This document discusses catalytic cracking, which breaks down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more useful molecules. It describes the different types of cracking processes and explains that catalytic cracking is most commonly used. Catalytic cracking uses lower temperatures and pressures than thermal cracking by using a catalyst. It provides details on the catalytic cracking process, including that it occurs in three basic functions: reaction, regeneration, and fractionation. It also describes the specific fluid catalytic cracking and moving bed catalytic cracking processes.

2. AYAZ KHAN
ROLL # 11EE58
CATALYTIC CRACKING
IN THE RESPEST OF : SIR SHER
MUHAMMAD GHOTO
Department of Energy and Environment engineering
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering,
Science and Technology, Nawabshah

4. Cracking:
1)Cracking is the name given to breaking up
large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller and
more useful bits. This is achieved by using high
pressures and temperatures without a catalyst,
or lower temperatures and pressures in the
presence of a catalyst.
Types of cracking
1)Thermal cracking(simplest in all).
2) Catalytic cracking( also shorty called cat cracking.
3)Steam cracking.
4)Hydro cracking.
all the process above vary in reactions so products is
also change mostly commonly used is catalytic cracking.

5. Why cracking process is carried out
1) To increase quality of fuel.
2) To increase quantity of lighterness.
3) To obtain more desirable products.
4) to decrease the amount of residuals.

6. Catalytic cracking:
 Catalytic reforming breaks complex hydrocarbons into
simpler ones molecules.
 Catalytic cracking comprises a complex network of
reactions, both intra-molecular and inter-molecular
 Use of a catalyst in the cracking reaction increase the
yield of improved quality under much less severe
operating conditions than in thermal cracking
 Typical temperatures are from 850 to 950F at much lower
pressure of 10 to 20 psi.
 The catalyst used in refinery units are typically solid
materials such as zeolite,aluminium hydrosilicate ,treated
bentonite clay etc that comes in the form of
powders,deads,pellets.

7. Cracking of petroleum
hydrocarbons was originally done
by thermal cracking, which has
been almost completely replaced
by catalytic cracking because it
produces more gasoline with a
higher octane rating.

8. There are three basic funtions in the
catalytic cracking process;
REACTION: feedstock reacts with
catalyst and cracks into different
hydrocarbons .
REGENERATION: catalyst is reactivated
by burning off coke
FRACTIONATION: cracked hydrocarbons
stream is separated into various
products.

9. TYPES OF CATALYTIC CRACKING:
1) FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING(FCC)
2) MOVING BED CATALYTIC CRACKING.
3) THERMOFOR CATALYTIC CRACKING(TCC)
 1) FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING:
 Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is one of the most important conversion processes
used in petroleum refineries. It is widely used to convert the high-boiling, high-
molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum crude oils to more
valuable gasoline and other products.
 Oil is cracked in the presence of a finely divided catalyst, which is maintained in
an aerated or fluidized state by the oil vapours
 The catalyst section contains the reactor and regenerator, which, with the
standpipe and riser, form the catalyst circulation unit. The fluid catalyst is
continuously circulated between the reactor and the regenerator.

10. As the mixture travels up the
riser, the charge is cracked at
10-30 PSI

16. Spent catalyst flows through the catalyst
stripper to the regenerator, where most of
the coke deposits burn off at the bottom
where preheated air and spent catalyst are
mixed

17. 2) Moving bed catalytic cracking:
 The moving bed catalytic cracking process is similar to the FCC process . The catalyst is in the
form of pellets that are moved continuously to the top of the unit by conveyor or pneumatic
lift tubes to a storage hopper then flow downward by gravity through the reactor anf finally to
a regenerator.

18.  3) Thermofor catalytic cracking:
 in a typical thermofor catalytic cracking unit , the
preheated feedstock flows by gravity through the catalytic
reactor bed . The vapours are separated from the catalyst
and sent to a fractionating tower .the spent catalyst is
regenerated , cooled, and recycled .the flue gas from
regeneration is sent to a carbon monoxide boiler for heat
recovery.

19. Thank You