Blood Collection Tube,ubi.
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phlebotomy different types of tubes used for blood specimen, uses advantages and disadvantages of different tubes.
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quality control in blood banking
Quality assurance in blood banking involves implementing quality control checks at various stages of the blood collection and processing process. This includes donor screening, blood collection following aseptic techniques, proper storage and labeling of blood components, sterility testing, equipment calibration, and testing blood components for key attributes like volume and factors. Regular internal and external quality audits help ensure standards are maintained.
Blood collection
This document provides guidelines for routine venipuncture and specimen handling. It describes the venipuncture procedure, including patient preparation, vein selection, order of draw, labeling samples, and troubleshooting incomplete collections. It also lists the additive, function, and uses of various colored collection tube types, such as red top for chemistries, gold top for serum separation, and purple top for complete blood counts. Complications like hematomas are addressed.
Phlebotomy
This document provides information about the objectives and theory of phlebotomy. It discusses what phlebotomy is, the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, and related anatomy and physiology. It also covers important topics like professionalism, safety, equipment used, and procedures for collecting blood. Phlebotomists must properly identify patients, take safety precautions, position the patient, locate a vein, and collect blood samples while maintaining patient comfort and confidentiality.
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This document provides information and guidelines on blood specimen collection through venipuncture. It discusses identifying patients, preparing the collection site and equipment, performing the venipuncture using proper technique, and handling and processing the specimens. Specific topics covered include selecting appropriate vein sites, using tourniquets and antiseptics, avoiding complications, and processing and storing specimens according to their test requirements. The goal is to provide high quality specimens by following standard procedures.
Microbiology of the GIT , Abdallh dwayat.pdf
1. The document discusses Gram-negative rods related to the enteric tract, including E. coli, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and others.
2. It covers the major clinical manifestations of enteric infections like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
3. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric bacteria involves using differential and selective media like MacConkey agar and Eosin methylene blue agar to differentiate lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. Tests like triple sugar iron agar also help identify bacteria.
Microscopic examination of urine
This document discusses microscopic examination of urine sediment. It describes how to prepare and examine a urine sample under the microscope. The deposits seen are divided into organic and inorganic categories. Organic deposits include cells, casts, crystals and other abnormal elements. Common cell types like red blood cells, white blood cells and epithelial cells are described. Different types of casts are defined along with their clinical significance. Various crystals that may be present in normal and abnormal urine are also outlined.
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The document describes the organizational divisions and sections within a clinical laboratory. It outlines the departments of pathology, including anatomical pathology, cytology, histology, cytogenetics, and clinical pathology. The clinical pathology department contains sections for hematology, chemistry, blood bank, serology, microbiology, and urinalysis. Each section is described in terms of its functions, common tests performed, and specimen requirements. The document also discusses laboratory personnel roles and requirements.
Collection of blood for transfusion
The document provides instructions for drawing blood from donors. It states that donors must be healthy and comfortable, and the skin where blood will be drawn must be thoroughly cleaned. It also notes that blood is drawn into bottles or bags containing an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting, and several safety and quality control procedures are followed before and after drawing blood.
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quality control in blood banking
Quality assurance in blood banking involves implementing quality control checks at various stages of the blood collection and processing process. This includes donor screening, blood collection following aseptic techniques, proper storage and labeling of blood components, sterility testing, equipment calibration, and testing blood components for key attributes like volume and factors. Regular internal and external quality audits help ensure standards are maintained.
Blood collection
This document provides guidelines for routine venipuncture and specimen handling. It describes the venipuncture procedure, including patient preparation, vein selection, order of draw, labeling samples, and troubleshooting incomplete collections. It also lists the additive, function, and uses of various colored collection tube types, such as red top for chemistries, gold top for serum separation, and purple top for complete blood counts. Complications like hematomas are addressed.
Phlebotomy
This document provides information about the objectives and theory of phlebotomy. It discusses what phlebotomy is, the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, and related anatomy and physiology. It also covers important topics like professionalism, safety, equipment used, and procedures for collecting blood. Phlebotomists must properly identify patients, take safety precautions, position the patient, locate a vein, and collect blood samples while maintaining patient comfort and confidentiality.
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This document provides information and guidelines on blood specimen collection through venipuncture. It discusses identifying patients, preparing the collection site and equipment, performing the venipuncture using proper technique, and handling and processing the specimens. Specific topics covered include selecting appropriate vein sites, using tourniquets and antiseptics, avoiding complications, and processing and storing specimens according to their test requirements. The goal is to provide high quality specimens by following standard procedures.
