Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms four covalent bonds. It exists in three isotopes, two of which are stable. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen. Saturated hydrocarbons have all single bonds between carbon atoms. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can add hydrogen through addition reactions with catalysts like palladium. Saturated hydrocarbons are generally inert but can undergo substitution reactions when exposed to chlorine or sunlight. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature that is commonly known as alcohol and is used in drinks and medicines due to its solubility in water.

2. What Is Carbon ?
CARBON is the chemical element with
symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of
group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and
tetravalent—making four electrons available to
form covalent chemical bonds. There are three
naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being
stable, while 14C is radioactive

3. Factors that determine the properties of a
hydrocarbon are:
The number of carbon atoms
How the atoms are arranged:
1. Straight chain
2. Branched chain
3. Ring Or Cyclic

4. SATURATED
HYDROCARBON
UNSATURATED
HYDROCARBON

5. A Hydrocarbon is an organic
compound that contains only the
elements hydrogen and carbon.
In a saturated hydrocarbon, all the
bonds are single bonds.
Alkane is another name for a
saturated hydrocarbon.

7. NO. OF CARBON
ATOMS
NAME FORMULA STRUCTURE
1 METHANE CH4
2 ETHANE C2H6
3 PROPANE C3H8
4 BUTANE C4H10
5 PENTANE C5H12
6 HEXANE C6H14

8. ISOMERISM
An isomer is a molecule with the same molecular formula as another
molecule, but with a different chemical structure. That is, isomers
contain the same number of atoms of each element, but have
different arrangements of their atoms. Isomers do not necessarily
share similar properties, unless they also have the same functional
groups. The existence of two(or more) different organic compounds
having the same molecular formula but different structures is called
isomerism. Isomerism is possible only with hydrocarbons having 4 or
more carbon atoms, because only then we can have two or more
different arrangements of carbon atoms.

10. In organic chemistry, functional groups
are specific groups of atoms within
molecules that are responsible for the
characteristic chemical reactions of those
molecules. The same functional group will
undergo the same or similar chemical
reaction(s) regardless of the size of the
molecule it is a part of.

11. FUNCTIONAL GOUPS SUFFIX / PREFIX
& SYMBOLS
ALDEHYDE Suff – ‘al’
ALCOHOL Suff – ‘ol’
KETONE Suff–‘one’
CARBOXYLIC ACID Suff – ‘oic acid’
HALOGEN Pref – chloro , bromo, floro, iodo
SOME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

12. Unsaturated hydrocarbons add hydrogen in the presence
of catalysts such as palladium or nickel to give saturated
hydrocarbons, this process is known as addition reaction.
Catalysts are substances that cause a reaction to occur or
proceed at a different rate without the reaction itself being
affected. This reaction is commonly known used in the
hydrogenation of vegetable oils using a nickel catalyst.
Vegetable oils generally have long unsaturated carbon
chains while animal fats have saturated carbon chains.

13. Saturated hydrocarbons are fairly unreactive and
are inert in the presence of most reagents.
However, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine is
added to hydrocarbons in a very fast reaction.
Chlorine can replace hydrogen atoms one by one.
It is called a substitution reaction because one type
of atoms or a group of atoms takes the place of
another. A number of products are usually formed
with the higher homologues of alkanes.

14. Ethanol is a liquid at room temperature. It is commonly called alcohol and is the active
ingredient of all alcoholic drinks. In addition, because it is a good solvent, it is also used in
medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups, and many tonics. Ethanol is also soluble in
water in all proportions. Consumption of small quantities of dilute ethanol causes
drunkenness.
Reactions of Ethanol :-
With Sodium :- 2Na + 2𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2OH -> 2𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂− 𝑁𝑎+ + 𝐻2
Hot Conc.
With Unsaturated Hydrocarbon :-𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻 𝐶𝐻2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
The concentrated sulphuric acid can be regarded as a dehydrating agent which removes
water from ethanol.