The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It discusses the heart's anatomy, chambers, valves, conduction system, cardiac cycle, and regulation. It describes the layers of blood vessels and differences between artery, vein, and capillary structure and function. Key terms explained include cardiac output, blood pressure, pulse, and factors that influence circulation. The summary focuses on essential information about heart and blood vessel structure and function.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves that allow one-way blood flow, and conduction system that coordinates contractions. It explains how the heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Key terms covered include cardiac output, blood pressure, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in regulating heart rate.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves, and conduction system. The heart pumps blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins in a closed circulatory system. Key vital signs like pulse, blood pressure and respiratory rate are also discussed. The document uses diagrams and figures to illustrate these cardiovascular concepts and systems.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart pumps blood through a closed system of blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a conduction system to regulate beating.
- Blood circulation involves the pumping of blood from the heart through arteries, smaller vessels, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, then veins back to the heart.
- The cardiac cycle and regulation of heart rate maintain adequate blood flow through changing pressures and electrical signals.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system from the textbook "Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology" by Elaine N. Marieb. It describes the basic anatomy and functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. Key points include that the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels, and this circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that ensure one-way blood flow, and it is regulated by neural and hormonal factors.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes how the heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers, with the left ventricle being thicker to pump blood to the high-pressure systemic circulation. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The conducting system initiates electrical impulses that trigger coordinated heart muscle contraction.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle due to its greater workload pumping blood to the entire body. Heart valves prevent backflow of blood. The cardiac cycle involves systole where the heart contracts and diastole where it relaxes. The heartbeat is initiated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to the ventricles.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac cycle. It explains how the heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Key terms defined include stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and pulse. Factors that regulate heart rate and blood pressure are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the key components and functions of the heart, including the four chambers, valves and conduction system. It explains how blood is pumped through arteries, capillaries and veins, and the roles of cardiac output, blood pressure and pulse in circulation. Key terms are defined such as stroke volume and the cardiac cycle. Pathologies like congestive heart failure and factors influencing blood pressure are also mentioned. The summary focuses on the essential components and functioning of the cardiovascular system.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves that allow one-way blood flow, and conduction system that coordinates contractions. It explains how the heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Key terms covered include cardiac output, blood pressure, and the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in regulating heart rate.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves, and conduction system. The heart pumps blood through arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins in a closed circulatory system. Key vital signs like pulse, blood pressure and respiratory rate are also discussed. The document uses diagrams and figures to illustrate these cardiovascular concepts and systems.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The heart pumps blood through a closed system of blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a conduction system to regulate beating.
- Blood circulation involves the pumping of blood from the heart through arteries, smaller vessels, capillaries where gas exchange occurs, then veins back to the heart.
- The cardiac cycle and regulation of heart rate maintain adequate blood flow through changing pressures and electrical signals.
This document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system from the textbook "Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology" by Elaine N. Marieb. It describes the basic anatomy and functions of the heart, blood vessels, and blood circulation. Key points include that the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the body using the heart and blood vessels, and this circulation delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. The heart has four chambers and valves that ensure one-way blood flow, and it is regulated by neural and hormonal factors.
The document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and physiology. It describes how the heart pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and the systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart has four chambers, with the left ventricle being thicker to pump blood to the high-pressure systemic circulation. Valves prevent backflow of blood. The conducting system initiates electrical impulses that trigger coordinated heart muscle contraction.
The heart has four chambers that pump blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit. The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle due to its greater workload pumping blood to the entire body. Heart valves prevent backflow of blood. The cardiac cycle involves systole where the heart contracts and diastole where it relaxes. The heartbeat is initiated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to the ventricles.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's location, chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac cycle. It explains how the heart pumps blood through the arteries, capillaries, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Key terms defined include stroke volume, cardiac output, blood pressure, and pulse. Factors that regulate heart rate and blood pressure are also discussed.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the key components and functions of the heart, including the four chambers, valves and conduction system. It explains how blood is pumped through arteries, capillaries and veins, and the roles of cardiac output, blood pressure and pulse in circulation. Key terms are defined such as stroke volume and the cardiac cycle. Pathologies like congestive heart failure and factors influencing blood pressure are also mentioned. The summary focuses on the essential components and functioning of the cardiovascular system.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and its key components. It discusses the heart, including its location, chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac cycle. It also examines the vascular system of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Vital signs like pulse, blood pressure and their regulation are also summarized. The cardiovascular system functions to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste via the heart and network of blood vessels.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The closed system of the heart and blood vessels which allows blood to circulate throughout the body via the pumping of the heart.
