The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pericardium. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through two circuits - systemic and pulmonary. The conduction system controls heart rate and rhythm through electrical signals. Cardiac output is regulated by changes in heart rate or stroke volume in response to body demands.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes key points about circulation and the cardiovascular system from Chapter 23 of Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses how circulatory systems facilitate exchange between tissues and the environment. Both open and closed circulatory systems are described. The evolution of the vertebrate heart from two-chambered to four-chambered designs is covered. Key aspects of the human cardiovascular system like blood flow through the heart and blood vessel structure and function are summarized.
The document summarizes the skeletal structure of the human appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the upper limb (arm, forearm, hand), pelvic girdle and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot). For each body region, the individual bones are identified along with their anatomical features and articulation points. The foot and skull are discussed in more detail, including the arches of the foot and fontanels of the fetal skull.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including:
1. It describes the two divisions of the skeleton - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles.
2. It discusses the main functions of bones which are support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation.
3. It provides details about the types of bones, classifications of bones, bones of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of the human skeletal system. It describes the main components and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. It provides details on the types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the main parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton, focusing on the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate processes in the body like reproduction, growth, metabolism and homeostasis. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and target specific organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads. Hormone levels are maintained through a negative feedback loop where high hormone levels signal the glands to decrease production.
The document provides an overview of the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell - covering their anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structures of the eye such as the retina, lens and accessory structures; the structures of the ear including the outer, middle and inner ear; and the sensory receptors for taste and smell. The summary focuses on the key sensory organs and their functions:
The eye contains photoreceptors in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. The lens focuses light onto the retina. The ear contains structures for hearing and balance, including the cochlea that contains hair cells for hearing and semicircular canals that contain receptors for balance and equilibrium. Taste buds on the
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the framework of the body. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. There are 206 bones in the adult human body that are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling throughout life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton, consisting of the upper and lower limbs.
The document summarizes key aspects of the muscular system, including the three main muscle types (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle, the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction, energy pathways in muscle, and muscle naming conventions. Examples of muscle disorders like muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis are also briefly mentioned.
The document summarizes key points about circulation and the cardiovascular system from Chapter 23 of Biology: Concepts & Connections. It discusses how circulatory systems facilitate exchange between tissues and the environment. Both open and closed circulatory systems are described. The evolution of the vertebrate heart from two-chambered to four-chambered designs is covered. Key aspects of the human cardiovascular system like blood flow through the heart and blood vessel structure and function are summarized.
The document summarizes the skeletal structure of the human appendicular skeleton. It describes the bones that make up the upper limb (arm, forearm, hand), pelvic girdle and lower limb (thigh, leg, foot). For each body region, the individual bones are identified along with their anatomical features and articulation points. The foot and skull are discussed in more detail, including the arches of the foot and fontanels of the fetal skull.
The document provides information about the skeletal system, including:
1. It describes the two divisions of the skeleton - the axial skeleton which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thorax, and the appendicular skeleton which includes the limbs and girdles.
2. It discusses the main functions of bones which are support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation.
3. It provides details about the types of bones, classifications of bones, bones of the axial skeleton including the skull, vertebrae, and thoracic cage.
The document discusses the anatomy and features of the human skeletal system. It describes the main components and functions of the skeletal system, including support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage. It provides details on the types of bones in the human body, including long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. It also summarizes the main parts of the axial and appendicular skeleton, focusing on the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and bones of the upper and lower limbs.
The endocrine system uses hormones to regulate processes in the body like reproduction, growth, metabolism and homeostasis. Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands and target specific organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads. Hormone levels are maintained through a negative feedback loop where high hormone levels signal the glands to decrease production.
