Antibiotics lecture
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics target bacteria and some other microorganisms. Broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria while narrow-spectrum antibiotics only target a few types. Antibiotics work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, membrane function, or nucleotide synthesis. Common side effects include diarrhea and nausea, while rare side effects include kidney stones or sensitivity to sunlight. Overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in disease-causing microbes.
Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance
Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistanceRajasthan university of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
The document discusses various molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It describes 3 main categories of resistance mechanisms: 1) preventing access to antibiotic targets through reduced permeability or increased efflux, 2) modifying antibiotic targets by genetic mutation or target protection/modification, and 3) directly inactivating antibiotics through hydrolysis or chemical modification. Recent studies have greatly expanded understanding of resistance genes and mechanisms, which can inform new drug development and clinical use of antibiotics.Antimicrobial drugs
This document provides an overview of current antibiotic drugs, organized by their mechanism of action. It begins by introducing penicillins like benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin, noting the rise of resistance. It then discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors that are combined with penicillins. The document also covers cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and other antibiotic classes. It provides examples of common drugs for each class and their typical uses. The document concludes by discussing new approaches to developing antibiotics that target bacterial virulence factors or inhibit cell surface protein secretion.
Antimicrobial agent
This document discusses different classifications and mechanisms of antimicrobial agents. It describes how antibiotics can be classified based on their chemical structure, source, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are discussed, including production of enzymes to destroy antibiotics and alterations to cell membranes or metabolic pathways. Approaches to addressing resistance include proper antibiotic usage and selection based on accurate diagnosis and susceptibility testing.
Antimicrobials
This document discusses the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs. It explains that antimicrobials work by inhibiting microbial growth and multiplication through various targets, including the cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, intermediary metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. It provides examples of specific drugs that act on these various targets, such as betalactams which inhibit cell wall synthesis, polymixins which disrupt the cell membrane, and fluoroquinolones which inhibit DNA gyrase. The document aims to describe how antimicrobials are able to selectively kill pathogens while sparing host cells.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS (Part 2)
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
Antibiotics and their mode of action ankush (2019 a109m)
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Some key antibiotics include penicillin, discovered in 1928, and streptomycin, discovered in 1944. Antibiotics act through several modes of action including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membranes, and inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes of antibiotics include beta-lactams like penicillin which inhibit cell wall synthesis, macrolides like erythromycin which inhibit ribosomal translocation, and aminoglycosides like streptomycin which bind to ribosomal subunits and inhibit translocation. Each class has distinctive producers and modes of inhibitory action on bacterial growth and reproduction.
Basic principles of chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and is used with other treatments like biological therapies, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms and kill or inhibit the growth of other organisms. Chemotherapeutic agents target parasitic cells while being innocuous to host cells by exploiting biochemical differences between the parasite and host. There are three classes of biochemical reactions in bacteria that can be targeted: class I involves energy production, class II small molecule synthesis, and class III macromolecule assembly. Differences between bacterial and human cells allow some class III reactions like peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis to be targeted.
Recommended
Antibiotics
Antibiotics target bacteria and some other microorganisms. Broad-spectrum antibiotics affect a wide range of bacteria while narrow-spectrum antibiotics only target a few types. Antibiotics work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, membrane function, or nucleotide synthesis. Common side effects include diarrhea and nausea, while rare side effects include kidney stones or sensitivity to sunlight. Overuse of antibiotics has led to increased antibiotic resistance in disease-causing microbes.
Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance
Molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistanceRajasthan university of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner
The document discusses various molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. It describes 3 main categories of resistance mechanisms: 1) preventing access to antibiotic targets through reduced permeability or increased efflux, 2) modifying antibiotic targets by genetic mutation or target protection/modification, and 3) directly inactivating antibiotics through hydrolysis or chemical modification. Recent studies have greatly expanded understanding of resistance genes and mechanisms, which can inform new drug development and clinical use of antibiotics.Antimicrobial drugs
This document provides an overview of current antibiotic drugs, organized by their mechanism of action. It begins by introducing penicillins like benzylpenicillin and amoxicillin, noting the rise of resistance. It then discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors that are combined with penicillins. The document also covers cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, macrolides, and other antibiotic classes. It provides examples of common drugs for each class and their typical uses. The document concludes by discussing new approaches to developing antibiotics that target bacterial virulence factors or inhibit cell surface protein secretion.
Antimicrobial agent
This document discusses different classifications and mechanisms of antimicrobial agents. It describes how antibiotics can be classified based on their chemical structure, source, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are discussed, including production of enzymes to destroy antibiotics and alterations to cell membranes or metabolic pathways. Approaches to addressing resistance include proper antibiotic usage and selection based on accurate diagnosis and susceptibility testing.