- Details of the heart chambers and valves that allow blood to flow in one direction.
- Other topics covered include blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiograms, and the regulation of heart rate and blood flow.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pericardium. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through two circuits - systemic and pulmonary. The conduction system controls heart rate and rhythm through electrical signals. Cardiac output is regulated by changes in heart rate or stroke volume in response to body demands.
This document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system presented in lecture slides. It describes the closed system of the heart and blood vessels, and the heart's role in pumping blood to circulate oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. Key details are provided on the anatomy of the heart, including its chambers, valves, conduction system, and associated blood vessels. The cardiac cycle and regulation of cardiac output through heart rate and stroke volume are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the different types of blood vessels and their roles in circulation, as well as some major arteries and veins.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's structure, with four chambers and valves that allow one-way blood flow. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - systemic circulation delivers blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation delivers it to the lungs. Other topics covered include blood pressure, fetal circulation, and factors that regulate heart rate and blood pressure.
The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ located in the mediastinum protected by the pericardium. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart walls have three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which coordinate contractions through the conduction system.
CVS physiology, all details with explanation easy to recall physiology of cardiovascular system. based on Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. all the high-yield facts are there.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, and functions to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through a double circulatory system. It is surrounded by membranes and has valves that ensure one-way blood flow.
- Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues.
- The cardiovascular system is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow according to the body's needs.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide and waste. The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and major blood vessels. It compares key differences between equine and bovine hearts.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. It has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart is located in the thorax and has a conduction system to regulate its rhythm. Blood circulates through arteries and veins, and exchanges gases and nutrients with tissues through capillaries. Factors like nerves, hormones, blood pressure, and temperature regulate cardiovascular functions and blood pressure. Diseases can disrupt this system and heart function.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body. Blood travels through arteries, capillaries, and veins in both pulmonary and systemic circuits. The heart's conduction system uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions. Factors like preload and afterload influence cardiac output. Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the renin-angiotensin system.
The circulatory system consists of three main parts: blood vessels, heart, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins using electrical signals from pacemaker cells. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste, and other materials throughout the body via this one-way circulatory route. Key components of the circulatory system include the heart chambers, valves, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and the blood flow cycle from lungs to body and back to lungs. The heartbeat and pulse are regulated by the heart's natural pacemaker and electrical conduction system.
This document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and function. It describes the heart's location in the chest and its overall shape. It then discusses the layers of the heart wall, the four chambers of the heart, and the heart valves that ensure one-way blood flow. Finally, it briefly outlines the cardiac cycle of systole and diastole, as well as the heart's electrical conduction system and electrocardiogram.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the heart and major blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the chest, its chambers, and valves. It describes the cardiac cycle including diastole and systole. Signs of heart conditions like murmurs and heart failure are outlined. Assessment of the carotid artery pulse and jugular veins is also covered.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation which pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and pulmonary circulation which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a specialized conduction system to coordinate contractions. Nervous and chemical factors regulate heart rate and function to meet metabolic demands. Electrocardiograms record the heart's electrical activity and are used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders.
Term paper on ECG and cardiac arrhythmiasRomena Begum
The document provides information about ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It discusses the history and development of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia, and how to diagnose and manage various types of cardiac arrhythmias using ECGs. The document contains diagrams of ECG readings and the heart to illustrate different arrhythmias and the heart's structure and function.
Term paper on ecg and cardiac arrhythmiasROMENABEGUM
The document provides information on ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction to ECGs and what they measure. It then discusses the history of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common indications for ECGs, how ECGs are arranged and interpreted, and definitions of heart rate and rhythm. The majority of the document categorizes and describes different types of cardiac arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, junctional rhythm, junctional tachycardia, premature junctional contractions, and supraventricular tachycardia. For each type it discusses causes
The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons. It provides structure, movement and protection to the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the skull and trunk) and appendicular skeleton (bones of the upper and lower limbs). Bones come in different shapes including long, short, flat and irregular. They provide structure, store minerals, protect organs and allow movement. The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, producing a heartbeat and pulse. An electrocardiogram can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and activity.
(1) The document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and physiology, including the layers of the heart, chambers, valves, blood vessels, and the pumping action.
(2) It describes the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries and veins, and how preload, contractility, afterload, and heart rate impact cardiac output.
