installed are highly oversized and are not able to control draft effectively. Furnace Improvements patent pending design overcomes these limitations and improves the damper control significantly by installing multiple actuators and changing the control characteristics of the dampers.
Pressure Relief Systems
BACKGROUND TO RELIEF SYSTEM DESIGN Vol.1 of 6
The Guide has been written to advise those involved in the design and engineering of pressure relief systems. It takes the user from the initial identification of potential causes of overpressure or under pressure through the process design of relief systems to the detailed mechanical design. "Hazard Studies" and quantitative hazards analysis are not described; these are seen as complementary activities. Typical users of the Guide will use some Parts in detail and others in overview.
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy GasesGerard B. Hawkins
GAS DISPERSION - A Definitive Guide to Accidental Releases of Heavy Gases
This Process Safety Guide has been written with the aim of assisting process engineers, hazard analysts and environmental advisers in carrying out gas dispersion calculations. The Guide aims to provide assistance by:
• Improving awareness of the range of dispersion models available within GBHE, and providing guidance in choosing the most appropriate model for a particular application.
• Providing guidance to ensure that source terms and other model inputs are correctly specified, and the models are used within their range of applicability.
• Providing guidance to deal with particular topics in gas dispersion such as dense gas dispersion, complex terrain, and modeling the chemistry of oxides of nitrogen.
• Providing general background on air quality and dispersion modeling issues such as meteorology and air quality standards.
• Providing example calculations for real practical problems.
SCOPE
The gas dispersion guide contains the following Parts:
1 Fundamentals of meteorology.
2 Overview of air quality standards.
3 Comparison between different air quality models.
4 Designing a stack.
5 Dense gas dispersion.
6 Calculation of source terms.
7 Building wake effects.
8 Overview of the chemistry of the oxides of nitrogen.
9 Overview of the ADMS complex terrain module.
10 Overview of the ADMS deposition module.
11 ADMS examples.
12 Modeling odorous releases.
13 Bibliography of useful gas dispersion books and reports.
14 Glossary of gas dispersion modeling terms.
Appendix A : Modeling Wind Generation of Particulates.
APPENDIX B TABLE OF PROPERTY VALUES FOR SPECIFIC CHEMICALS
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption: Gerard B. Hawkins
Calculation of an Ammonia Plant Energy Consumption:
Case Study: #06023300
Plant Note Book Series: PNBS-0602
CONTENTS
0 SCOPE
1 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FEED CONSUMPTION
2 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS PROCESS FUEL CONSUMPTION
3 CALCULATION OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION FOR PILOT BURNERS OF FLARES
4 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER FROM DEMIN. UNIT
5 CALCULATION OF DEMIN. WATER TO PACKAGE BOILERS
6 CALCULATION OF MP STEAM EXPORT
7 CALCULATION OF LP STEAM IMPORT
8 DETERMINATION OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION
9 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT ISBL
10 ADJUSTMENT OF ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION FOR TEST RUN CONDITIONS
11 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN MP STEAM CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
12 CALCULATION OF AMMONIA SHARE IN ELECTRIC POWER CONSUMPTION IN UTILITIES
13 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT OSBL
14 DETERMINATION OF THE TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF THE AMMONIA PLANT
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
GBHE-APT-0102
PICKLING & PASSIVATION
CONTENTS
1 PURPOSE OF THE WORK
2 CHEMICAL CONCEPT
3 TECHNICAL CONCEPT
4 WASTES & SAFETY CONCEPT
5 TARGET RESULTS
6 THE GENERAL CLEANING SEQUENCE MANAGEMENT
6.6.1 Pre-cleaning or “Physical Cleaning
6.6.2 Pre-rinsing
6.6.3 Chemical Cleaning
6.6.4 Critical Factors in Cleaning Success
6.6.5 Rinsing
6.6.6 Inspection and Re-Cleaning, if Necessary
7 Systems to be treated by Pickling/Passivation
Ammonia Plant Technology
Pre-Commissioning Best Practices
Piping and Vessels Flushing and Cleaning Procedure
CONTENTS
1 Scope
2 Aim/purpose
3 Responsibilities
4 Procedure
4.1 Main cleaning methods
4.1.1 Mechanical cleaning
4.1.2 Cleaning with air
4.1.3 Cleaning with steam (for steam networks only)
4.1.4 Cleaning with water
