A presentation on blood vessels. Entails a description of pulmonary and systemic circulation; structures of arteries, veins and capillaries and finally major blood vessels in the body.

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Blood Vessels

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Blood Vessels
 Blood is carried in a closed system of vessels that begins and
ends at the heart
 The three major types of vessels are arteries, capillaries,
and veins
 Arteries carry blood away from the heart
 Veins carry blood toward the heart
 Capillaries contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular
needs

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Generalized Structure of Blood Vessels
Figure 19.1b

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Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 4
External Heart: Anterior View
Figure 18.4b

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Aorta branches

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Brachiocephalic
trunk
1
Left common
carotid
Left subclavian
3
2
Aortic Arch
Systemic Circuit

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Arteries of the Head and Neck

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Circle of Willis (Cerebral Arterial Circle)
Refers to ring of vessels that - supplies the brain
Brain can receive blood from carotids or
vertebrals (branch of subclavian arteries)
(significance?)

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Thoracic Aorta
Bronchial arteries - supply
bronchi and lungs
Pericardial arteries - supply
pericardium
Mediastinal arteries - supply
medistinal structures
Esophageal arteries - supply
esophagus
Paired intercostal arteries-
thoracic wall
Superior phrenic arteries - supply
diaphragm
Fig 22.17

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Abdominal Aorta
Branches are:
 Celiac trunk - 3 branches – to liver, gallbladder,
esophagus, stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and spleen
 Superior mesenteric– to pancreas and duodenum,
small intestine and colon
 Paired suprarenal - to adrenal glands
 Paired renal – to kidneys
 Paired gonadal – to testes or ovaries
 Inferior mesenteric – to terminal colon and rectum
 Paired lumbar – to body wall Fig 22.17

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Abdominal aorta

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Figure 19.22c
Arteries of the Abdomen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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Arteries of the upper limb

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Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax

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Lower limb arteries

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Lower limb arteries

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Arteries of the Lower Limbs
Figure 19.23b, c

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Summary

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Major veins

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Figure 19.24b

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Figure 19.25b
Veins of the Head and Neck

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Figure 19.26b
Veins of the Upper Limbs and Thorax

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Figure 19.27b
Veins of the Abdomen

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Figure 19.27c
Veins of the Abdomen

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Figure 19.28b, c
Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs

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Fetal Circulation

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 Fetal circulation works differently from that of adults
because the lungs are not in use. Instead, the fetus
obtains oxygen and nutrients from the mother through
the placenta
 The concept behind fetal circulation is that fetal
hemoglobin (HbF) has a higher affinity for oxygen than
does adult hemoglobin, which allows a diffusion of
oxygen from the mother's circulatory system to the
fetus.

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 Circulatory system of the mother is not directly
connected to that of the fetus, placenta functions as
the respiratory center and a site of filtration for
nutrients and wastes.
 uterine arteries carry blood to the placenta, and the
blood permeates the sponge-like material there.

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 Blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the
umbilical vein.
 Less than a third of this enters the fetal ductus venosus
and is carried to the inferior vena cava while the rest
enters the liver and joins with the portal vein. The blood
then moves to the right atrium of the heart.
 In the fetus, there is an opening between the right and
left atrium(the foramen ovale), and most of the blood
flows through this hole directly into the left atrium thus
bypassing pulmonary circulation. Then from RA to left
ventricle, then pumped through the aorta to the body.


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 Some of the blood entering the right atrium does not
pass directly to the left atrium through the foramen
ovale, but enters the right ventricle and is pumped
into the pulmonary artery
 In the fetus, there is a special connection between
the pulmonary artery and the aorta, called the ductus
arteriosus, which directs most of this blood away
from the lungs (which are not being used for
respiration

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Differences in adult and neonatal
CVS
• Pulse, respiration, BP, and hematologic values vary with the
age of the child.
• Chest walls are thin due to lack of subcutaneous and
muscle tissue.
• if new born circulation adaptations do not take place,
congenital heart problems may arise. Most heart
conditions result from a defect in embryonic structure.
• Capillary function is immature in newborns. It takes
several weeks for the small capillaries to expand and
contract in response to external temperatures.
• Heart rate is higher in newborns and infants.