This document discusses troubleshooting issues that can occur in sulfur recovery units (SRUs). It begins with an overview of sulfur chemistry and the Claus process for converting hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. Common problems that can cause conversion losses or pressure drops are then examined, such as carbon deposits, leaks, catalyst deactivation, and improper air-to-acid gas ratios. Specific case studies are presented on troubleshooting carbon deposits from hydrocarbon contamination and identifying leaks from declining steam production and rising pressure drops. The document emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring and preventative maintenance to address problems in SRUs before catastrophic failures occur.
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Purpose
Key to good performance
Problem Areas
Catalysts, heat shields and plant up-rates
Burner Guns
Development of High Intensity Ring Burner
Case Studies
Conclusions
Amine Gas Treating Unit - Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide Gerard B. Hawkins
Amine Gas Treating Unit Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide for H2S/CO2 Amine Systems
Contents
Process Capabilities for gas treating process
Typical Amine Treating
Typical Amine System Improvements
Primary Equipment Overview
Inlet Gas Knockout
Absorber
Three Phase Flash Tank
Lean/Rich Heat Exchanger
Regenerator
Filtration
Amine Reclaimer
Operating Difficulties Overview
Foaming
Failure to Meet Gas Specification
Solvent Losses
Corrosion
Typical Amine System Improvements
Degradation of Amines and Alkanolamines during Sour Gas Treating
APPENDIX
Best Practices - Troubleshooting Guide
Revamp objectives
Revamp Philosophy
Revamp options
Semi-Regenerative Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Continuous Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Revamp to Hybrid Operation
What may be achieved?
Typical C5+ Yield at Decreasing Pressure
Changes Required for Full Conversion
Typical Benefits of Full Conversion
Revamping of Existing Continuous Reforming Units
Fired Heaters Revamp
Burners
Reactor Options
Regeneration Section
Summary
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
Reformer Tube design principles
- Larsen Miller Plot
- Larsen Miller & Tube Design
- Design Margins - Stress Data Used
- Max Allowable & Design Temperature
- Tube Life
- Effect of Temperature on Life
- Material Types
HK40: 25 Cr / 20 Ni
HP Modified: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb
Microalloy: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb + Ti
- Alloy Developments
- Comparison of Alloys
Manufacturing Technology
- Welds
Failure mechanisms
- Failure Mechanisms - Creep
- Creep Propagation
- Common Failure Modes
- Uncommon Failure Modes
- Failure by Creep
- Creep Rupture - Cross Section
- Failure at Weld
Actions to Take if Tube Fails
- Pigtail Nipping
Inspection techniques
Classification of Problems
- Visual Examination
- Girth Measurement
- Ultrasonic Attenuation
- Radiography
Eddy Current Measurement
LOTIS Tube Inspection
LOTIS Compared to External Inspection
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas in the middle eastFrames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
Revamp objectives
Revamp Philosophy
Revamp options
Semi-Regenerative Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Continuous Reforming Unit
Typical Flow Scheme
Revamp to Hybrid Operation
What may be achieved?
Typical C5+ Yield at Decreasing Pressure
Changes Required for Full Conversion
Typical Benefits of Full Conversion
Revamping of Existing Continuous Reforming Units
Fired Heaters Revamp
Burners
Reactor Options
Regeneration Section
Summary
Most modern ammonia processes are based on steam-reforming of natural gas or naphtha.
The 3 main technology suppliers are Uhde (Uhde/JM Partnership), Topsoe & KBR.
The process steps are very similar in all cases.
Other suppliers are Linde (LAC) & Ammonia Casale.