The document provides an overview of the special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste and smell - covering their anatomy and physiology. It discusses the structures of the eye such as the retina, lens and accessory structures; the structures of the ear including the outer, middle and inner ear; and the sensory receptors for taste and smell. The summary focuses on the key sensory organs and their functions:
The eye contains photoreceptors in the retina that detect light and allow for vision. The lens focuses light onto the retina. The ear contains structures for hearing and balance, including the cochlea that contains hair cells for hearing and semicircular canals that contain receptors for balance and equilibrium. Taste buds on the
The skeletal system consists of bones, joints, cartilage, and ligaments that make up the framework of the body. It has several functions including support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell formation. There are 206 bones in the adult human body that are classified based on their shape as long, short, flat, irregular, or sesamoid bones. Bones are living tissues that undergo remodeling throughout life. The skeletal system is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, and the appendicular skeleton, consisting of the upper and lower limbs.
The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
A presentation on blood vessels. Entails a description of pulmonary and systemic circulation; structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and finally major blood vessels in the body.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system and body metabolism. It describes the key organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the processes of digestion, including breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and elimination of waste in the large intestine and rectum. Accessory organs like the salivary glands, teeth and pancreas play important roles in digestion as well.
This document provides diagrams and descriptions of the appendicular musculature. It discusses muscles that position the pectoral and pelvic girdles, move the upper and lower limbs, and move the hands, feet and digits. Several diagrams show the origin, insertion and action of muscles like the deltoid, biceps, triceps, and muscles of the forearm, hand, thigh and lower leg. The document is intended to teach the appendicular muscular system through labeled illustrations and explanations of muscle groups.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the nervous system. It discusses the main components and classifications of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their subdivisions. It describes the key cell types involved - neurons and neuroglia cells. It also summarizes the main regions and functions of the brain including the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. Finally, it discusses some mechanisms of neural communication like nerve impulses, synapses, and reflex arcs.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
general anatomy and development of bonesTaimurKhan87
Bones can be classified based on location in the skeletal system or shape. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone forming the outer walls and spongy bone in the interior. Bones form through two processes - intramembranous ossification where connective tissue is replaced with bone, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced with bone. Blood supply to long bones comes from nutrient arteries in the diaphysis and metaphyses and periosteal vessels on the surface.
There are three types of muscle tissue in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found attached to bones. It allows for movement. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is not striated, has one nucleus, and is found in organs like the GI tract and blood vessels. It allows for functions like digestion. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament mechanism where actin and myosin filaments interact using ATP for energy.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to enumerate the roles of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the functions of bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. General features of bones such as parts, cells, surface markings and types are described. The document discusses bone formation, remodeling, repair and classifications. It provides an overview of the axial skeleton and its divisions before focusing on details of the skull and its bones.
This document discusses the classification and structure of joints in the human body. It begins by defining joints as the places where two or more bones meet, and classifies joints based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable). The majority of the document then focuses on describing the key characteristics and examples of each type of structural and functional joint classification. It concludes by explaining the movements that occur at synovial joints, including gliding, angular, rotational, and special movements.
The muscular system consists of three main types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscles are composed of bundles of fibers called fascicles. Individual muscle fibers contain myofibrils which are made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament model where the thin actin filaments slide past the thick myosin filaments. Energy for muscle contraction comes from ATP generated through cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the structure and function of the skeletal system. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and their attachments. It details the types of bones, their microscopic structure, growth and remodeling, fractures and their repair. Joints are classified by function and structure. The functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system from the textbook "Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology" by Elaine N. Marieb. It describes the basic anatomy and functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. Key points include that the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels, and this circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that ensure one-way blood flow, and it is regulated by neural and hormonal factors.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the central axis of the body and protects the organs. Bones are classified based on their shape and have characteristic surface markings like depressions, openings, and processes. Common disorders include herniated discs, scoliosis, and spina bifida.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs involved in both systems, including their locations, functions, and roles in reproduction. Key parts of the male system discussed are the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. Key parts of the female system discussed are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The processes of spermatogenesis and ovulation are also summarized.
The document summarizes the lymphatic system and body defenses. It describes the two main parts of the lymphatic system as lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs. The lymphatic system functions to transport fluids back to blood, play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease, and absorb digested fat. It also details the nonspecific and specific defense systems, including barriers, cells, chemicals, and the immune system.