Antimicrobials
This document discusses the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs. It explains that antimicrobials work by inhibiting microbial growth and multiplication through various targets, including the cell wall, cell membrane, protein synthesis, intermediary metabolism, and nucleic acid metabolism. It provides examples of specific drugs that act on these various targets, such as betalactams which inhibit cell wall synthesis, polymixins which disrupt the cell membrane, and fluoroquinolones which inhibit DNA gyrase. The document aims to describe how antimicrobials are able to selectively kill pathogens while sparing host cells.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS (Part 2)
To understand the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the classification of antimicrobial drugs.
To explain the process of microbial resistance.
To understand the spread of resistant microbes.
Outlines the prevention of microbial resistance.
Antibiotics and their mode of action ankush (2019 a109m)
Antibiotics are secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. Some key antibiotics include penicillin, discovered in 1928, and streptomycin, discovered in 1944. Antibiotics act through several modes of action including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membranes, and inhibition of protein and nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes of antibiotics include beta-lactams like penicillin which inhibit cell wall synthesis, macrolides like erythromycin which inhibit ribosomal translocation, and aminoglycosides like streptomycin which bind to ribosomal subunits and inhibit translocation. Each class has distinctive producers and modes of inhibitory action on bacterial growth and reproduction.
Basic principles of chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses chemicals to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and is used with other treatments like biological therapies, hormonal therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Antibiotics are produced by microorganisms and kill or inhibit the growth of other organisms. Chemotherapeutic agents target parasitic cells while being innocuous to host cells by exploiting biochemical differences between the parasite and host. There are three classes of biochemical reactions in bacteria that can be targeted: class I involves energy production, class II small molecule synthesis, and class III macromolecule assembly. Differences between bacterial and human cells allow some class III reactions like peptidoglycan cell wall synthesis to be targeted.
Antimicrobials
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance, which is one of the most important clinical problems today. It provides definitions of key terms like antibiotics, antimicrobials, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The document also summarizes how resistance has developed and spread for certain microbes like MRSA and describes various mechanisms that bacteria use to develop resistance, such as modifying drug targets, inactivating antibiotics, or limiting drug uptake.
Antibiotics classification ppt
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including:
1) It outlines the objectives of classifying commonly used antibiotics into six major classes, understanding their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects.
2) It summarizes the key characteristics and clinical uses of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, and metronidazole.
3) It emphasizes the importance of considering pharmacokinetics and the site of infection when selecting an antibiotic to ensure it reaches the infection.
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms
This document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as when microbes become insensitive to medicines, making infections harder to treat. AMR occurs through two main mechanisms: acquired resistance, where bacteria gain resistance genes, usually through overuse of antibiotics creating selective pressure; and intrinsic resistance, where bacteria innately resist certain drug classes. Bacteria develop resistance via decreased permeability, efflux pumps, enzymatic inactivation of drugs like beta-lactamases, and modifying drug targets. Resistance can be transmitted between bacteria through mutation or mobile genetic elements like plasmids.
Sk amd
The document discusses antimicrobial drug resistance (AMDR) and the mechanisms by which microbes develop resistance to antimicrobial medications. It describes classes of AMDR including resistance to antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial drugs. Mechanisms of resistance include altering drug receptors or targets, reducing drug accumulation in cells, inactivating drugs, and developing resistant metabolic pathways. The document also summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial action, including interfering with cell wall synthesis, plasma membrane integrity, nucleic acid synthesis, ribosomal function, and folate synthesis.
Importance of antibiotics and antiseptics , its types and application in the ...
IMPORTANCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTISEPTICS , ITS TYPES AND APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY.
if found Aany mistake plz comment below
Antimicrobial Drugs
This document discusses antimicrobials and their uses. It defines antimicrobials as substances that reduce microbes like bacteria and molds. Antimicrobial drugs are classified based on the microorganisms they target or their function. Broad spectrum antimicrobials affect many types of microbes while narrow spectrum drugs target specific microbes. The document also discusses antimicrobial resistance and how microbes develop resistance. It provides streptomycin as an example antimicrobial drug, describing its discovery, mode of action in inhibiting protein synthesis, and production process. Streptomycin is derived from bacteria and was an early antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. The document concludes that while antimicrobials are useful, their overuse can lead to increased antimicrobial resistance in micro
Antibiotics - Polypepetide Antibiotics
Polypeptide antibiotics are a diverse class of natural antibiotics composed of amino acids joined by amide bonds. They are low molecular weight cationic polypeptides that act as powerful bactericidal agents against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Examples include gramicidin, bacitracin, polymyxin-B, and colistin. These antibiotics act by disrupting bacterial membranes through detergent-like and pseudophore formation mechanisms, leading to ion leakage and inactivation of endotoxins. In addition, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and novobiocin are classified as miscellaneous antibiotics that have bactericidal properties through inhibition of protein synthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis.