Introduction and Theoretical Aspects
Catalyst Reduction and Start-up
Normal Operation and Troubleshooting
Shutdown and Catalyst Discharge
Nickel Carbonyl Hazard
Modern Methanation Catalyst Requirements
1. Introduction reasons for purification, types of poisons, and typical systems
2. Hydrogenation
3. Dechlorination
4. Sulfur Removal
5. Purification system start-up and shut-down
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the applicat...Gerard B. Hawkins
Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recovery Units: An Investigation of the application of Zinc Titanates
1 Executive Summary
2 Claus Process
2.1 Partial Combustion Claus
2.2 Split Flow Claus
2.3 Sulfur Recycle Claus
3 Zinc Titanates
4 Application of Zinc Titanate to Debottleneck Partial Combustion Claus by 10%
4.1 Process
4.2 ASPEN Modeling Results
4.3 Cost of Zinc Titanate Bed Installation
4.3.1 Basis of Costing
4.3.2 Zinc Titanate Beds
4.3.3 Regen Cooler
4.3.4 Blowers
4.3.5 Results
4.4 Alternative Debottlenecking Technology for Partial Combustion Claus
4.5 Cost of 10% Debottlenecking Using COPE Process
5 Debottlenecking Claus Split Flow System by 10% with Zinc Titanates
6 Debottlenecking Claus Sulfur Recycle System With Zinc Titanate
7 Effect of Zinc Titanate Debottlenecking on Existing Tail; Gas Treatment Systems
7.1 Selectox
7.2 SuperClaus99
7.3 Superclaus 99.5
7.4 SCOT Process
7.5 Zinc Titanate as a Claus Tail Gas Treatment
7.6 H2S Removal Efficiency With Zinc Titanate
8 Effects on COS and CS2 Formation
9 Questions for further Investigation
FIGURES
Figure 1 Claus Unit and TGCU
Figure 2 Claus Process
Figure 3 Typical Claus Sulfur Recovery Unit
Figure 4 Two-Stage Claus SRU
Figure 5 The Super Claus Process
Figure 6 SCOT
Figure 7 SCOT/BSR-MDEA (or clone) TGCU
REFERENCES: PATENTS
US4333855_PROMOTED_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYTIC_AGENT
US4394297_ZINC_TITANATE_CATALYST
US6338794B1_DESULFURIZATION_ZINC_TITANATE_SORBENTS
Reformer Tube design principles
- Larsen Miller Plot
- Larsen Miller & Tube Design
- Design Margins - Stress Data Used
- Max Allowable & Design Temperature
- Tube Life
- Effect of Temperature on Life
- Material Types
HK40: 25 Cr / 20 Ni
HP Modified: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb
Microalloy: 25 Cr / 35 Ni + Nb + Ti
- Alloy Developments
- Comparison of Alloys
Manufacturing Technology
- Welds
Failure mechanisms
- Failure Mechanisms - Creep
- Creep Propagation
- Common Failure Modes
- Uncommon Failure Modes
- Failure by Creep
- Creep Rupture - Cross Section
- Failure at Weld
Actions to Take if Tube Fails
- Pigtail Nipping
Inspection techniques
Classification of Problems
- Visual Examination
- Girth Measurement
- Ultrasonic Attenuation
- Radiography
Eddy Current Measurement
LOTIS Tube Inspection
LOTIS Compared to External Inspection
Why have a Secondary Reformer ?
Need nitrogen to make ammonia
Wish to make primary as small as possible
Wish to minimise methane slip since methane is an inert in the ammonia synthesis loop
Other methods of achieving this
Braun Purifier process
Can address all these with an air blown secondary
Catalytic Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Reactions
Sulfur Related Problems
Effects of Sulfur in Catalytic Reforming
Reactions in Catalytic Reforming
Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Effect of Sulfur on Catalytic Reforming Catalysts
Catalytic Reformer Efficiency
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Sulfur Guards for Catalytic Reformers
VULCAN Guard Installation Protects Isomerization Catalysts
Liquid Phase vs Gas Phase: Relative Advantages
Liquid Phase Treating
Which active metal is best?
Thiophenes and Nickel Sulfur Guards
Sulfiding mechanisms with reduced metals
Thiophene adsorption on nickel
Advantages of Cu/Zn Over Nickel Sulfur Guards
Copper oxide vs Nickel
Nickel Sulfur Guards
Manganese Sulfur Guards
This is a full course about how the Amine Sweetening Unit works, and all the factors, operations, and problems related to this unit. This course was taken from the IHRDC institute.