4.2 Choice of the cleaning method
4.3 Cleaning preparation
4.4 Protection of the devices included in the network
4.5 Protection of devices in the vicinity of the network
4.6 Water flushing procedure
4.6.1 Specific problems of water flushing
4.6.2 Preparation for water flushing
4.6.3 Performing a water flush
4.6.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.7 Air blowing procedure
4.7.1 Specific problems of air blowing
4.7.2 Preparation for air blowing
4.7.3 Performing air blowing
4.7.4 Cleanliness checks
4.8 Steam blowing procedure
4.8.1 Specific problems of steam blowing
4.8.2 Preparation for steam blowing
4.8.3 Performing steam blowing
4.8.4 Cleanliness checks
4.9 Chemical cleaning procedure
4.9.1 Specific problems of cleaning with a chemical solution
4.9.2 Preparation for chemical cleaning
4.9.3 Performing a chemical cleaning
4.9.4 Cleanliness criteria
4.10 Re-assembly - general guideline
4.11 Preservation of flushed piping
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS Gerard B. Hawkins
DESIGN OF VENT GAS COLLECTION AND DESTRUCTION SYSTEMS
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose
1.2 Scope of this Guide
1.3 Use of the Guide
2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
2.1 Principal Concerns
2.2 Mechanisms for Ozone Formation
2.3 Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
2.4 Health and Environmental Effects
2.5 Air Quality Standards for Ground Level Concentrations of Ozone, Targets for Reduction of VOC Discharges and Statutory Discharge Limits
3 VENTS REDUCTION PHILOSOPHY
3.1 Reduction at Source
3.2 End-of-pipe Treatment
4 METHODOLOGY FOR COLLECTION & ASSESSMENT OF PROCESS FLOW DATA
4.1 General
4.2 Identification of Vent Sources
4.3 Characterization of Vents
4.4 Quantification of Process Vent Flows
4.5 Component Flammability Data Collection
4.6 Identification of Operating Scenarios
4.7 Quantification of Flammability Characteristics for Combined Vents
4.8 Identification, Quantification and Assessment of Possibility of Air Ingress Routes
4.9 Tabulation of Data
4.10 Hazard Study and Risk Assessment
4.11 Note on Aqueous / Organic Wastes
4.12 Complexity of Systems
4.13 Summary
5 SAFE DESIGN OF VENT COLLECTION HEADER SYSTEMS
5.1 General
5.2 Process Design of Vent Headers
5.3 Liquid in Vent Headers
5.4 Materials of Construction
5.5 Static Electricity Hazard
5.6 Diversion Systems
5.7 Snuffing Systems
6 SAFE DESIGN OF THERMAL OXIDISERS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Design Basis
6.3 Types of High Temperature Thermal Oxidizer
6.4 Refractories
6.5 Flue Gas Treatment
6.6 Control and Safety Systems
6.7 Project Program
6.8 Commissioning
6.9 Operational and Maintenance Management
APPENDICES
A GLOSSARY
B FLAMMABILITY
C EXAMPLE PROFORMA
D REFERENCES
DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THIS PROCESS GUIDE
TABLE
1 PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE CREATION POTENTIAL REFERENCED
TO ETHYLENE AS UNITY
FIGURES
1 SCHEMATIC OF TYPICAL VENT COLLECTION AND THERMAL OXIDIZER SYSTEM
2 TYPICAL KNOCK-OUT POT WITH LUTED DRAIN
3 SCHEMATIC OF DIVERSION SYSTEM
4 CONVENTIONAL VERTICAL THERMAL OXIDIZER
5 CONVENTIONAL OXIDIZER WITH INTEGRAL WATER SPARGER
6 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH STAGED AIR INJECTION
7 DOWN-FIRED UNIT WITH WATER BATH QUENCH
8 FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDATION UNIT
9 THERMAL OXIDIZER WITH REGENERATIVE HEAT RECOVERY
10 TYPICAL PROJECT PROGRAM
11 TYPICAL FLAMMABILITY DIAGRAM
12 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR
13 EFFECT OF DILUTION WITH AIR ON 100 Rm³ OF FLAMMABLE GAS
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF A...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE SELECTION OF PROCESS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS ORGANIC EFFLUENT STREAMS
CONTENTS
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
3.1 IPU
3.2 AOS
3.3 BODs
3.4 COD
3.5 TOC
3.6 Toxicity
3.7 Refractory Organics/Hard COD
3.8 Heavy Metals
3.9 EA
3.10 Biological Treatment Terms
3.11 BATNEEC
3.12 BPEO
3.13 EQS/LV
3.14 IPC
3.15 VOC
3.16 F/M Ratio
3.17 MLSS
3.18 MLVSS
4 DESIGN/ECONOMIC GUIDELINES
5 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION
5.1 General
5.2 Integrated Pollution Control (IPC)
5.3 Best Available Techniques Not Entailing Excessive Costs (BATNEEC)
5.4 Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO)
5.5 Environmental Quality Standards(EQS)
6 IPU EXIT CONCENTRATION
7 SITE/LOCAL REQUIREMENTS
8 PROCESS SELECTION PROCEDURE
8.1 Waste Minimization Techniques (WMT)
8.2 AOS Stream Definition
8.3 Technical Check List
8.4 Preliminary Selection of Suitable Technologies
8.5 Process Sequences