SAR-Systemic Acquired Resistance
This document discusses systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense mechanism that confers broad-spectrum and long-lasting protection against pathogens. SAR involves the signal molecule salicylic acid and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. It provides an alternative to hazardous chemical pesticides and has potential for sustainable agriculture. SAR is induced by necrotic pathogens and results in resistance throughout the plant via a signal transduction pathway involving salicylic acid.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics. It describes how antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microbes. It outlines several antibiotic-producing microorganisms and explains the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The document also discusses the spectrum of antimicrobial activity and lists some common side effects and safety concerns with antimicrobial use, such as toxicity, resistance, and interaction with other drugs.
Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and its mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance and describes how it can arise through mutation or acquisition of genes. It covers various mechanisms of resistance such as production of inactivating enzymes, decreased permeability, efflux pumps, and modification of drug targets. It also discusses specific examples of resistance to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Key terms related to drug-resistant organisms are defined.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins by defining antibiotics as natural substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms. It then discusses antimicrobial agents, which include both naturally obtained and synthetic drugs that can attenuate microorganisms. Finally, it defines chemotherapeutic agents as drugs designed to inhibit or kill an infecting organism with minimal effect on the recipient. The document goes on to provide details on the classification, mechanisms, principles, development and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic resistance
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...Saminathan Kayarohanam
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.Mechanism Of Resistance Of Antibiotics
mechanism of resistance of antibiotics, ESBL, b lactums, enterobactericae, metallobactums, carbapenemases, types of mechanism of resistance, history of antibiotics and resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics
1. Antimicrobial resistance arises through genetic mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.
2. Resistance genes can be acquired horizontally via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, leading to rapid spread.
3. Common resistance mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, modification or protection of antibiotic targets, and efflux pumps that pump out antibiotics.
Antibiotics resistance
Antibiotics, Antibiotics Resistance, Action of Antibiotics, Mechanism of Antibiotics Resistance, Generation of Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
The document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. It describes several key mechanisms:
1. Production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics through destruction or modification. This includes beta-lactamases that break down beta-lactam antibiotics.
2. Decreased permeability of the cell membrane, preventing antibiotic penetration.
3. Active efflux of antibiotics from the bacterial cell via efflux pumps.
4. Modification of antibiotic target sites, such as altered penicillin-binding proteins or modifications to ribosomes.
Resistance can arise through mutation or acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. Multiple resistance mechanisms can provide high-level or multidrug resistance.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
Imipenem cilastatin training
IMIPEN® 500 (imipenem/cilastatin) is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic used as empirical monotherapy for serious bacterial infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Common serious infections treated with IMIPEN® 500 in the ICU include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. It is administered intravenously in doses ranging from 500 mg to 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours, depending on infection severity and patient risk factors.
Antibiotic
This document summarizes antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how antibiotics were first coined by Waksman to refer to substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then describes the ideal properties of an antibacterial and provides classifications of antibiotics by origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic) and mechanism of action (bactericidal, bacteriostatic). The document proceeds to explain various antibiotic targets and mechanisms in depth, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, membrane synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid formation, and metabolism. It also notes common antibiotic side effects and challenges in antibiotic research and treatment.
Antibiotics ppt
- Antibiotics selectively target microbial processes without harming human host cells. Proper antibiotic use and hand hygiene have improved patient outcomes.
- Many antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit competition. Major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.
- Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis. However, antibiotic resistance has emerged through various mechanisms and poses a growing challenge.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents as chemicals that treat infectious diseases by inhibiting or killing pathogens. Ideal antimicrobial agents kill or inhibit pathogens, are not harmful to the host, cause no allergic reactions, and remain effective after storage and in tissues. The document then discusses different classes of antibiotics based on their source, mechanism of action, and targets, including cell wall synthesis inhibitors like penicillin and vancomycin, protein synthesis inhibitors like tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors like sulfonamides. It also addresses resistance acquisition through intrinsic, mutational or acquired genetic means.
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Antimicrobials
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance, which is one of the most important clinical problems today. It provides definitions of key terms like antibiotics, antimicrobials, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. The document also summarizes how resistance has developed and spread for certain microbes like MRSA and describes various mechanisms that bacteria use to develop resistance, such as modifying drug targets, inactivating antibiotics, or limiting drug uptake.