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas in the middle eastFrames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
ALL ABOUT NATURAL GAS : DEFINITION,FORMATION,PROPERTIES,COMPOSITION,PHASE BEHAVIOR ,CONDITIONING"DEHYDRATION ,SWETENING" AND FINAL PROCESSING TO END USER PRODUCTS
We ensure safe execution of all natural gas dehydration processes. Formulated solvents are used for acid gas treatment to achieve proper bio gas processing. If you getting more information about that visit on to http://www.deltapurification.com/ or call (306)-352-6132
Sweetening and sulfur recovery of sour associated gas and lean acid gas in th...Frames
Effective and efficient removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an essential step when sweetening gas for downstream processes. By simultaneously turning the captured hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur, a Frames THIOPAQ O&G system improves gas value, while creating a saleable chemical widely sought after in the agricultural and bulk chemical industry.
Central Process Utility Plant controls upgrade required 100% uptimeBrian Thomas
Implementation of a Central Process Utility Plant controls upgrade for Compressed Air systems; architecture consists of four standalone 300 HP air compressors, and a Refrigerated Water system composed of five chillers and six cooling towers. The major challenge for this upgrade was the requirement for 100% uptime on all utilities throughout the entire project. The upgraded control system was based on an Rockwell Automation process solution utilizing a PlantPAx for Life Sciences architecture along with a virtualized server infrastructure. Review of business drivers behind the investment and desired return is also reviewed.
Need to remove poisons prior to entering downstream catalyst beds, including
Pre reformers
Primary reformers
HTS
LTS
Note : no Secondary - poisons do not stick as temperature is too high
Note that methanator is a purification step
Removes CO and CO2 which poisons synthesis catalyst
Amines
Stereochemistry, Reaction Mechanisms, Catalysis, Production Processes and Applications
Contents
Historical perspective
Background
(MMA, DMA and TMA)
Stereochemistry and Structure
Reaction Mechanisms and Thermodynamics
CATALYSTS FOR AMINATION
Non-Zeolitic Catalysts for Amination
Mordinite (MOR) Catalysts for Amination
Zeolite Catalysts for Amination
Amines Production
Amines: Markets and Applications
Gas Separation
Conventional Amines Treating System
Amine System for Gas Sweetening
APPENDIX
Structures
Ethyleneamines Production
Sampling methods using sorbent traps have been used extensively over the past 20 years for speciating mercury in flue gas. The Flue Gas Adsorbent Mercury Speciation (FAMS) method is an example. This method has gained widespread acceptance as the preferred alternative for mercury speciation due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and repeatability. However, FAMS and other sorbent trap methods were developed primarily for measurements made in the relatively clean, dry, and cool flue gas present downstream of the particulate control devices. Application of sorbent traps to measure mercury in the high temperatures and high particulate loadings that exist upstream of the APC system or the saturated drop-laden gas downstream of FGD requires modifications to the approach. This presentation addresses the use of sorbent traps to speciate mercury throughout the air pollution control system of a coal-fired utility. Specific sampling approaches to accommodate testing at high temperatures, high dust loadings, and saturated gas streams are discussed. Data are presented for measurements made from points ranging from near the exit of the boiler to the outlet of a wet scrubber. We discuss the interpretation of the results and examine metrics used to assess data quality.
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Study of the Sulfur Trioxide Generation Mechanism and Control Method Using We...inventionjournals
In coal fired power plant, especially using sulfur content fossil fuels, much attention in recently paid to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist emission, because conventional desulfurization system should not be removed, which is installed to meet air quality standard for sulfur dioxide. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive with water vapor and generally convert to sulfuric acid mist in atmosphere. Sulfuric acid is very fine under-submicron sized particulate matter or droplets. Recently sulfur trioxide cause air pollution and public health, discussion comes out, especially in the United States and Japan, that regulations and guideline should be enlarge the sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid. Moreover most countries reinforce sulfur oxides emission regulations or guidelines from coal-fired power plant. In this study, focusing that how to control the sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid mist. Sulfuric acid mist found depending on the flue gas temperature. Generation and conversion rate of sulfur trioxide were measured according to temperature. The absorbent was selected to remove sulfur trioxide and sulfuric acid using wet type desulfurization system which the most proven technology at this moment.