(3) Key concepts covered are the Frank-Starling mechanism, factors that increase or decrease preload, contractility, and afterload, and how systemic vascular resistance impacts cardiac output.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system and its key components. It discusses the heart, including its location, chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac cycle. It also examines the vascular system of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins. Vital signs like pulse, blood pressure and their regulation are also summarized. The cardiovascular system functions to pump blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste via the heart and network of blood vessels.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The closed system of the heart and blood vessels which allows blood to circulate throughout the body via the pumping of the heart.
- Details of the heart chambers and valves that allow blood to flow in one direction.
- Other topics covered include blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiograms, and the regulation of heart rate and blood flow.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, surrounded by the pericardium. It has four chambers - two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. Blood flows through two circuits - systemic and pulmonary. The conduction system controls heart rate and rhythm through electrical signals. Cardiac output is regulated by changes in heart rate or stroke volume in response to body demands.
This document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system presented in lecture slides. It describes the closed system of the heart and blood vessels, and the heart's role in pumping blood to circulate oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body. Key details are provided on the anatomy of the heart, including its chambers, valves, conduction system, and associated blood vessels. The cardiac cycle and regulation of cardiac output through heart rate and stroke volume are also summarized. Finally, the document outlines the different types of blood vessels and their roles in circulation, as well as some major arteries and veins.
The document provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including the heart and blood vessels. It describes the heart's structure, with four chambers and valves that allow one-way blood flow. The heart pumps blood through two circuits - systemic circulation delivers blood to the body, while pulmonary circulation delivers it to the lungs. Other topics covered include blood pressure, fetal circulation, and factors that regulate heart rate and blood pressure.
The heart is a four-chambered muscular organ located in the mediastinum protected by the pericardium. It pumps blood through two circuits - the pulmonary circuit to the lungs and systemic circuit to the rest of the body. The heart walls have three layers - epicardium, myocardium and endocardium. It has four chambers - two upper atria which receive blood and two lower ventricles which pump blood out. It uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The sinoatrial node initiates electrical impulses which coordinate contractions through the conduction system.
CVS physiology, all details with explanation easy to recall physiology of cardiovascular system. based on Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. all the high-yield facts are there.
The document summarizes key aspects of the cardiovascular system, including:
- The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels, and functions to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
- The heart has four chambers and pumps blood through a double circulatory system. It is surrounded by membranes and has valves that ensure one-way blood flow.
- Blood vessels include arteries, veins, and capillaries. Capillaries allow for gas and nutrient exchange between blood and tissues.
- The cardiovascular system is regulated by neural and hormonal mechanisms to maintain blood pressure and flow according to the body's needs.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide and waste. The document describes the anatomy and function of the heart and major blood vessels. It compares key differences between equine and bovine hearts.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through a closed system of arteries, veins, and capillaries. It has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. The heart is located in the thorax and has a conduction system to regulate its rhythm. Blood circulates through arteries and veins, and exchanges gases and nutrients with tissues through capillaries. Factors like nerves, hormones, blood pressure, and temperature regulate cardiovascular functions and blood pressure. Diseases can disrupt this system and heart function.
This system has three main components: the heart, the blood vessel and the blood itself. The heart is the system's pump and the blood vessels are like the delivery routes. Blood can be thought of as a fluid which contains the oxygen and nutrients the body needs and carries the wastes which need to be removed.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and uses valves to ensure one-way blood flow. It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body. Blood travels through arteries, capillaries, and veins in both pulmonary and systemic circuits. The heart's conduction system uses electrical signals to coordinate contractions. Factors like preload and afterload influence cardiac output. Blood pressure is regulated by baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the renin-angiotensin system.
The circulatory system consists of three main parts: blood vessels, heart, and blood. The heart pumps blood through arteries and veins using electrical signals from pacemaker cells. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste, and other materials throughout the body via this one-way circulatory route. Key components of the circulatory system include the heart chambers, valves, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), and the blood flow cycle from lungs to body and back to lungs. The heartbeat and pulse are regulated by the heart's natural pacemaker and electrical conduction system.
This document summarizes key aspects of heart anatomy and function. It describes the heart's location in the chest and its overall shape. It then discusses the layers of the heart wall, the four chambers of the heart, and the heart valves that ensure one-way blood flow. Finally, it briefly outlines the cardiac cycle of systole and diastole, as well as the heart's electrical conduction system and electrocardiogram.