Microbiology of the GIT , Abdallh dwayat.pdf
1. The document discusses Gram-negative rods related to the enteric tract, including E. coli, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, and others.
2. It covers the major clinical manifestations of enteric infections like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.
3. Laboratory diagnosis of enteric bacteria involves using differential and selective media like MacConkey agar and Eosin methylene blue agar to differentiate lactose fermenters from non-fermenters. Tests like triple sugar iron agar also help identify bacteria.
Microscopic examination of urine
This document discusses microscopic examination of urine sediment. It describes how to prepare and examine a urine sample under the microscope. The deposits seen are divided into organic and inorganic categories. Organic deposits include cells, casts, crystals and other abnormal elements. Common cell types like red blood cells, white blood cells and epithelial cells are described. Different types of casts are defined along with their clinical significance. Various crystals that may be present in normal and abnormal urine are also outlined.
The clinical laboratory
The document describes the organizational divisions and sections within a clinical laboratory. It outlines the departments of pathology, including anatomical pathology, cytology, histology, cytogenetics, and clinical pathology. The clinical pathology department contains sections for hematology, chemistry, blood bank, serology, microbiology, and urinalysis. Each section is described in terms of its functions, common tests performed, and specimen requirements. The document also discusses laboratory personnel roles and requirements.
Collection of blood for transfusion
The document provides instructions for drawing blood from donors. It states that donors must be healthy and comfortable, and the skin where blood will be drawn must be thoroughly cleaned. It also notes that blood is drawn into bottles or bags containing an anticoagulant solution to prevent clotting, and several safety and quality control procedures are followed before and after drawing blood.
Blood component separation
Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and frozen plasma which are useful for different medical purposes. Whole blood is rarely used now due to the risk of volume overload. The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, detects the presence of antibodies and can be performed directly on a patient's red blood cells or indirectly by incubating their serum with donor red blood cells. A positive result in either test indicates the presence of antibodies.
Phlebotomy
The document provides an overview of phlebotomy, including the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, safety precautions for handling blood and needles, anatomy related to blood collection, equipment used in blood collection, and proper procedures for collecting blood samples from patients. It describes the importance of identifying patients correctly, taking standard precautions, and positioning patients comfortably to facilitate successful blood draws with minimal risk of complications or exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
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This document discusses quality assurance in blood banking. It outlines that quality is an ongoing process involving planning, doing, checking, and acting in a continuous cycle. Quality control ensures processes, procedures, and products meet requirements through consistency checks. Blood banking requires separate areas for donor selection, collection, processing, storage, and laboratory and auxiliary facilities. Quality requirements involve quality control testing, audits, personnel organization, premises/equipment/materials, documentation, processing, complaints/recalls, and investigating errors/accidents.
Vacutainer and anticoagulant ss
Vacuum collection tubes are used to draw blood samples. They contain a partial vacuum and various additives depending on the required test. Common additives include anticoagulants to prevent clotting for tests like CBCs, or gels and clot activators for tests needing serum. It is important to fill each tube completely to ensure proper mixing of blood and additives for accurate results. Tube stoppers are color coded to indicate their additive for tests like coagulation, blood banking, or chemistries. Needles must be disposed of properly in sharps containers after use.
Routine lab tests
Routine lab tests provide important health information. Some common tests include:
- A complete blood count evaluates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It screens for anemia and infection.
- Blood chemistries analyze chemical substances like electrolytes, kidney and liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and blood glucose. This provides insights into organ function.
- Additional tests like coagulation profiles and hormonal assays evaluate risks of bleeding, metabolic conditions, and pregnancy.
Together, routine lab tests form a baseline of a person's health and can detect early signs of disease if values are outside normal ranges.
Blood transfusionpresentation
A blood transfusion is the administration of blood or blood components into a patient's circulatory system through an intravenous line. The main purposes are to restore blood volume, replace clotting factors, improve oxygen carrying capacity, and restore depleted blood elements. Indications for transfusion include significant blood loss, anemia, low platelet count, and coagulation disorders. Whole blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Other blood products administered include packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and albumin. Nurses monitor patients during and after transfusion for signs of reactions and ensure documentation of the procedure.
Blood Collection Tubes
Blood collection tubes also know as vacutainer tubes or phlebotomy tubes, are sterile tubes use to collect and transport blood specimens for medical testing or analysis. They are design to draw and store a specific volume of blood, usually ranging from 2-10 milliliters, depending on the type of tube used and the intended application.