Antibiotics classification ppt
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including:
1) It outlines the objectives of classifying commonly used antibiotics into six major classes, understanding their mechanisms of action, clinical uses, and side effects.
2) It summarizes the key characteristics and clinical uses of beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, and metronidazole.
3) It emphasizes the importance of considering pharmacokinetics and the site of infection when selecting an antibiotic to ensure it reaches the infection.
Antibiotic resistance mechanisms
This document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as when microbes become insensitive to medicines, making infections harder to treat. AMR occurs through two main mechanisms: acquired resistance, where bacteria gain resistance genes, usually through overuse of antibiotics creating selective pressure; and intrinsic resistance, where bacteria innately resist certain drug classes. Bacteria develop resistance via decreased permeability, efflux pumps, enzymatic inactivation of drugs like beta-lactamases, and modifying drug targets. Resistance can be transmitted between bacteria through mutation or mobile genetic elements like plasmids.
Sk amd
The document discusses antimicrobial drug resistance (AMDR) and the mechanisms by which microbes develop resistance to antimicrobial medications. It describes classes of AMDR including resistance to antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and antibacterial drugs. Mechanisms of resistance include altering drug receptors or targets, reducing drug accumulation in cells, inactivating drugs, and developing resistant metabolic pathways. The document also summarizes the cellular and molecular mechanisms of antimicrobial action, including interfering with cell wall synthesis, plasma membrane integrity, nucleic acid synthesis, ribosomal function, and folate synthesis.
Importance of antibiotics and antiseptics , its types and application in the ...
IMPORTANCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTISEPTICS , ITS TYPES AND APPLICATION IN THE FIELD OF MICROBIOLOGY.
if found Aany mistake plz comment below
Antimicrobial Drugs
This document discusses antimicrobials and their uses. It defines antimicrobials as substances that reduce microbes like bacteria and molds. Antimicrobial drugs are classified based on the microorganisms they target or their function. Broad spectrum antimicrobials affect many types of microbes while narrow spectrum drugs target specific microbes. The document also discusses antimicrobial resistance and how microbes develop resistance. It provides streptomycin as an example antimicrobial drug, describing its discovery, mode of action in inhibiting protein synthesis, and production process. Streptomycin is derived from bacteria and was an early antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis. The document concludes that while antimicrobials are useful, their overuse can lead to increased antimicrobial resistance in micro
Antibiotics - Polypepetide Antibiotics
Polypeptide antibiotics are a diverse class of natural antibiotics composed of amino acids joined by amide bonds. They are low molecular weight cationic polypeptides that act as powerful bactericidal agents against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Examples include gramicidin, bacitracin, polymyxin-B, and colistin. These antibiotics act by disrupting bacterial membranes through detergent-like and pseudophore formation mechanisms, leading to ion leakage and inactivation of endotoxins. In addition, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, and novobiocin are classified as miscellaneous antibiotics that have bactericidal properties through inhibition of protein synthesis or bacterial cell wall synthesis.
SAR-Systemic Acquired Resistance
This document discusses systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense mechanism that confers broad-spectrum and long-lasting protection against pathogens. SAR involves the signal molecule salicylic acid and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins. It provides an alternative to hazardous chemical pesticides and has potential for sustainable agriculture. SAR is induced by necrotic pathogens and results in resistance throughout the plant via a signal transduction pathway involving salicylic acid.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs, including antibiotics. It describes how antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microbes. It outlines several antibiotic-producing microorganisms and explains the mechanisms of action of antimicrobial drugs, including inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The document also discusses the spectrum of antimicrobial activity and lists some common side effects and safety concerns with antimicrobial use, such as toxicity, resistance, and interaction with other drugs.
Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and its mechanisms. It defines antimicrobial resistance and describes how it can arise through mutation or acquisition of genes. It covers various mechanisms of resistance such as production of inactivating enzymes, decreased permeability, efflux pumps, and modification of drug targets. It also discusses specific examples of resistance to beta-lactams, glycopeptides, and antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis. Key terms related to drug-resistant organisms are defined.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins by defining antibiotics as natural substances produced by microorganisms that suppress or kill other microorganisms. It then discusses antimicrobial agents, which include both naturally obtained and synthetic drugs that can attenuate microorganisms. Finally, it defines chemotherapeutic agents as drugs designed to inhibit or kill an infecting organism with minimal effect on the recipient. The document goes on to provide details on the classification, mechanisms, principles, development and prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
Antibiotic resistance
Relative or complete lack of effect of antimicrobial agent against a previously susceptible microbe/pathogen.