The document provides information on the structure and function of the heart and major blood vessels. It discusses the location of the heart in the chest, its chambers, and valves. It describes the cardiac cycle including diastole and systole. Signs of heart conditions like murmurs and heart failure are outlined. Assessment of the carotid artery pulse and jugular veins is also covered.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through two circuits: systemic circulation which pumps oxygenated blood to the body, and pulmonary circulation which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The heart has four chambers, valves to ensure one-way blood flow, and a specialized conduction system to coordinate contractions. Nervous and chemical factors regulate heart rate and function to meet metabolic demands. Electrocardiograms record the heart's electrical activity and are used to diagnose cardiovascular disorders.
Term paper on ECG and cardiac arrhythmiasRomena Begum
The document provides information about ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It discusses the history and development of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia and sinus bradycardia, and how to diagnose and manage various types of cardiac arrhythmias using ECGs. The document contains diagrams of ECG readings and the heart to illustrate different arrhythmias and the heart's structure and function.
Term paper on ecg and cardiac arrhythmiasROMENABEGUM
The document provides information on ECGs and cardiac arrhythmias. It begins with an introduction to ECGs and what they measure. It then discusses the history of ECGs, the anatomy and conduction system of the heart, common indications for ECGs, how ECGs are arranged and interpreted, and definitions of heart rate and rhythm. The majority of the document categorizes and describes different types of cardiac arrhythmias like sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, premature atrial contractions, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, junctional rhythm, junctional tachycardia, premature junctional contractions, and supraventricular tachycardia. For each type it discusses causes
The musculoskeletal system consists of bones, joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons. It provides structure, movement and protection to the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton that are divided into the axial skeleton (bones of the skull and trunk) and appendicular skeleton (bones of the upper and lower limbs). Bones come in different shapes including long, short, flat and irregular. They provide structure, store minerals, protect organs and allow movement. The heart pumps blood through the circulatory system, producing a heartbeat and pulse. An electrocardiogram can detect abnormalities in heart rhythm and activity.
(1) The document provides an overview of cardiac anatomy and physiology, including the layers of the heart, chambers, valves, blood vessels, and the pumping action.
(2) It describes the pericardium, myocardium, endocardium, atria, ventricles, valves, coronary arteries and veins, and how preload, contractility, afterload, and heart rate impact cardiac output.
(3) Key concepts covered are the Frank-Starling mechanism, factors that increase or decrease preload, contractility, and afterload, and how systemic vascular resistance impacts cardiac output.
This document provides an outline for a module on personality theories. It will cover major approaches like psychodynamic, behavioral, trait, humanistic, and cognitive theories. Key topics include the relevance of personality psychology in South Africa, the influence of culture on personality, and commonalities across approaches. The first theory discussed in more depth is Freud's psychodynamic theory, covering its background, the structure of personality with id, ego and superego, and the psychosexual stages of development. Limitations of this theory are also evaluated.
The document discusses the properties and functions of dietary fats and lipids. It explains that fats provide energy density and are stored in adipose tissue. Dietary fats include saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols like cholesterol. Lipids play structural and functional roles in cells and as carriers of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential but must be obtained through diet.
The document discusses blood typing and genetics. It explains that the ABO blood type is determined by alleles inherited from each parent. The A and B alleles are dominant, while O is recessive. A person's genotype refers to their specific allele combination, while their phenotype is their observable blood type. Careful blood type matching between donors and recipients is important to avoid immune reactions from mismatched antigens on red blood cells.
Cardiovascular disease can manifest in the eyes through retinal vascular diseases like central retinal artery occlusion caused by emboli from the heart or carotid artery. Hypertension is a major risk factor for central retinal vein occlusion and can also cause non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. The document further discusses anatomical details of the heart and blood vessels and various ocular manifestations of hypertension in the retina like cotton wool spots, exudates, and papilledema.
The document describes the slit lamp biomicroscope, an instrument used to examine the anterior segment of the eye. It consists of an illumination system that produces a focused beam of light, an observation system using a microscope, and a mechanical system to support the patient and control the device. Various techniques can be used like diffuse illumination, retroillumination and vital staining to examine different ocular structures. Proper maintenance of the device is important to ensure optimal performance.
The digestive system is a series of tubes that transports food from the mouth to the anus. It includes organs like the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas also play important roles in digestion. As food moves through the tubes, it is broken down mechanically and chemically. Enzymes and hormones help regulate digestion. The nervous and endocrine systems control movement and secretions to efficiently break down food into nutrients that can be absorbed and used by the body.