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
Wastewater Treatment: Definition, Process Steps, Design Considerations, Plant Types (With PDF)
Written by Anup Kumar Deyin Civil,Construction,Mechanical,Piping Interface,Process
Wastewater treatment is a process to treat sewage or wastewater to remove suspended solid contaminants and convert them into an effluent that can be discharged back to the environment with acceptable impact. The plants where the wastewater treatment process takes place are popularly known as Wastewater treatment plants, Water resource recovery facilities, or Sewage Treatment Plants. Pollutants present in wastewater can negatively impact the environment and human health. So, these must be removed, broken down, or converted during the treatment process. Typical pollutants that are normally present in wastewater are:
Bacteria, viruses, and disease-causing pathogens.
helminths (intestinal worms and worm-like parasites)
Toxic Chlorine compounds and inorganic chloramines.
Metals possessing toxic effects like mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic.
Decaying organic matter and debris.
oils and greases.
Toxic chemicals like PCBs, PAHs, dioxins, furans, pesticides, phenols, etc.
Some pharmaceutical and personal care products
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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2. Introduction
Sulfur Chemistry, Physical properties and Safety.
Importance of SRU troubleshooting.
What can goes wrong?
Conversion loss Vs Pressure Drop.
Problems & Troubleshooting(Case Studies)
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3. Sulfur Recovery Chemistry
• The Claus reaction to convert H2S into elemental sulfur requires the
presence of one mole of SO2 for each two moles of H2S:
(1) 2H2S + SO2 → 3Sx + 2H2O
•
To provide that ratio of components, the first step in the Claus process is
the combustion of one-third of the H2S in the feed gas:
(2) H2S + 1.5 O2 → SO2 + H2O
•
Combining equations (1) and (2), the overall process reaction is:
(3) 3H2S +1.5 O2 → 3Sx + 3H2O
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Sulfur forms over 30
solid allotropes, . -which are
different structural modifications
of an element- more than any other
element. Besides S8, S7, which is
more deeply yellow than
S8. Analysis of "elemental sulfur"
reveals an equilibrium mixture of
mainly S8, but with S7 and small
amounts of S6.
7. Why
Troubleshooting
SRU?
• Pollution abatement has
become as important as
profitability.
• Environmental authorities
have shutdown entire
refineries because of sulfur
plant outage.
• Performance evaluation is
closely related to the
troubleshooting.
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9. What Can Go Wrong?
Pressure Drop?
CAUSE:
• Carbon deposits.
• Leaks in boiler/condensers.
• Plugged seal legs.
END RESULT(S):
Air deficiency or even blown
seal legs.
Inadequate conversion of H2S to
liquid sulfur?
CAUSE:
• Improper air-acid gas ratio.
• Loss of catalyst activity.
END RESULT(S):
Increased SO2 in the
incinerator stack.
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10. Inadequate conversion of H2S to
liquid sulfur?
1-Measuring Conversion(Mass Balance):
Claus Reaction:
The mandated Sulfur Recovery is 99.4%;
SRU is designed for 99.6%.
Sulfur Recovery Level=
((Net Sfrom all streams entering the unit)-(S of incinerator emission and sour water)
(Net S from all streams entering the unit)
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12. Steps to calculate the
conversion(approx.):
1. Add the ppm of H2S + SO2.
2. Add 2,000 ppm to the
preceding(this allows for
COS,CS2,Sulfur vapors, and
entrained sulfur droplets).
3. Divide the total ppm of sulfur
as obtained above 300,000.
4. Express the result as percent.
5. Subtract the percent from
100%.
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13. Wrong Air Ratio
Air flow too high
• Easiest way to lose
conversion.