8.6 Economic Evaluation
8.7 Process Selection
APPENDICES
A DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 1
B DIRECTIVE 76/464/EEC - LIST 2
C THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION PRIORITY CANDIDATE LIST
D THE UK RED LIST
E CURRENT VALUES FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS AND CORRESPONDING LIMIT VALUES
F ESTABLISHED TECHNOLOGIES
G EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
H PROPRIETARY/LESS COMMON TECHNOLOGIES
J COMPARATIVE COST DATA
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGA...Gerard B. Hawkins
PRACTICAL GUIDE ON THE REDUCTION OF DISCHARGES TO ATMOSPHERE OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
FOREWORD
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION
2 THE NEED FOR VOC CONTROL
3 CONTROL AT SOURCE
3.1 Choice or Solvent
3.2 Venting Arrangements
3.3 Nitrogen Blanketing
3.4 Pump Versus Pneumatic Transfer
3.5 Batch Charging
3.6 Reduction of Volumetric Flow
3.7 Stock Tank Design
4 DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
4.1 By Inference or Calculation
4.2 Flow Monitoring Equipment
4.3 Analytical Instruments
4.4 Vent Emissions Database
5 ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGY
5.1 Available Options
5.2 Selection of Preferred Option
5.3 Condensation
5.4 Adsorption
5.5 Absorption
5.6 Thermal Incineration
5.7 Catalytic Oxidation
5.8 Biological Filtration
5.9 Combinations of Process technologies
5.10 Processes Under Development
6 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
7 REFERENCES
Appendix 1. Photochemical Ozone Creation Potentials
Appendix 2. Examples of Adsorption Preliminary Calculations
Appendix 3. Example of Thermal Incineration Heat and Mass Balance
Appendix 4. Cost Correlations
EMERGENCY ISOLATION OF CHEMICAL PLANTS
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
2 When should Emergency Isolation Valves be Installed
3 Emergency Isolation Valves and Associated Equipment
3.1 Installations on existing plant
3.2 Actuators
3.3 Power to close or power to open
3.4 The need for testing
3.5 Hand operated Emergency Valves
3.6 The need to stop pumps in an emergency
3.7 Location of Operating Buttons
3.8 Use of control valves for Isolation
4 Detection of Leaks and Fires
5 Precautions during Maintenance
6 Training Operators to use Emergency Isolation Valves
7 Emergency Isolation when no remotely operated valve is available
References
Glossary
Appendix I Some Fires or Serious Escapes of Flammable Gases or Liquids that could have been controlled by Emergency Isolation Valves
Appendix II Some typical Installations
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
2. Brief History
Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Excess Air/Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
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3. Usage of Fuels on Ammonia Plants
Worldwide
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Total No
Plants
Natural Gas Heavy Fuel
Oil
Naphtha Syngas Others
Fuels
NumberofOperatingPlants
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4. CURRENT LEGISLATION
LIMITS
Country Start Year Heat release
Furnace Capacity
NOx CO (ppm) Particulates
mg/Nm3
Gas Oil Gas Oil Gas Oil
France 1998 >170 MMBtuh 171 219 - - 5 50
UK 1998 Any 146 219 115
1999 Any 97 171 80
Germany 1996 <170 MMBtuh 122 80
219 85 50
<340 MMBtuh 97 50 5
TA Luft >170:<1020
mmBtuh
171 219 25 87 5-100 50
97 171 25 87 5-100 50
Market demand All 39 73 5 50
171 5 50
Eastern
Europe
As Germany
Italy 1992 >170:<1020
mmBtuh
171 219 5 50
USA - All 30-100
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5. Brief History
Burner design
Burner Types
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
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6. ◦ Historically trial and error
◦ Empirical methods now backed up
with the following sciences
Chemical engineering
Process engineering
Thermodynamics
Materials engineering
◦ A good understanding of the above
creates good combustion
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7. ◦ Computational fluid Dynamic’s (CFD)
is playing a strong role. Good but be
cautious
◦ Can be difficult to predict upsets
Good for replacing flow modelling
Model the Burner and the Furnace box to
ensure best possible results
◦ Becoming an essential tool for waste
incineration predictions
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8. Burner testing in the
manufacturer’s facility should
always be considered
Confirms burner performance
Turndown
CO,CO2,NOX Etc
Always use the specified fuels
that are to be used in service
Highlights flame envelope and
lift off limits, pilot/light up
issues.