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
- The skull is made up of cranial and facial bones that form the cranium and face, protecting the brain and organs. Sutures connect the bones.
- The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide support, protect the spinal cord, and allow movement.
- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system's blood vessels. It describes how blood is carried through arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries directly contact tissue cells and serve their needs. The three major types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries - each have a specific structure and function in circulating blood throughout the body.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle due to its greater workload pumping blood to the entire body. Heart valves prevent backflow of blood. The cardiac cycle involves systole where the heart contracts and diastole where it relaxes. The heartbeat is initiated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to the ventricles.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes how the heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers, with the left ventricle being thicker to pump blood to the high-pressure systemic circulation. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The conducting system initiates electrical impulses that trigger coordinated heart muscle contraction.
The blood vessels are the components of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body. These vessels transport blood cells, nutrients, and oxygen to the tissues of the body. They also take waste and carbon dioxide away from the tissues.
A presentation on blood vessels. Entails a description of pulmonary and systemic circulation; structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and finally major blood vessels in the body.
The document provides an overview of the digestive system and body metabolism. It describes the key organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. It explains the processes of digestion, including breakdown of food by mechanical and chemical digestion, absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, and elimination of waste in the large intestine and rectum. Accessory organs like the salivary glands, teeth and pancreas play important roles in digestion as well.
This document provides diagrams and descriptions of the appendicular musculature. It discusses muscles that position the pectoral and pelvic girdles, move the upper and lower limbs, and move the hands, feet and digits. Several diagrams show the origin, insertion and action of muscles like the deltoid, biceps, triceps, and muscles of the forearm, hand, thigh and lower leg. The document is intended to teach the appendicular muscular system through labeled illustrations and explanations of muscle groups.
The document provides an overview of the structure and functions of the nervous system. It discusses the main components and classifications of the nervous system including the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS), and their subdivisions. It describes the key cell types involved - neurons and neuroglia cells. It also summarizes the main regions and functions of the brain including the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. Finally, it discusses some mechanisms of neural communication like nerve impulses, synapses, and reflex arcs.
The human skeleton is the internal framework of the human body. It is composed of around 270 bones at birth – this total decreases to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused together. The bone mass in the skeleton makes up about 14% of the total body weight and reaches maximum density around age 21
general anatomy and development of bonesTaimurKhan87
Bones can be classified based on location in the skeletal system or shape. There are two types of bone tissue: compact bone forming the outer walls and spongy bone in the interior. Bones form through two processes - intramembranous ossification where connective tissue is replaced with bone, and endochondral ossification where cartilage is replaced with bone. Blood supply to long bones comes from nutrient arteries in the diaphysis and metaphyses and periosteal vessels on the surface.
There are three types of muscle tissue in the body - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is striated, voluntary, and found attached to bones. It allows for movement. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is striated and involuntary. Smooth muscle is not striated, has one nucleus, and is found in organs like the GI tract and blood vessels. It allows for functions like digestion. Muscle contraction occurs via a sliding filament mechanism where actin and myosin filaments interact using ATP for energy.
The document provides information about the skeletal system. It begins by listing the learning objectives, which are to enumerate the roles of the skeletal system, explain bone formation and aging, and discuss the importance of the skeletal system. It then outlines the topics to be covered, including the functions of bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments and joints. General features of bones such as parts, cells, surface markings and types are described. The document discusses bone formation, remodeling, repair and classifications. It provides an overview of the axial skeleton and its divisions before focusing on details of the skull and its bones.
This document discusses the classification and structure of joints in the human body. It begins by defining joints as the places where two or more bones meet, and classifies joints based on their structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (immovable, slightly movable, freely movable). The majority of the document then focuses on describing the key characteristics and examples of each type of structural and functional joint classification. It concludes by explaining the movements that occur at synovial joints, including gliding, angular, rotational, and special movements.
The muscular system consists of three main types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Muscles are composed of bundles of fibers called fascicles. Individual muscle fibers contain myofibrils which are made up of overlapping actin and myosin filaments. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament model where the thin actin filaments slide past the thick myosin filaments. Energy for muscle contraction comes from ATP generated through cellular respiration in the mitochondria.