It is an evolutionary principal that organism adopt genetically to change in their environment.
since the doubling time of bacteria can be as short as 20 mnt, there may be many generations in even a few hours, providing ample opportunity for evolutionary adaptation.
The phenomenon of resistance imposes serious constraints on the options available for the treatment of many bacterial infections.
The resistance to chemotherapeutic agents can also develop in protozoa, in multicellular parasites and in population of malignant cells.
Today there are different strains of S. aureus resistant to almost every form of antibiotic in use.
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...
12.COMPREHENSIVE OFANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY ( CLASSIFICATION AND...Saminathan Kayarohanam
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AAC) features interdisciplinary studies that build our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic applications of antimicrobial and antiparasitic agents and chemotherapy.Mechanism Of Resistance Of Antibiotics
mechanism of resistance of antibiotics, ESBL, b lactums, enterobactericae, metallobactums, carbapenemases, types of mechanism of resistance, history of antibiotics and resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics
1. Antimicrobial resistance arises through genetic mutations and the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria.
2. Resistance genes can be acquired horizontally via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, leading to rapid spread.
3. Common resistance mechanisms include enzymatic inactivation of antibiotics, modification or protection of antibiotic targets, and efflux pumps that pump out antibiotics.
Antibiotics resistance
Antibiotics, Antibiotics Resistance, Action of Antibiotics, Mechanism of Antibiotics Resistance, Generation of Antibiotics
Antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of action 2
The document discusses antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria. It describes several key mechanisms:
1. Production of enzymes that inactivate antibiotics through destruction or modification. This includes beta-lactamases that break down beta-lactam antibiotics.
2. Decreased permeability of the cell membrane, preventing antibiotic penetration.
3. Active efflux of antibiotics from the bacterial cell via efflux pumps.
4. Modification of antibiotic target sites, such as altered penicillin-binding proteins or modifications to ribosomes.
Resistance can arise through mutation or acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. Multiple resistance mechanisms can provide high-level or multidrug resistance.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
Imipenem cilastatin training
IMIPEN® 500 (imipenem/cilastatin) is a broad-spectrum carbapenem antibiotic used as empirical monotherapy for serious bacterial infections in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. It is effective against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. Common serious infections treated with IMIPEN® 500 in the ICU include pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and urinary tract infections. It is administered intravenously in doses ranging from 500 mg to 1000 mg every 6 to 8 hours, depending on infection severity and patient risk factors.
Antibiotic
This document summarizes antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It discusses how antibiotics were first coined by Waksman to refer to substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then describes the ideal properties of an antibacterial and provides classifications of antibiotics by origin (natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic) and mechanism of action (bactericidal, bacteriostatic). The document proceeds to explain various antibiotic targets and mechanisms in depth, including inhibition of cell wall synthesis, membrane synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid formation, and metabolism. It also notes common antibiotic side effects and challenges in antibiotic research and treatment.
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Importance of antibiotics and antiseptics , its types and application in the ...
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Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.
Similar to Antibiotics lecture
Antibiotics ppt
- Antibiotics selectively target microbial processes without harming human host cells. Proper antibiotic use and hand hygiene have improved patient outcomes.
- Many antibiotics are naturally produced by bacteria and fungi to inhibit competition. Major classes include penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides.
- Antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall, protein, or nucleic acid synthesis. However, antibiotic resistance has emerged through various mechanisms and poses a growing challenge.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents as chemicals that treat infectious diseases by inhibiting or killing pathogens. Ideal antimicrobial agents kill or inhibit pathogens, are not harmful to the host, cause no allergic reactions, and remain effective after storage and in tissues. The document then discusses different classes of antibiotics based on their source, mechanism of action, and targets, including cell wall synthesis inhibitors like penicillin and vancomycin, protein synthesis inhibitors like tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors like sulfonamides. It also addresses resistance acquisition through intrinsic, mutational or acquired genetic means.
Antibiotics 091009034052-phpapp01
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It defines antimicrobial agents as chemicals that treat infectious diseases by inhibiting or killing pathogens. Ideal qualities of antimicrobial agents are listed. Antibiotics are defined as substances derived from microorganisms or produced synthetically that destroy or limit microbial growth. Various classifications of antibiotics are described based on their source, spectrum of activity, route of administration, and mechanism of action. The major mechanisms of action discussed are inhibition of cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. Bacterial resistance both intrinsic and acquired is also summarized.