Air flow distribution
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9. Brief History
Burner design
Types of Reformers Reformer
Burner Types/Design
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
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13. Gas Nozzle
Primary Air
Primary Air
Pre-Mix Burners
Venturi
Primary
Fuel
• Fuel & air mixed before
combustion zone
• Fuel pressure drop occurs in the nozzle.
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17. Nozzle Mix Gas Burner
Included
Angle
Burner Block
Burner Throat
Port Circle
Heater
Refractory
Flame Holder
Pilot Gas
Air
Fuel Connection
FUEL
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23. Nozzle Mixing Gas Burner
Advantages
• No possibility of flashback
• To some extent, the ability to burn a
wide variety of fuels with differing
heating values.
• A high turndown ratio
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24. Brief History
Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
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25. Increasing excess air
• reduces flame length
• reduces particulates
• increases NOx to a peak, further introduction of air leads
to a reduction
• Increasing liberation
• increases flame length
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29. Brief History
Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
30. Draught Inches WG
-13
-27
-41
-55
Top firebox
Bottom Firebox
FD Section
Atmosphere
After
Convection
After damper
After ID Fan
Atmosphere
13
27
41
55
83
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35. Burners can be maintained on or off line
◦ On line less popular due to safety concerns, guns
can be with drawn
◦ basic tip changes can be carried out
◦ potential to change burner settings
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36. ◦ Off line during shutdowns (every 3-4 years)
◦ Relatively easy to perform
Need for access
◦ Important to maintain settings
tile to gun position
tip port dimensions
surface finish of holes
centricity of gun
condition of tile and security of fixings
condition of metallurgy (oxidation)
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43. Check Burner gas Pressures
◦ at the burners, not the just the rail
pressure
Check Combustion air pressures
◦ All to often the system is not balanced
correctly
For oil firing
◦ it is very important atomising steam is dry
and at the correct temperature
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44. Brief History
Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
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45. ◦ Currently being fitted on new plants
◦ More difficult to control
◦ The very nature of low Nox burner designs requires
the flames to be produced in a much slower manner
◦ Even more sensitive to dimensional changes during
maintenance, burner’s tend to be more complex
◦ Flames tend to be less well defined, with large
whispery edges
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46. Types
◦ Staged Air
◦ Staged Fuel
◦ Flue Gas Recirculation
Integral with the burner
external to the burner
◦ Combination of all above
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47. Brief History
Reformer Burner Types/Design
Types of Reformers
Combustion Characteristics
Heater Efficiency
Maintenance, Good Practice
Low Nox Equipment
Summary
WWW.GBHENTERPRISES.COM
48. Good Combustion, this can only be
achieved if the following is
considered.
Attention to detail
◦ Good maintenance
◦ Good operation
◦ Good design
Partnership between:- Operation,
Maintenance and Design.
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49. ◦ You've carefully thought out all the angles
◦ You've done it a thousand times
◦ It comes naturally to you
◦ You know what you're doing, its what you've
been trained to do your whole life
◦ Nothing could possibly go wrong, right ?
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