The skeletal system chapter discusses the structure and function of the skeletal system. It describes how the skeleton is divided into the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, and the appendicular skeleton, which includes the limbs and their attachments. It details the types of bones, their microscopic structure, growth and remodeling, fractures and their repair. Joints are classified by function and structure. The functions of the skeletal system include support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system from the textbook "Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology" by Elaine N. Marieb. It describes the basic anatomy and functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. Key points include that the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels, and this circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that ensure one-way blood flow, and it is regulated by neural and hormonal factors.
The document summarizes the main bones that make up the appendicular skeleton in humans. It describes the two pairs of girdles - the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic (hip) girdles - that connect the upper and lower limbs to the axial skeleton. It then outlines the major bones that comprise each segmented limb, including the arm, forearm, hand, thigh, leg, and foot. For each bone, it identifies key anatomical features and points of articulation with other bones.
The skeletal system consists of 206 bones divided into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. It forms the central axis of the body and protects the organs. Bones are classified based on their shape and have characteristic surface markings like depressions, openings, and processes. Common disorders include herniated discs, scoliosis, and spina bifida.
The document summarizes the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the main organs involved in both systems, including their locations, functions, and roles in reproduction. Key parts of the male system discussed are the testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, urethra, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands. Key parts of the female system discussed are the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia. The processes of spermatogenesis and ovulation are also summarized.
The document summarizes the lymphatic system and body defenses. It describes the two main parts of the lymphatic system as lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs. The lymphatic system functions to transport fluids back to blood, play essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease, and absorb digested fat. It also details the nonspecific and specific defense systems, including barriers, cells, chemicals, and the immune system.
The document provides an overview of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage. Key points include:
- The skull is made up of cranial and facial bones that form the cranium and face, protecting the brain and organs. Sutures connect the bones.
- The vertebral column consists of 26 bones including 24 vertebrae that provide support, protect the spinal cord, and allow movement.
- The thoracic cage is made up of ribs and sternum, forming a protective structure around vital chest organs.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system's blood vessels. It describes how blood is carried through arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries directly contact tissue cells and serve their needs. The three major types of blood vessels - arteries, veins, and capillaries - each have a specific structure and function in circulating blood throughout the body.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle due to its greater workload pumping blood to the entire body. Heart valves prevent backflow of blood. The cardiac cycle involves systole where the heart contracts and diastole where it relaxes. The heartbeat is initiated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to the ventricles.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes how the heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers, with the left ventricle being thicker to pump blood to the high-pressure systemic circulation. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The conducting system initiates electrical impulses that trigger coordinated heart muscle contraction.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the heart's anatomy, chambers, valves, conduction system, cardiac cycle, and regulation. It describes the layers of blood vessels and differences between artery, vein, and capillary structure and function. Key terms explained include cardiac output, blood pressure, pulse, and factors that influence circulation. The summary focuses on essential information about heart and blood vessel structure and function.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is a hollow, muscular pump located in the thoracic cavity. It has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles separated by valves. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium from the body and is pumped to the lungs. Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium and is pumped by the left ventricle throughout the body. Blood vessels include arteries, which carry blood away from the heart, capillaries for exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues, and veins, which return blood to the heart.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system. It covers topics such as heart anatomy, heart valves and circulation, cardiac muscle tissue, the cardiac conduction system, the cardiac cycle, cardiac output, regulation of stroke volume, exercise and the heart, and blood supply to the myocardium. The key points are:
1. The heart is located in the mediastinum and has four chambers - two upper atria and two lower ventricles.
2. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits - systemic circulation through the left side of the heart and pulmonary circulation through the right side.