Making a 3 5% rbc suspension
Washed red blood cell suspensions are prepared to remove plasma proteins that could interfere with antigen-antibody reactions during blood typing tests. The red blood cells are separated from whole blood via centrifugation and washed with saline to remove plasma. This helps remove soluble antigens, interfering proteins, and substances that could cause false positive reactions. The washed red blood cells are then suspended in saline at a 3-5% concentration for use in blood typing tests.
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This document summarizes different types of blood collection tubes containing various anticoagulants or clot activators. It describes the color-coded tube caps and additive in each tube and their main uses. Common tubes discussed include purple top for hematology tests, red top for serum tests, light blue top for coagulation tests, and green top for tests requiring plasma. The document provides details on anticoagulants like EDTA, sodium citrate, and oxalates, and how they work to preserve blood components for various laboratory analyses.
Specimen collection and transport Dr.Ashna Ajimsha
Specimen collection and transport
Dr.Ashna Ajimsha
PG Resident
Department of Microbiology
SGMC & RF
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This document provides information on different types of blood collection tubes including their purposes and contents. It discusses EDTA tubes which are used for complete blood counts and DNA isolation, citrate tubes which contain citrate and are used for prothrombin time tests, heparin tubes coated with heparin for karyotyping, gel tubes which separate plasma or serum from cells, plain red vials which separate serum after clot formation, and grey glucose vials containing sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose consumption during processing. It emphasizes the importance of inverting tubes to mix anticoagulants and lists the recommended order of blood draw.
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Blood Collection tubes.pptx
This document discusses the common types of blood collection test tubes used in hospitals. It explains that red top tubes contain silica clot activators and are used for serum tests like cholesterol and liver enzymes. Purple top tubes contain anticoagulants and are used for blood and fluid cultures. Blue top tubes contain sodium citrate to prevent clotting and are used for coagulation tests. Green top tubes contain heparin and are used for chemistry tests. Lavender top tubes contain EDTA and are used for hematology tests. Gray top tubes contain sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose breakdown and are used for chemistry tests like glucose. The document stresses that the proper test tube must be chosen according to the diagnostic
Clinical laboratory basic
The clinical lab provides diagnostic test data to aid in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of disease. The lab is responsible for correct identification, collection and processing of patient specimens, accurate performance of testing, timely reporting of results, and communication with healthcare professionals. There are six main steps in how a sample flows through the lab: 1) test is ordered, 2) sample is collected, 3) sample is delivered to the lab, 4) sample is processed, 5) sample is analyzed, and 6) results are reported. Common specimen types include blood, urine, body fluids, sputum, stool, and tissue samples.
Blood collection and anticoagulants
The document discusses different methods of blood collection including capillary, venous, and arterial blood. It describes the equipment and procedures used to collect blood via these methods and the tests that each type is suited for. The document also outlines the various anticoagulants used in blood collection tubes, including EDTA, citrate, heparin, oxalate, and their mechanisms and uses. Finally, it addresses the order that tubes should be drawn in and storage of blood in blood banks.
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Blood transfusion is a medical procedure where blood or blood components are transferred from one person into the circulatory system of another. There are several types of blood transfusion including allogeneic where the donor and recipient are different people, and autogenic where a person receives their own previously donated blood. The blood transfusion procedure involves verifying the blood type, obtaining consent, administering the transfusion, and monitoring for any complications. Potential complications include transfusion reactions if the blood is mismatched, infections transmitted through the blood, and issues that can arise from using faulty techniques or giving massive amounts of blood.
Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
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The AutoAnalyzer is an automated analyzer that uses continuous flow analysis, invented in 1957. It has five main parts: the sample pump, mixing chamber, incubator bath, and detector. AutoAnalyzers were mainly used for routine medical and industrial analyses to increase throughput. While still used for some applications, most instruments are now used industrially and for environmental work.
Blood collection tube with color heads
This document describes different types of blood collection tubes used in phlebotomy and their purposes. It discusses tubes containing various anticoagulants such as EDTA, sodium citrate, and sodium heparin that are used for hematology and coagulation tests. It also describes serum separator tubes containing silica and gel that are used for biochemical and other tests requiring separated serum. The document provides examples of common tests performed using each type of tube.
Sample bottles.
The document provides information on the various colored blood collection tubes used in laboratories, including their common tests and proper usage. It discusses the purple, pink, blue, yellow, grey, red, dark green, and light green tubes, listing their additives, most common tests, and tips for proper collection techniques. While laboratory preferences may vary, this provides guidance on matching tests to the correct anticoagulated tube.
