Deoxy sugars, 6-Deoxy-hexoses
(methyl pentoses or hexomethyloses)
alpha-L-Rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose),D-Digitoxose
a component of the sugar part of Digitalis glycosides
Keller Killiane test ,DISACCHARIDES, Maltose (malt sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar) LACTULOSE, Polysaccharide
Deoxy sugars, 6-Deoxy-hexoses
(methyl pentoses or hexomethyloses)
alpha-L-Rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose),D-Digitoxose
a component of the sugar part of Digitalis glycosides
Keller Killiane test ,DISACCHARIDES, Maltose (malt sugar)
Lactose (milk sugar) LACTULOSE, Polysaccharide
Chapter No 1 : Acids, Bases and BuffersChetan Jain
This is chapter No 1 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy)
Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
A lecture I almost had to give as a 'stand-in' for one of my colleagues. Probably the fastest I've ever prepared a lecture and the first time I have taken someone else's notes and effectively given them a 'presentation make-over. Never did give it but it seems pointless having it sitting around on my hard drive.
19.1 acids, base and salts By Hamdy KarimHamdy Karim
Students will be able to compare between Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories to identify the acids and bases concept. They also will study the conjugated acids and bases in addition to the Amphoteric Substances as well!
Definition
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, or ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
They usually contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as in water (2:1). Thus the name carbohydrates indicates that these compounds are hydrates of carbon.
Carbohydrates have the general formula
Cx(H2O)Y while X = Y e.g hexoses C6(H2O)6
Chapter No 1 : Acids, Bases and BuffersChetan Jain
This is chapter No 1 of Pharmaceutical Chemistry - I for Diploma in Pharmacy (D. Pharmacy)
Details notes for Diploma in Pharmacy (D.Pharmacy) Students.
A lecture I almost had to give as a 'stand-in' for one of my colleagues. Probably the fastest I've ever prepared a lecture and the first time I have taken someone else's notes and effectively given them a 'presentation make-over. Never did give it but it seems pointless having it sitting around on my hard drive.
19.1 acids, base and salts By Hamdy KarimHamdy Karim
Students will be able to compare between Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories to identify the acids and bases concept. They also will study the conjugated acids and bases in addition to the Amphoteric Substances as well!
Definition
Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes, or ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.
They usually contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as in water (2:1). Thus the name carbohydrates indicates that these compounds are hydrates of carbon.
Carbohydrates have the general formula
Cx(H2O)Y while X = Y e.g hexoses C6(H2O)6
Biochemistry of carbohydrates_prepared_by_Drx_Raju_Yadav_2021RajYadav238
Carbohydrates, or carbs, are sugar molecules. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks. Your body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose. Glucose, or blood sugar, is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs
Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides- structure and functionDr. GURPREET SINGH
this presentation describes about the structure of carbohydrates in detail with specific reference to monosaccharides, their classification, structural component and functions
Communication
Communication skills
Communication types
Communication styles
Communication types
Communication essential skills
Communication knowledge
Communication thinking
Communication ways
Communication levels
verbal Communication
nonverbal Communication
Self Disclosure
Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adverb
Adjective
Interjection
Conjunction
Articles
Uses of Articles
Types of noun
types of pronoun
Ajective types
Adverb of time manner
adverb of place
examples of articles
.Mascular system
types
muscles
charactersitics
function of muscle
classification of muscles
sarcoplasmic organelles
structure of msucles
how to name muscle
neck muscle
intrinsic back muscle
extrinsic back muscles
anterior compartment of thih muscle
hamstring group muscles
IM injection common sites
muscular tension
software
types of software
operating system
utility software
application software
working of application of different software
examples
famous software
word
excel
powerPoint
the spectrum of anitmicrobial activity
action of antimicrobial drugs
mechanism of antibiotics action
inhibation of protein synthesis
quinolones
Antimeta metabolites
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrate literary means hydrated carbon. Carbohydrates are
composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and the ratio of hydrogen
and oxygen is the same as in water.
• Carbohydrates polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or complex
substances that on hydrolysis yield polyhdroxy aldehydes or ketones
subunits.
3. Carbohybrates or Saccharides (Sugars)
Poly hydroxy (OH) ketones orAldehydes
Hydrates of Carb on: Cm (H2O)n
C(H2O): formaldehyde
C2(H2O)2: ddiose: glycolaldehyde
C3(H2O)3: Triose
C4(H2O)4: Tetrose
C5(H2O)5: Pentose
C6(H2O)6: Hexose
• Aldose: Glucose Ketose: Fructose
4. Exceptions
• General formula: Cm (H2O)n
• Carbohydrates with different formula
• Uronic acids: C6H9O7
• Fucose: C6H12O5
• Noncarbohydrates with formula of carbohydrates
• Formaldehyde: CH2O
• Inositol: C6(H2O)6
5. Examples of Carbohydrates
• Glucose: major metabolic fuel of mammals
• Glycogen: storage; in animals
• Starch: Storage; in plants
• Cellulose: structure; in plants; in paper
• Chitin: stucture; in Arthropods
• Ribose: RNA, ATP, NAD
• Deoxyribose: DNA
• lactose: Milk
9. Class Test
• Define matter, mass, chemistry, nursing.