3. Cardiac output is calculated as stroke volume multiplied by heart rate and is regulated by factors like pre
Cardiovascular system by Rupam Bhowmik.pptxRupam Bhowmik
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The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, capillaries and veins. Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart while veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Capillaries allow for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste between the blood and body tissues. The circulatory system transports these materials throughout the body to sustain homeostasis.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including that it consists of the heart and blood vessels, and describes the heart's structure of four chambers and role in pumping blood through two circuits to transport blood, oxygen, nutrients and waste throughout the body. Key functions of the cardiovascular system are also explained such as generating blood pressure, electrical stimulation of the heart, and blood flow from arteries to veins and back to the heart in a continuous circulation.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide and waste. The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and major blood vessels. It compares key differences between equine and bovine hearts.
An informational booklet on Basic Life SupportPriyanka Thakur
Basic life support (BLS) is a level of medical care which is used for victims of life-threatening illnesses or injuries until they can be given full medical care at a hospital. It can be provided by trained medical personnel, including emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and by qualified bystanders.
The document provides information on the embryology, anatomy, physiology and pathology of the heart. Some key points include:
1. The heart develops from mesodermal tissue and the pericardial cavity develops from intraembryonic membranes.
2. Anatomically, the heart is located in the mediastinum, has four chambers, and is supplied by the coronary arteries.
3. Physiologically, the cardiac cycle involves rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the atria and ventricles. The heartbeat is regulated by the conduction system.
4. Abnormal heart sounds called murmurs can occur due to various cardiac defects or diseases. Cardiac output is determined by factors like pre
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the body in two circuits - the pulmonary circuit, which pumps blood to the lungs, and the systemic circuit, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers and uses valves and electrical signals to ensure one-way blood flow. It is located in the chest and has its own blood supply. The cardiovascular and respiratory systems work together to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing waste.
overview of heart and its disease
The heart is a powerful muscle that pumps
blood throughout the body by means of a
coordinated contraction.
The contraction is generated by an
electrical activation, which is spread by a
wave of bioelectricity that propagates in a
coordinated manner throughout the
heart.
It is located in thoracic cavity,
posterior to the sternum ,superior
to the diaphragm between the
lungs.
A human heart beats an average of
100,000 times per day. During that
time, it pumps more than 4,300
gallons of blood throughout
the entire body.
EPICARDIUM:
It is the outer layer of the wall of the heart which is composed of
connective tissue covered by epithelium. It is also known as
visceral pericardium.
2) MYOCARDIUM:
It is the muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart. It is
composed of spontaneously contracting cardiac muscle fibers
which allow the heart to contract. It stimulates heart contraction
to pump blood from the ventricles and relaxes the heart to allow
the arteries to receive blood.
ENDOCARDIUM:
It is the inner layer of the heart which consist of epithelial
tissue and connective tissue.
cardiovascular system
blood vessels
biology
b.pharma
Introduction to Heart
Location & position of heart
Anatomy of heart
Heart wall
Valves of heart
Heart – Interior of front
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the heart. It discusses the location of the heart in the thorax, its coverings including the pericardium, and internal layers. It describes the major vessels that supply and drain blood from the heart. It details the conduction system that coordinates heart contractions, the cardiac cycle, and factors regulating cardiac output. It also discusses congenital heart defects and conditions like congestive heart failure.
The circulatory system contains the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and is located in the chest cavity. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through progressively narrowing and widening blood vessels. An electrical conduction system determines the heartbeat rhythm and rate. Blood contains fluid plasma and formed elements like red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
Lec 5a circulati on exercise physiologyangelickhan2
This document summarizes circulatory responses to exercise. It discusses how the cardiovascular system increases oxygen delivery to active muscles during exercise through two adjustments: increased cardiac output from higher heart rate and stroke volume, and redistribution of blood flow from inactive organs to active muscles. The heart is divided into four chambers that pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood to the body tissues through separate pulmonary and systemic circuits.
Coronary Heart Disease, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure, A Review of...drn00r
This document summarizes several types of heart disease including coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. It defines these conditions and discusses their causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatment options. Key points include that coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries limiting blood flow to the heart, myocardial infarction occurs when heart tissue dies due to lack of oxygen, and heart failure is when the heart cannot pump sufficiently to meet the body's needs.