Sample bottles.
This document provides information about different colored blood collection tubes and their uses. It discusses the purposes and additives of purple, pink, blue, yellow, grey, and red tubes. The purple, pink, and blue tubes contain anticoagulants and are used for hematology and coagulation tests. The yellow, grey, and red tubes are used for biochemical and other serum-based tests. It provides examples of common tests performed using each tube type and tips for proper sample collection and handling.
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Blood can be separated into components like red blood cells, platelets, cryoprecipitate, and frozen plasma which are useful for different medical purposes. Whole blood is rarely used now due to the risk of volume overload. The Coombs test, also known as the antiglobulin test, detects the presence of antibodies and can be performed directly on a patient's red blood cells or indirectly by incubating their serum with donor red blood cells. A positive result in either test indicates the presence of antibodies.
Phlebotomy
The document provides an overview of phlebotomy, including the roles and responsibilities of phlebotomists, safety precautions for handling blood and needles, anatomy related to blood collection, equipment used in blood collection, and proper procedures for collecting blood samples from patients. It describes the importance of identifying patients correctly, taking standard precautions, and positioning patients comfortably to facilitate successful blood draws with minimal risk of complications or exposure to blood-borne pathogens.
Quality assurance in blood banking
This document discusses quality assurance in blood banking. It outlines that quality is an ongoing process involving planning, doing, checking, and acting in a continuous cycle. Quality control ensures processes, procedures, and products meet requirements through consistency checks. Blood banking requires separate areas for donor selection, collection, processing, storage, and laboratory and auxiliary facilities. Quality requirements involve quality control testing, audits, personnel organization, premises/equipment/materials, documentation, processing, complaints/recalls, and investigating errors/accidents.
Vacutainer and anticoagulant ss
Vacuum collection tubes are used to draw blood samples. They contain a partial vacuum and various additives depending on the required test. Common additives include anticoagulants to prevent clotting for tests like CBCs, or gels and clot activators for tests needing serum. It is important to fill each tube completely to ensure proper mixing of blood and additives for accurate results. Tube stoppers are color coded to indicate their additive for tests like coagulation, blood banking, or chemistries. Needles must be disposed of properly in sharps containers after use.
Routine lab tests
Routine lab tests provide important health information. Some common tests include:
- A complete blood count evaluates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It screens for anemia and infection.
- Blood chemistries analyze chemical substances like electrolytes, kidney and liver enzymes, lipid profiles, and blood glucose. This provides insights into organ function.
- Additional tests like coagulation profiles and hormonal assays evaluate risks of bleeding, metabolic conditions, and pregnancy.
Together, routine lab tests form a baseline of a person's health and can detect early signs of disease if values are outside normal ranges.
Blood transfusionpresentation
A blood transfusion is the administration of blood or blood components into a patient's circulatory system through an intravenous line. The main purposes are to restore blood volume, replace clotting factors, improve oxygen carrying capacity, and restore depleted blood elements. Indications for transfusion include significant blood loss, anemia, low platelet count, and coagulation disorders. Whole blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Other blood products administered include packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and albumin. Nurses monitor patients during and after transfusion for signs of reactions and ensure documentation of the procedure.
Blood Collection Tubes
Blood collection tubes also know as vacutainer tubes or phlebotomy tubes, are sterile tubes use to collect and transport blood specimens for medical testing or analysis. They are design to draw and store a specific volume of blood, usually ranging from 2-10 milliliters, depending on the type of tube used and the intended application.
Making a 3 5% rbc suspension
Washed red blood cell suspensions are prepared to remove plasma proteins that could interfere with antigen-antibody reactions during blood typing tests. The red blood cells are separated from whole blood via centrifugation and washed with saline to remove plasma. This helps remove soluble antigens, interfering proteins, and substances that could cause false positive reactions. The washed red blood cells are then suspended in saline at a 3-5% concentration for use in blood typing tests.
Anticoagulant and Blood Collecting Tubes
This document summarizes different types of blood collection tubes containing various anticoagulants or clot activators. It describes the color-coded tube caps and additive in each tube and their main uses. Common tubes discussed include purple top for hematology tests, red top for serum tests, light blue top for coagulation tests, and green top for tests requiring plasma. The document provides details on anticoagulants like EDTA, sodium citrate, and oxalates, and how they work to preserve blood components for various laboratory analyses.