Symptoms:
-SO3 is formed in the
incinerator with a white
plume.
-Large amount of fuel is
required to maintain the
incinerator temperature.
Air flow too low
• Environmental issue.
• Symptoms:
-Yellowish plume in the
incinerator.
-A high incinerator
temperature coupled with low
incinerator fuel use.
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14. Combustion Air Control
For best conversion ,the ratio H2S/SO2 is 2:1(Supply sufficient air
to burn 1/3 H2S in the total feed).
This ration is measured in the tails gas from the tail gas coalescer.
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15. Reactor Problems
• Catalyst deactivation:
• Symptoms:
1. It is very to do much harm to the catalyst
without causing excessive pressure drop.
2.If you suspect reduced recovery due to lost
catalyst activity check the temperature rise
across the reactor(Outlet-inlet).
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16. Check the Temperature profile:
• This is a good profile • This temperature shift
means the effluent in the
first stage is not reaching
equilibrium.
• In the first reactor, sulfur
formation has decreased
30% and overall catalyst
effectiveness has declined.
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18. Troubleshooting
• Troubleshooting: Check the operation of the
reheat exchanger upstream of the reactor
with the reduced temperature rise.
• Solution: Raise the reactor inlet temperature
about 30⁰F (17 ⁰C);this will dissipate the
offending sulfur deposits after few days.
Question: If catalyst
activity has been
irreversibly lost, when
catalyst change may
be considered?
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19. COS and CS2
Presence of
hydrocarbons and
CO2 in acid gas
Formation of
COS and CS2 in the
reaction furnace.
Increase in SO2
emissions.
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cause
cause
results in
conversion
loss.
20. Troubleshooting
• Symptoms:
An increase in the SO2 emission
accompanied by lower than
normal 1st reactor inlet
temperature.
• Problem : COS and CS2 in the
reaction furnace.
• Solution : Destroy both by
operating the 1st reactor at outlet
temperature of 650F (343 C),so
these compounds are hydrolized
to H2S and CO2.
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21. Sulfur Fog/Demister Damage
Cause & Problem:
As the unit charge drop the unit converts a lower percentage of H2S to
sulfur.
Sulfur should condense on the walls of the tubes. However ,at low
tube-side gas velocities, the sulfur precipitates in the gas stream
itself; A sulfur fog formed.
Damage to the final condenser demister(or coalescer) may allow
entrained sulfur to escape to the incinerator.
-This can be extensively damaged from sulfur fires during start-up.
Symptoms:
The fog does not drop out of the end of the condenser, much of it
appears as SO2 in the incinerator.
Solution:
Avoid unnecessary unit charge drop. Monitor SO2 emission closely at
unit charge drop.
-Avoid oxygen deficiency during start-ups.
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22. When to change a catalyst?
A 4 years desired catalyst life in Barzan SRU.
Damage to catalyst and reduced conversion can
be due to many factors besides lost activity:
carbon deposits, leaking condenser tubes,
damaged support screens, sulfuric acid
formation, or operation at the sulfur dew point.
All these problems are invariably associated with
increasing pressure drop.
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23. In case of normal
pressure drop
through the
catalyst bed, Do
we need to change
catalyst during the
unit turnaround?
.
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With the adequate
instrumentation
available, a firm
decision can
obtained via a
vertical
temperature
profile through the
1st catalyst bed
24. When to change catalyst?
90%+ of the reaction
heat is released in top
6 inches(0.5 feet)
If the catalyst
activity
dropped, the
reaction is
shifted down
in the bed.
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25. Pressure Drop
It is of utmost importance to watch for high-
sulfur plant pressure drop.
Sulfur plants don’t suddenly plug without a
prior pressure drop increase.
However a foresight troubleshooting need
continuous data collection and analysis.
Using the capacity ratio parameter plotted
data can tell a trouble in Claus unit.
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28. 5/25/2015 28
Carbon Deposits (Case Study)
What happened?
1.The data plotted in the
previous graph actually not
assembled until after the
catastrophic pressure rise.