The document provides an overview of geriatrics and how older patients differ from younger patients. It discusses several key points: (1) Physiological changes associated with aging can increase vulnerability to disease and functional decline; (2) Geriatric syndromes like falls, incontinence and dementia are more prevalent in older adults and negatively impact health; (3) Assessing and addressing geriatric syndromes requires an interdisciplinary team approach. Maintaining function and independence in older patients requires understanding unique aging issues and challenges.
This document summarizes several endocrine disorders including Type I and Type II diabetes, hypothyroidism, Graves' disease, dwarfism, and acromegaly. Type I diabetes is caused by an immune disorder that destroys insulin-producing cells. Treatment involves insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring. Type II diabetes involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, treated with insulin, diet, and exercise. Hypothyroidism causes fatigue and weight gain due to thyroid hormone deficiency, often from autoimmune attacks on the thyroid. Graves' disease results from an autoimmune disorder triggering overproduction of thyroid hormones. Dwarfism describes adults under 4'10" tall, often caused by genetic growth factor deficiencies or lack of human growth hormone.
Overview of Epilepsy and types of seizures.pptdrn00r
This document provides an overview of epilepsy and seizures. It defines a seizure as a paroxysmal episode of brain dysfunction manifested by stereotyped alterations in behavior. Epilepsy is defined as recurrent unprovoked seizures. Seizures can be caused by primary central nervous system dysfunction or metabolic disorders. The document discusses seizure classification, epidemiology, etiology, and management. It also provides descriptions of status epilepticus and its treatment.
Human nervous system for allied health students.pptdrn00r
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the central nervous system as consisting of the brain and spinal cord which act as the body's control center. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body. Within the central nervous system, neurons transmit electrical signals through the body to coordinate its activities. The three main sections of the brain are the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem, each with distinct roles in movement, coordination, memory and other cognitive functions.
Cells need to communicate both within multicellular organisms and between unicellular organisms. Communication involves signals being received by cell surface or intracellular receptors and transmitted via signal transduction pathways. Reception involves signal binding to receptors, transduction moves the signal through a phosphorylation cascade, and response regulates cellular activities like gene expression. Pathways amplify signals and allow for specificity between cell types through different protein components. Termination ensures signals are turned off through reversal of ligand binding or receptor inactivation.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of cell membranes. It describes the fluid mosaic model, which states that membranes are made of phospholipids and proteins that can move about freely. Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Membrane proteins are either integral proteins spanning the membrane or peripheral proteins attached to one surface. The document also explains various transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and bulk transport across membranes.
The document provides information about cell structure and function. It discusses that cells are the fundamental units of living things and humans are made up of trillions of cells. It then describes the main parts of the cell in detail, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and microtubules. It explains the functions of these parts, such as how the organelles work together to keep the cell alive and allow it to carry out tasks like nutrient intake, processing, waste removal, and energy production. The document also discusses different types of transport across the cell membrane like endocytosis and pinocytosis.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from Campbell Biology on membrane structure and function. It discusses how the plasma membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that gives it a fluid mosaic structure. Specific topics covered include passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, osmosis, and bulk transport mechanisms like endocytosis and exocytosis. Membrane structure results in selective permeability, allowing some substances to cross more easily than others. Both passive and active transport processes allow cells to regulate what enters and leaves across the membrane.
The document discusses homeostasis and how the body maintains internal balance. It defines homeostasis as the stable internal environment of the body. It describes how homeostasis is achieved through negative feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reduce any deviations from the normal set point. For example, if body temperature rises, the body engages mechanisms like sweating to cool down and return to the normal temperature. The document also mentions positive feedback loops help amplify necessary responses, like increased milk production when a baby suckles. Overall, the body uses feedback mechanisms and interactions between organ systems to constantly monitor and adjust internal conditions to maintain homeostasis.