Antibiotics Gen
Antibiotics are metabolites produced by organisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other organisms. There are several classes of antibiotics that work through different mechanisms such as inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis. Resistance can develop when antibiotics are overused or misused, allowing bacteria to mutate or acquire resistance genes. Proper use and preventing overuse can help reduce antibiotic resistance.
Antimicrobial Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of antimicrobial drugs and antibiotic resistance. It defines key terms like antimicrobials, antibiotics, and describes different classes of antibiotics including their mechanisms of action and examples. It discusses factors that influence the effectiveness of antibiotics like spectrum of activity, toxicity and resistance development. It differentiates between acquired and intrinsic antibiotic resistance, and lists factors like overuse/misuse of drugs, poor infection control and inappropriate antibiotic usage as major causes of acquired antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotics and its mechanism of action
Antibiotics are chemical substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They can be classified based on their source (natural, semisynthetic, synthetic), spectrum of activity (broad or narrow), or mechanism of action. Common mechanisms include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and cell membrane function. Examples provided include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, and metronidazole.
vsv6
Antibiotics can be categorized based on their mechanism of action, including those that inhibit protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, and metabolism. Protein synthesis inhibitors include antibiotics that bind to the 30S or 50S ribosomal subunits, such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors include rifampin which inhibits RNA polymerase and quinolones which inhibit DNA gyrase. Antimetabolites like sulfonamides and trimethoprim inhibit steps in folic acid synthesis. Resistance can develop through various mechanisms such as altering the antibiotic target, inhibiting drug influx/efflux, or enzymatic inactivation.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy & bacterial resistance dr. ihsan alsaimary
This document discusses antimicrobial chemotherapy and antibiotic principles. It covers the major classes of antibiotics including cell wall active agents, protein synthesis inhibitors, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, and metabolic pathway inhibitors. It describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and common resistance mechanisms. Key points covered include the importance of appropriate antibiotic usage to prevent resistance, factors influencing antibiotic choice, and definitions of antibiotic properties.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy & bacterial resistance dr. ihsan alsaimary
This document discusses antimicrobial chemotherapy and antibiotic resistance. It provides definitions and principles related to antimicrobial agents, including their spectrum of activity, mechanisms of action against bacteria, and factors that influence antibiotic choice. The document addresses various classes of antibiotics like beta-lactams, glycopeptides, macrolides and their mechanisms. It also discusses concepts like minimum inhibitory concentration, combination therapy, and factors that can accelerate the development of antibiotic resistance.
Antimicrobial chemotherapy & bacterial resistance dr. ihsan alsaimary
This document discusses antimicrobial chemotherapy and antibiotic principles. It covers the major classes of antibiotics including cell wall active agents, protein synthesis inhibitors, nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors, and metabolic pathway inhibitors. It describes their mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and common resistance mechanisms. Key points covered include the importance of appropriate antibiotic usage to prevent resistance, factors influencing antibiotic choice, and definitions of antibiotic properties.
Antibiotics
This document discusses antimicrobial agents and antibiotic resistance. It defines antimicrobial agents as chemicals that treat infectious diseases by inhibiting or killing pathogens. Ideal antimicrobial agents kill or inhibit pathogens without harming the host. The document then discusses different classes of antibiotics including their sources, mechanisms of action, and examples. It covers antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, cell membrane function, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid synthesis. The document concludes by discussing intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in bacteria.
DOC-20240211-WA0014..pdf
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. It describes five main mechanisms: inhibition of cell wall synthesis, inhibition of cell membrane function, inhibition of protein synthesis, and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis. For each mechanism, it provides examples of antibiotic classes that act through that mechanism, such as beta-lactams that inhibit cell wall synthesis and aminoglycosides that inhibit protein synthesis. It also describes the sources, spectra of activity, and modes of action for many individual antibiotic drugs.
Antibiotics lecture may 2010
This document summarizes various topics related to antimicrobial drugs, including:
- A brief history of antimicrobial drug discovery from Paul Ehrlich's discovery of Salvarsan 606 to treat syphilis to the discovery of sulfa drugs and penicillin.
- Key terminology used to describe antimicrobial drugs and their mechanisms of action, including categories like bacteriostatic, bactericidal, broad spectrum, narrow spectrum, and synergism.
- The main mechanisms of action that antibiotics use to kill or inhibit bacteria, including disrupting cell walls, inhibiting protein synthesis, and inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis.
- Examples of major classes of antibiotics that act through these different mechanisms, such as penicillins
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antibiotics, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action, and principles of administration. It discusses how antibiotics are classified based on their targets in bacteria and spectra of activity. Common antibiotics are also reviewed, along with how bacteria can develop resistance through modifications to antibiotic targets, altered uptake or efflux, and antibiotic inactivation through enzymes. Proper dosing, timing, route, and monitoring of patients are important to achieve the desired therapeutic effects of antibiotics.