Specimen collection and transport Dr.Ashna Ajimsha
Specimen collection and transport
Dr.Ashna Ajimsha
PG Resident
Department of Microbiology
SGMC & RF
Venjaramoodu
Kerala
Blood collection tubes - Colour coding of vials, Order of draw
This document provides information on different types of blood collection tubes including their purposes and contents. It discusses EDTA tubes which are used for complete blood counts and DNA isolation, citrate tubes which contain citrate and are used for prothrombin time tests, heparin tubes coated with heparin for karyotyping, gel tubes which separate plasma or serum from cells, plain red vials which separate serum after clot formation, and grey glucose vials containing sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose consumption during processing. It emphasizes the importance of inverting tubes to mix anticoagulants and lists the recommended order of blood draw.
Hema practical 02 hematology
The document discusses various components of a basic blood test. It provides details on the normal composition and functions of blood, as well as procedures for blood specimen collection. It also explains the clinical implications and reference ranges for various components analyzed in a complete blood count test, including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and sedimentation rate.
Blood Collection tubes.pptx
This document discusses the common types of blood collection test tubes used in hospitals. It explains that red top tubes contain silica clot activators and are used for serum tests like cholesterol and liver enzymes. Purple top tubes contain anticoagulants and are used for blood and fluid cultures. Blue top tubes contain sodium citrate to prevent clotting and are used for coagulation tests. Green top tubes contain heparin and are used for chemistry tests. Lavender top tubes contain EDTA and are used for hematology tests. Gray top tubes contain sodium fluoride and potassium oxalate to prevent glucose breakdown and are used for chemistry tests like glucose. The document stresses that the proper test tube must be chosen according to the diagnostic
Clinical laboratory basic
The clinical lab provides diagnostic test data to aid in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of disease. The lab is responsible for correct identification, collection and processing of patient specimens, accurate performance of testing, timely reporting of results, and communication with healthcare professionals. There are six main steps in how a sample flows through the lab: 1) test is ordered, 2) sample is collected, 3) sample is delivered to the lab, 4) sample is processed, 5) sample is analyzed, and 6) results are reported. Common specimen types include blood, urine, body fluids, sputum, stool, and tissue samples.
Blood collection and anticoagulants
The document discusses different methods of blood collection including capillary, venous, and arterial blood. It describes the equipment and procedures used to collect blood via these methods and the tests that each type is suited for. The document also outlines the various anticoagulants used in blood collection tubes, including EDTA, citrate, heparin, oxalate, and their mechanisms and uses. Finally, it addresses the order that tubes should be drawn in and storage of blood in blood banks.
Blood Transfusion: Procedure and Complications
Blood transfusion is a medical procedure where blood or blood components are transferred from one person into the circulatory system of another. There are several types of blood transfusion including allogeneic where the donor and recipient are different people, and autogenic where a person receives their own previously donated blood. The blood transfusion procedure involves verifying the blood type, obtaining consent, administering the transfusion, and monitoring for any complications. Potential complications include transfusion reactions if the blood is mismatched, infections transmitted through the blood, and issues that can arise from using faulty techniques or giving massive amounts of blood.
Urine preservative
Urine is commonly used for diagnostic testing and monitoring disease. Proper collection and preservation of urine specimens is important to avoid preanalytical errors. There are various urine collection methods depending on the test and patient, including random, first morning, and timed collections. Preservatives like boric acid and hydrochloric acid are often used to maintain specimen stability, though some tests require no preservative. Careful instruction of patients and labeling of specimens is necessary when collecting 24-hour urine samples.
Automatic And Semi Automatic Analyser Biochemistry
The AutoAnalyzer is an automated analyzer that uses continuous flow analysis, invented in 1957. It has five main parts: the sample pump, mixing chamber, incubator bath, and detector. AutoAnalyzers were mainly used for routine medical and industrial analyses to increase throughput. While still used for some applications, most instruments are now used industrially and for environmental work.
Blood collection tube with color heads
This document describes different types of blood collection tubes used in phlebotomy and their purposes. It discusses tubes containing various anticoagulants such as EDTA, sodium citrate, and sodium heparin that are used for hematology and coagulation tests. It also describes serum separator tubes containing silica and gel that are used for biochemical and other tests requiring separated serum. The document provides examples of common tests performed using each type of tube.
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The document provides information on the various colored blood collection tubes used in laboratories, including their common tests and proper usage. It discusses the purple, pink, blue, yellow, grey, red, dark green, and light green tubes, listing their additives, most common tests, and tips for proper collection techniques. While laboratory preferences may vary, this provides guidance on matching tests to the correct anticoagulated tube.