This document discusses muscle structure and contraction. It begins by listing the functions of muscle tissue, including producing movement, stabilizing positions, and regulating organs. It then describes the properties of muscle, including electrical excitability and contractility. Several diagrams show the hierarchical structure of muscle from the whole muscle down to the sarcomere level. The process of muscle contraction is then explained in steps, involving calcium release, cross-bridge cycling, and the sliding filament model.
The document provides information for an instructor on updating PowerPoint slides to integrate text and art from the third edition of Visual Anatomy & Physiology textbook. It describes how to copy slides from one slide set into another slide set while retaining editable art labels. The goal is to help students learn more effectively from the art by having editable rather than fixed art labels. Instructions are provided on using the Slide Finder dialog box in PowerPoint to copy slides and select whether to keep the source formatting of the copied slides.
The document provides an introduction to acid-base physiology:
- Acids donate protons while bases accept protons. The body maintains a narrow pH range of 7.35-7.45 through buffer systems and respiratory/renal regulation.
- Blood gas analysis reveals a patient's acid-base and oxygenation status. Interpreting pH, pCO2, pO2, and base excess indicates respiratory or metabolic acidosis/alkalosis.
- The lungs compensate quickly for respiratory disturbances while the kidneys compensate more slowly for metabolic issues. Compensatory responses aim to correct disturbances and return pH to normal.
This document discusses acid-base balance and imbalances in the body. It covers topics like pH, buffers that control acidity, and conditions that can cause acidosis or alkalosis. The three main ways the body controls acid levels are through buffer systems, respiratory mechanisms, and kidney excretion. Respiratory acidosis results from high blood CO2 levels, while respiratory alkalosis is from low CO2. Metabolic acidosis stems from bicarbonate deficits and metabolic alkalosis from bicarbonate excess. Diagnosis involves determining if pH is low or high and whether the cause is primarily respiratory or metabolic based on gas and bicarbonate levels.
Blood is a connective tissue that carries nutrients, waste, and heat throughout the body via blood vessels. It is composed of plasma, which is 90% water and contains dissolved substances, and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood functions include distributing oxygen and nutrients to cells, regulating substances and pH in the blood, and protecting the body from infection and blood loss.
This document discusses blood components and plasma derivatives. It begins by explaining how blood can now be stored for longer periods of time due to anticoagulants and preservatives. It then describes how blood is collected in plastic bags and separated into components like red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The document outlines various plasma products that can be derived from blood components, including fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and coagulation factor concentrates. It explains the process of fractionating plasma to produce derivatives like albumin and immune globulins.
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb
The Cardiovascular
System
(Chapter 15)
Adapted by H. Goon, North HS, Phoenix, AZ
5. Can you describe the location of
the heart?
The heart is ________ to the lungs,
________ to the sternum, ________ to
the vertebral column, and ________ to
the diaphragm.
Its ________ end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of the 5th
intercostal space.
6. The heart is medial to the lungs,
posterior to the sternum, anterior to
the vertebral column, and superior to
the diaphragm.
Its distal end, the apex, points to
the left, terminating at the level of
the 5th intercostal space.
19. d) The valve cusps are held in place by
chordae tendineae (“heart strings”) which
originate from papillary muscles
protruding from the inside of the ventricle
wall
23. g) valve pathology
• an incompetent valve can lead to
backflow, heard as a “heart murmur”
and repumping (regurgitation) of the
same blood
• stenosis = narrowing of valve increases
workload on heart to pump out blood
• Treatment: valve repair or replacement
31. http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?
ClientID=65&TopicID=773
* Video clip of mitral valve disease
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video+of+coronary+circulation&view=detail&mid=8B
64DE6E57407A5A5E1B8B64DE6E57407A5A5E1B&first=0&FORM=LKVR&adlt=strict#vi
ew=detail&mid=7B67DD929983076406EC7B67DD929983076406EC
• Video clip Coronary Heart Bypass surgery
34. 2. Events of the cardiac cycle
Diastole
I. Atria and ventricles fill with blood
II. Atria contract (simultaneously) to
complete the filling of ventricles;
ventricles are relaxed
35.