2.The plant operators had
not noticed the increased
in the reaction furnace
pressure.
3.Only when they tried to
increase the acid gas
charge and ran short of air
blower capacity, did they
realize something was
amiss.
4.An abnormality had been
reported in the 30th day, a
quantity of hydrocarbon was
skimmed off the amine
regenerator reflux drum .When
the HC sample was drawn, it
bubbled in the sample container.
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Light Hydrocarbons had
accidentally entered the
amine regenerator,
along with the rich
amine.
The
Hydrocarbon
was stripped
overhead.
Some was condensed in
the reflux drum, the rest
remained as a vapor and
was charged, along with
H2S to the sulfur plant.
31. 10 times more air
needed to oxidize a mole
of propane than a mole
of H2S
The black carbon
deposited on the top of
first bed catalyst
resulting in high
pressure drop.
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32. How it can be determined that the increasing ∆P
is due carbon contamination on catalyst?
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1.SO2 Concentration in sulfur plant tail gas is very
low?
Low SO2 is a sign of insufficient air in the reaction
furnace.
2.Are light hydrocarbons accumulating in the amine
regenerator reflux drum?
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Catalyst has
already plugged
with carbon:
• Over a period of
time,SO2 react with
carbon in a slow
reaction at low
temperature.
• Maximizing reactor
inlet temperature and
SO2 levels will help.
• Significant (10%)
reductions in pressure
drop can take weeks.
• Shutting down and
catalyst change is
more practical.
Keep carbon
black from
forming in the
first place:
• This can be
achieved by
better control via
increasing the air
flow(Tail gas
H2S/SO2 ration
analyzer
automatically or
manually by
alerting the
operators).
Reliable way to
prevent:
• Liquid
hydrocarbons
must be
separated from
reach amine
upstream of
amine
regenerator.
34. 5/25/2015 34
Leaks cause pressure drop (Case Study)
What happened?
1.Observing a high
pressure drop; the plant
operators had suspected a
plugged condenser sulfur
seal leg
2.They opened a drain on
the condenser with intent
of drawing off excess sulfur.
Steam not sulfur,
discharged from the drain.
4.Six days later ,the plant
shutdown with a giant leak
in the high-pressure boiler
tube sheet.
35. A tube leak in the HP steam boiler can
lead to a DISASTER!
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1.The high-pressure water will erode the
metal,and the flow of water into the hot gas
stream will rapidly increase
2.If the direct reheat line is open, sulfur
precipitates on the catalyst; stopping the gas
flow through the plant and can’t be
reestablished
Crash shutdown is the worst thing
that can happened for SRU! Sulfur
plant should be cleared of sulfur by
burning fuel gas instead of H2S before
a shutdown(either ESD or long-
period).Continue flue gas firing(for
longer than 24 hrs) until the molten
sulfur cease to flow from
sultrapsTM(and maintain condition
more 4 hrs to confirm sulfur purge).
36. How to identify boiler tube leaks
before its too late?
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1.The data plotted in the
capacity ratio plot should
be an early sign as a
gradual increase in
pressure drop will appear.
rise.
2.When this happens check
for low steam production
rate from the HP steam.
3.A low gas outlet
temperature from this
boiler.
4.Water(steam) leaks also reduce
conversion of H2S to sulfur. Claus
reaction shows that equilibrium
is shifted to the left as the water
partial pressure increases!
If both steam production
and outlet temperature
are low and pressure
drop is relatively high;
SHUT DOWN the plant.
There is a tube leak!
39. References
1. Lieberman, N. (1987). Troubleshooting natural
gas processing: Wellhead to transmission.
2. Kidnay, A. J., Parrish, W. R., & McCartney, D. G.
(2011). Fundamentals of natural gas
processing (Vol. 218). CRC Press.
3. Zachariah, Michael R., and Owen I. Smith.
"Experimental and numerical studies of sulfur
chemistry in H 2/O 2/SO 2 flames." Combustion
and flame69.2 (1987): 125-139.
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