Antibiotics, short notes on antibiotics...
Antibiotics are natural compounds produced by microorganisms that inhibit the growth of other microorganisms. They can be classified as bactericidal, killing bacteria, or bacteriostatic, preventing bacterial multiplication. Antibiotics exhibit selective toxicity by targeting microbes without harming host cells. Common mechanisms of action include inhibition of cell wall synthesis, alteration of cell membranes, inhibition of protein synthesis, and inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis.
Pharma 4
Anti-infective agents are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. Paul Ehrlich was the first scientist to develop a synthetic chemical with this property in the 1920s. Anti-infectives work by interfering with microbial cell walls, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, or cell membranes. Their goal is to reduce microbial populations to levels the immune system can handle. Microbes can develop resistance by modifying drug targets or transport mechanisms. Careful dosing and limiting inappropriate use can help prevent resistance.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antimicrobials (also known as antibiotics). It defines antimicrobials and discusses their classification as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The document outlines the history of antimicrobial discovery and discusses their sources, selective toxicity, and modes of action. Key topics covered include the classification of antibiotics based on chemical structure and mechanism of action, as well as details on specific classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and others.
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The document discusses anti-infective agents, which are drugs designed to selectively target and kill invading microorganisms without harming the host's cells. It provides a brief history of anti-infective development and outlines several mechanisms of action, including interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA synthesis. The document also discusses anti-infective classification, acquiring resistance, treatment considerations, antibiotic classes, and specific aminoglycoside antibiotics.
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The Ultimate Guide in Setting Up Market Research System in Health-Tech
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"Market Research it too text-booky, I am in the market for a decade, I am living research book" this is what the founder I met on the event claimed, few of my colleagues rolled their eyes. Its true that one cannot over look the real life experience, but one cannot out beat structured gold mine of market research.
Many 0 to 1 startup founders often overlook market research, but this critical step can make or break a venture, especially in health tech.
But Why do they skip it?
Limited resources—time, money, and manpower—are common culprits.
"In fact, a survey by CB Insights found that 42% of startups fail due to no market need, which is like building a spaceship to Mars only to realise you forgot the fuel."
Sudharsan Srinivasan
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Overconfidence in their product’s success leads founders to assume it will naturally find its market, especially in health tech where patient needs, entire system issues and regulatory requirements are as complex as trying to perform brain surgery with a butter knife. Additionally, the pressure to launch quickly and the belief in their own intuition further contribute to this oversight. Yet, thorough market research in health tech could be the key to transforming a startup's vision into a life-saving reality, instead of a medical mishap waiting to happen.
Example of Market Research working
Innovaccer, founded by Abhinav Shashank in 2014, focuses on improving healthcare delivery through data-driven insights and interoperability solutions. Before launching their platform, Innovaccer conducted extensive market research to understand the challenges faced by healthcare organizations and the potential for innovation in healthcare IT.
Identifying Pain Points: Innovaccer surveyed healthcare providers to understand their difficulties with data integration, care coordination, and patient engagement. They found widespread frustration with siloed systems and inefficient workflows.
Competitive Analysis: Analyzed competitors offering similar solutions in healthcare analytics and interoperability. Identified gaps in comprehensive data aggregation, real-time analytics, and actionable insights.
Regulatory Compliance: Ensured their platform complied with HIPAA and other healthcare data privacy regulations. This compliance was crucial to gaining trust from healthcare providers wary of data security issues.
Customer Validation: Conducted pilot programs with several healthcare organizations to validate the platform's effectiveness in improving care outcomes and operational efficiency. Gathered feedback to refine features and user interface.
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How to effectively start market research in the health tech industry by defining objectives, crafting problem statements, selecting methods, identifying data collection sources, and setting clear timelines. This guide covers all the preliminary steps needed to lay a strong foundation for your research.
This lays foundation of scoping research project what are the
Before embarking on a research project, especially one aimed at scoping and defining parameters like the one described for health tech IT, several crucial considerations should be addressed. Here’s a comprehensive guide covering key aspects to ensure a well-structured and successful research initiative:
1. Define Research Objectives and Scope
Clear Objectives: Define specific goals such as understanding market needs, identifying new opportunities, assessing risks, or refining pricing strategies.
Scope Definition: Clearly outline the boundaries of the research in terms of geographical focus, target demographics (e.g., age, socio-economic status), and industry sectors (e.g., healthcare IT).