This document discusses various aspects of accommodation including:
1. It provides background on accommodation and defines terms like amplitude of accommodation.
2. It summarizes several theories of accommodation including Helmholtz's relaxation theory and Schachar's theory.
3. It describes the accommodation pathway from visual stimuli to contraction of the ciliary muscle.
4. It outlines different types of accommodation like tonic, reflex, and convergence accommodation.
5. It discusses tests to measure amplitude of accommodation and normal values.
6. It explains accommodation response and the lag of accommodation.
Discover the benefits of homeopathic medicine for irregular periods with our guide on 5 common remedies. Learn how these natural treatments can help regulate menstrual cycles and improve overall menstrual health.
Visit Us: https://drdeepikashomeopathy.com/service/irregular-periods-treatment/
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
2. Objectives
After this lesson you should have understand the following:
• Functions of heart
• Covering of the heart
• Anatomy
• Types of chambers
• Blood circualation
• Types of valves
• Cardiac cycle
• Heart circulation
• Regualation of heart beat
• Diffusion
• Pulse and blood pressures
29. • Heart's sinus node
▪ Natural pacemaker (found in the upper
right chamber of the heart, known as the
atrium). It sends an electrical impulse to
make your heart beat
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35. • Three formations
– P wave: impulse across atria
– QRS complex: spread of impulse down septum,
around ventricles in Purkinje fibers
– T wave: end of electrical activity in ventricles
Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
41. A P wave on an electrocardiogram represents a phase of electrical
activity that causes the atria of the heart to contract.
on the
electrocardiogram
of a healthy
individual.
The P wave is the first wave found
42. • A healthy P wave is initiated in the sinoatrial
node of the right atrium.
• Action potentials generated at this node spread
throughout the atria.
• This means that the right atrium contracts
slightly earlier than the left atrium.
43. • The heart conduction pathway in the atria is
composed of the sinoatrial node,
– Thorel’s bundle
• Conducts action potentials from the SA node along
the back of the right atrium
– Wenckebach’s bundle
• Through the right side and front of the right atrium.
– Bachmann’s bundle
• Is an extension of a group of fibers that cross far
into the muscle of the left atrium.
– The atrioventricular node.
44. Pathology of the Heart
• Damage to AV node = release of ventricles
from control = slower heart beat
• Slower heart beat can lead to fibrillation
• Fibrillation = lack of blood flow to the heart
• Tachycardia = more than 100 beats/min
• Bradychardia = less than 60 beats/min
45. • Heart conduction and contraction does not
need the brain to function.
• The medulla oblongata of the brainstem
controls how quickly or slowly heart
muscle contracts
46. • Pacemaker cells should only be found at the
sinoatrial node (SAN) and atrioventricular
node (AVN).
• These cells are the captains of the cardiac
pacemaker.
• Regular (healthy) heart muscle cells do not
display automaticity;
• Ions involved in heart muscle contraction
(sodium, potassium, and calcium) are
imbalanced, regular cardiomyocytes may
also start to generate action potentials.
47. • P wave: depolarization of the atria. As
gravity helps blood to flow into the
ventricles, less muscle contraction is
required here. This is why the P wave is
smaller than the R and T waves.
• PR interval: a short pause before the QRS
complex
48. • Q wave: depolarization of the top of the
ventricular septum by the bundle of His. A
small, downward-pointing wave.
• R wave: ventricular depolarization at the
thickest part of the ventricular walls via the
bundle branches – this is why the R wave is
the biggest (more voltage is needed).
49. • S wave: depolarization in the Purkinje
fibers. Opposite curve direction to R wave
as signals travel from the bottom of the
ventricles and move upwards.
• ST-segment: time required for each
ventricle to completely depolarize (relax)
• T wave: complete repolarization
(relaxation) of the ventricles.
53. Cardiac output, cont.
• CO = HR x SV
• 5250 ml/min = 75 beats/min x 70 mls/beat
• Norm = 5000 ml/min
• Entire blood supply passes through body
once per minute.
• CO varies with demands of the body.
58. Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Decline in pumping efficiency of heart
• Inadequate circulation
• Progressive, also coronary atherosclerosis, high
blood pressure and history of multiple Myocardial
Infarctions
• Left side fails = pulmonary congestion and
suffocation
• Right side fails = peripheral congestion and edema