• Define Bohr’s and Rutherford’s model of atom.
• Define types of chemical reactions.
• Define acids and bases.
• Draw structure for: 4, 5-diethyl-5-methylocta-3-ene-1-yne
• Write IUPAC name for:
10. Monosaccharides (simplest, colorless, water
soluble, sweet, crystaline solids)
• They can be classified according to three different ways
• 1. Placement of C=O group (Aldo, Keto)
• 2. The number of Carbon atoms (tri, tetra, penta)
• 3. Chiral Carbon handedness (D, L)
• 4. rotation of plane polarized light (d, l)
11. Placement of CO group
• 1. Aldoses: Aldehyde group
• 2. Ketoses: Ketone group
12. Number of carbon atoms
• Trioses
• Tetroses
• Pentoses
• Hexoses
• Heptoses
• Octoses
• Nonoses
16. Mono and di ends in (ose)
• Mono and di also called sugars
• Blood sugar: glucose
• Table sugar: sucrose= Glucose+fructose
• Milk sugar: lactose=Galactose+glucose
• Maltose: Glucose+glucose
17. Isomerism
• In chemistry, isomers (isos = "equal", méros = "part") are compounds
with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.
• Structural Isomerism
• Stereoisomerism
32. Stereoisomerism
• Same structural formula
• but differ in spatial configuration
• With respect to the Penultimate Carbon atom
• glucose has 2 stereoisomers D-glucose and
• L-glucose
44. Fischer projection
• The Fischer projection is a two-dimensional representation of a three-
dimensional organic molecule by projection.
45. • All bonds: horizontal or vertical lines.
• carbon chain: vertical (carbon atoms in center)
• C1: top.
• In an aldose, carbon of the aldehyde: C1
• ketose the carbon of the ketone: lowest number
• horizontal bonds: toward the viewer
• vertical bonds away from the viewer.
46. Haworth projections
A Haworth projection is a common way of representing the cyclic structure of
monosaccharides with a simple three-dimensional perspective.
47. A Haworth projection has the following characteristics
• atoms numbered 1 to 6: carbon atoms.
• Carbon 1: Anomeric Carbon.
• atoms 1 to 6 have extra hydrogen atoms not depicted.
• A thicker line: closer to the observer. 2 and 3 ( OH)
• atoms 1 and 4: farther from the observer.
• 5: farthest.
• groups below the plane of the ring: equivalent to right-hand side of a
Fischer projection.
48. Cyclic isomers
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
H H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OH
-D-glucose -D-glucose
23
4
5
6
1 1
6
5
4
3 2
H
CHO
C OH
C HHO
C OHH
C OHH
CH2OH
1
5
2
3
4
6
D-glucose
(linear form)
50. Reducing sugars
• Having an aldehyde group in open chain form
• Mono: Glucose, fructose, glyceraldehyde, galactose
• Di: Lactose, Maltose
• Di: Non reducing: Sucrose, trehalose
51.
52. Functions
• Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose
• Sparing the use of proteins for energy
• Prevent breakdown of fatty acids
• Biological recognition processes
• Flavor and Sweeteners
• Dietary fiber which helps prevent constipation
• Carbohydrate is necessary for the regulation of nerve tissue and is
the source of energy for the brain.
• Polysaccharides: storage of energy (e.g., starch and glycogen),
• structural components (e.g., cellulose in plants and chitin in
arthropods).
• ribose in coenzymes (e.g., ATP, FAD, and NAD) and the backbone
of RNA.
• Deoxyribose: component of DNA.
• Heparin is used to treat and prevent blood clots from forming,
especially in the lungs and legs.
53. Chemical Properties
• Osazone formation with phenlyhydrazine
• Oxidation to carboxylic acid.
• oxidation of an aldehyde (aldose) to an aldonic acid,
• oxidation of the alcohol on the highest-numbered carbon atom to a uronic acid.
• Reduction to Alcohols
• Many aldoses, because of the aldehyde group, are reducing sugars. A number of tests for
reducing sugars, include using Fehling’s solution or Benedict’s solution. These tests are
useful to check for glucose in the urine of a diabetics
• Monosaccharides, like all alcohols, may react with acids to form esters.
• Any of the alcohol groups may react to a phosphoric acid (phosphate sugar)
• D-ribose-1-phosphate.
• The joining of two or more monosaccharides forms an oligosaccharide or a polysaccharide.
• Cyanohydrin reaction
• Lobry-de Bruyn-van Ekenstein transformation
• Amadori rearrangement
• Wohl degradation
69. Polysaccharides
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH H O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
1
6
5
4
3
1
2
amylose
cellulose
H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H H O
O H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
OHH O
O H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H H H H
1
6
5
4
3
1
2
70. H O
OH
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HH H O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
HH O
O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
O
1 4
6
H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H H O
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
H
O
1
OH
3
4
5
2
amylopectin
Glycogen is similar to amylopectin except more branching