3. Review Existing Literature and Resources
Literature Review: Conduct a thorough review of existing research, market reports, and relevant literature to build foundational knowledge.
Gap Analysis: Identify gaps in existing knowledge or areas where further exploration is needed.
4. Select Research Methodology and Tools
Methodological Approach: Choose appropriate research methods such as surveys, interviews, focus groups, or data analytics.
Tools and Resources: Select tools like Google Forms for surveys, analytics platforms (e.g., SimilarWeb, Statista), and expert consultations.
5. Ethical Considerations and Compliance
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Data Privacy: Implement measures to protect participant confidentiality and adhere to data protection regulations (e.g., GDPR, HIPAA).
6. Budget and Resource Allocation
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Contingency Planning: Anticipate and plan for unforeseen challenges or adjustments to the research plan.
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Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
Health Tech Market Intelligence Prelim Questions -
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdf
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES FOR CHILDREN.pdf
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Management of Post Operative Pain: to make doctors conscious about the benefi...
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near You
Fit to Fly PCR Covid Testing at our Clinic Near You
India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]
India Home Healthcare Market: Driving Forces and Disruptive Trends [2029]
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...
India Medical Devices Market: Size, Share, and In-Depth Competitive Analysis ...
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...
Solution manual for managerial accounting 18th edition by ray garrison eric n...
nurs fpx 4050 assessment 4 final care coordination plan.pdf
nurs fpx 4050 assessment 4 final care coordination plan.pdf
Data-Driven Dispensing- Rise of AI in Pharmacies.pdf
Data-Driven Dispensing- Rise of AI in Pharmacies.pdf
Antibiotics lecture
- 1. Emaneini M. PhD. The Spectrum of Antimicrobial Activity Narrow spectrum (limited spectrum) Antimicrobials effective against a (limited spectrum) of microbial types A drug effective on G+ or G- bacteria Broad spectrum (extended spectrum) Antimicrobials effective against a (extended spectrum) wide variety of microbial types A drug effective against both G+& G- bacteria
- 2. Emaneini M. PhD. The Action of Antimicrobial Drugs Bactericidal Kill microbes directly Bacteriostatic Prevent microbes from growing
- 3. Emaneini M. PhD. Mechanisms of Antibiotics Action
- 4. Emaneini M. PhD. 1- Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis 2- Injuring the Plasma Membrane 3- Inhibition of Protein Synthesis 4- Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 5- Inhibiting the Synthesis of Essential Metabolites Mechanisms of Antibiotics Action
- 5. Emaneini M. PhD. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Transpeptidases, Carboxypeptidases, Transglycosylases Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs( β-Lactam antibiotics: generally are bactericidal agents
- 6. Emaneini M. PhD. 1- Beta-Lactam Antibiotics Penicillins Cephalosporins 2- Glycopeptides Vancomycin 3- Lipopeptides Daptomycin 4- Polypeptides Bacitracin Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis
- 7. Emaneini M. PhD. Inhibition of Cell Wall Synthesis Isoniazid, Ethionamide, Ethambutol, & Cycloserine Used for the treatment of mycobacterial infections Isoniazid Isonicotinic acid hydrazide [INH]) Bactericidal; Blocks mycolic acid synthesis Ethionamide Derivative of INH Blocks mycolic acid synthesis Ethambutol Interferes with the synthesis of arabinogalactan in the cell wall Cycloserine Inhibits D-alanine-Dalanine synthetase & Alanine racemase
- 8. Emaneini M. PhD. Injuring the Plasma Membrane 1- Lipopeptides Daptomycin 2- Polypeptides Polymyxins
- 9. Emaneini M. PhD. Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
- 10. Emaneini M. PhD. Chloramphenicol Broad spectrum Bacteriostatic Blocking peptide elongation Binding reversibly to the peptidyl transferase (50S) Only for the treatment of typhoid fever Can produce aplastic anemia (1 per 24,000 treated patients) Resistance: plasmid-encoded chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- 11. Emaneini M. PhD. Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis 1- Quinolones 2- Rifampin 3- Metronidazole
- 12. Emaneini M. PhD. Synthetic Inhibit bacterial DNA gyrases (II) or topoisomerases (IV) Nalidixic acid Fluoroquinolones: Ciprofloxacin Levofloxacin Gatifloxacin Resistance: mutations in chromosomal genes of DNA gyrases (II) or topoisomerases (IV) Quinolones
- 13. Emaneini M. PhD. Antimetabolites Sulfonamides Preventing the synthesis of the folic acid Compete with p-aminobenzoic acid Mammalian organisms do not synthesize folic acid Treatment of Nocardia, Chlamydia, & some protozoa infections Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Sulfisoxazole R Group