36. Systole
III. Ventricles contract forcing blood
up and out of the heart arteries; AV
valves shut (“lup”)
IV. Backflow in the aorta & pulmonary
arteries cause semilunar valves to shut
(“dup”)
41. i. sinoatrial (SA) node = “pacemaker”
(located in the wall of the right atrium)
ii. atrioventricular (AV) node (in septum at
the junction of the R & L atria)
iii. atrioventricular bundle or Bundle of His
(in the interventricular septum)
iv. bundle branches (right and left)
v. Purkinje fibers (in the myocardium wall)
44. • is a recording of the electrical changes in
the myocardium during a cardiac cycle
C) electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
45.
46. P wave: atria depolarize
QRS complex: ventricles depolarize
T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles;
repolarization of ventricular muscles
mV
Time, msec
48. D) Pathology of the Conduction
System
• fibrillation =an irregular & often rapid
heart rate; decreases blood flow
• tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min
• bradycardia = less than 60 beats/min
49. Possible causes of atrial fibrillation
Abnormalities /damage to the heart's structure due to:
• High blood pressure or Heart attacks
• Abnormal heart valves
• Congenital heart defects (you're born with)
• An overactive thyroid gland
• Stimulants (medications, caffeine, tobacco, alcohol)
• improper functioning of SA node
• Emphysema or other lung diseases
• Viral infections
• Stress due to pneumonia, surgery
• Sleep apnea
50. E) Cardiac Output
1. is the amount of blood pumped by
the ventricle in one minute
2. Formula for cardiac output
= (heart rate) x (stroke volume*)
* volume of blood pumped by a
ventricle in one contraction
55. F) Regulation of Heart Rate
1. Stroke volume usually remains
relatively constant
2. The most common way the body
changes cardiac output is by changing
the heart rate.
59. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
• Inadequate circulation
• Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial
Infarctions
• Left side fails = pulmonary congestion and
suffocation
• Right side fails = peripheral congestion and edema
Editor's Notes
Base is at the 2nd rib, apex at the 5th intercostal space
Atrial septal defects occur in about 10% of children born with congenital heart defects.
Atrial septal defects occur during fetal life when the partitioning process (during the formation of the heart chambers) does not occur completely, leaving an opening in the interatrial septum.
Most children have no symptoms and seem healthy. The mixing of blood through the ASD produces an overload of blood in the right heart. This is usually well tolerated. Some of the atrial septal defects, if small enough, may become smaller with time and even close spontaneously. Patients with small to moderate ASD are usually asymptomatic. If the ASD is large or moderately large then it will allow a large amount of blood to pass through the opening into the right heart and the right ventricle and lungs will become overworked, and symptoms may be noted. Symptoms may include: Delayed weight gain and poor growth Child tires easily, especially when playing Fatigue Excessive sweating Rapid breathing Poor feeding Shortness of breath Frequent respiratory infections including pneumonia
http://mykentuckyheart.com/information/AtrialSeptalDefect.htm
http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65&TopicID=773
Incompetent valves may be damaged and not close tightly, or prolapse back into the chamber
Mitral valve prolapse affects up to 6% of population—caused by Streptococcus strain; infected patients need antibiotic treatment prior to dental surgery
Stenosis may be caused by congenital heart defect of valve, rheumatic fever, with age—calcium deposit build up on valve
NOTE: Heart muscle cells contract without nerve impulses in a regular, continuous way; the pacemaker “overrides” and sets the heart rate
Possible causes of atrial fibrillation Abnormalities or damage to the heart's structure are the most common cause of atrial fibrillation. Possible causes of atrial fibrillation include:
High blood pressure
Heart attacks
Abnormal heart valves
Heart defects you're born with (congenital)
An overactive thyroid gland or other metabolic imbalance
Exposure to stimulants such as medications, caffeine or tobacco, or to alcohol
Sick sinus syndrome — improper functioning of the heart's natural pacemaker
Emphysema or other lung diseases
Previous heart surgery
Viral infections
Stress due to pneumonia, surgery or other illnesses
Sleep apnea