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This document provides information about different colored blood collection tubes and their uses. It discusses the purposes and additives of purple, pink, blue, yellow, grey, and red tubes. The purple, pink, and blue tubes contain anticoagulants and are used for hematology and coagulation tests. The yellow, grey, and red tubes are used for biochemical and other serum-based tests. It provides examples of common tests performed using each tube type and tips for proper sample collection and handling.
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This document provides guidance on developing effective presentation skills. It discusses the key steps in preparing and delivering a presentation, including planning the presentation by determining the audience and goals, preparing the content and structure, practicing with visual aids, and presenting confidently with eye contact and engagement. Specific tips are provided for each step, such as using bullet points and simple designs for slides, varying voice pitch for emphasis, and rehearsing thoroughly. Common challenges like lack of practice and confidence are also addressed, along with factors for a successful presentation like being over-prepared and knowing the topic well.
Biochemistry hand made notes.pdf
This document contains an index of topics related to biochemistry including diet, vitamins, energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, and molecular biology. The index lists over 75 sub-topics ranging from hem biosynthesis and porphyria to DNA structure, replication, and gene transcription.
Sentence structure II (run-on, comma splice, fragment)
The document discusses three types of sentence errors: run-on sentences, comma splices, and sentence fragments. Run-on sentences improperly connect two independent clauses without proper punctuation. Comma splices join two independent clauses with only a comma. Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences missing a subject, verb, or both. The document provides examples and explanations of each error and methods to correct them, such as using periods, semicolons, conjunctions, or turning one clause into a dependent clause.
sentence structure part 1
The document discusses the 4 types of sentence structures: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex. A simple sentence contains one independent clause. A compound sentence joins two independent clauses with a conjunction. A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. A compound-complex sentence contains at least two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses. Examples are provided for each type of sentence structure.
Communication skills
Communication
Communication skills
Communication types
Communication styles
Communication types
Communication essential skills
Communication knowledge
Communication thinking
Communication ways
Communication levels
verbal Communication
nonverbal Communication
Self Disclosure
Parts of speech ( pdf drive )
Parts of speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adverb
Adjective
Interjection
Conjunction
Articles
Uses of Articles
Types of noun
types of pronoun
Ajective types
Adverb of time manner
adverb of place
examples of articles
Prepositions
The document provides examples of how various prepositions are used with time, place, verbs, adjectives, and idiomatic expressions in English. It lists over 50 individual prepositions like "on", "in", "at", "to", "from", "by", etc. and provides context examples to illustrate their usage related to time, place, or with certain verbs, adjectives, or expressions. The prepositions covered indicate time, location, direction, possession, and relationships between objects, people, or ideas in the English language.
.Mascular system
.Mascular system
types
muscles
charactersitics
function of muscle
classification of muscles
sarcoplasmic organelles
structure of msucles
how to name muscle
neck muscle
intrinsic back muscle
extrinsic back muscles
anterior compartment of thih muscle
hamstring group muscles
IM injection common sites
muscular tension
Homeostasis
Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body. It involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes to keep properties like temperature and pH levels within normal ranges. The concept of homeostasis was introduced by Walter Cannon in 1930 and forms the basis of physiology. It works through a cyclical system of receptors that detect changes, a control center that activates effectors to correct deviations and restore balance. Most processes use negative feedback loops while some emergency responses employ positive feedback. Disruptions to homeostasis can cause illness.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries. Hormones function through a process of biosynthesis in endocrine tissues, storage and secretion, transport through blood to target cells, recognition by cell receptors, signal transduction, cellular response, and hormone breakdown. Hormones are classified as steroid hormones, peptide hormones, or amino acid-derived hormones based on their chemical structure and include molecules like insulin, growth hormone, and thyroxine.
BONES OF EAR
The document discusses the auditory ossicles, which are three small bones in the middle ear - the malleus, incus, and stapes. It describes the role of each bone in transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The malleus is attached to the eardrum and transmits vibrations to the incus, which then passes them to the stapes to reach the inner ear. Together, the three bones mechanically transmit sound through a chain reaction of vibrations. The ossicles also help regulate loud sounds by contracting muscles that reduce the eardrum's vibration. Disorders can occur from conditions like otosclerosis or genetic disorders.
Antibiotics lecture
the spectrum of anitmicrobial activity
action of antimicrobial drugs
mechanism of antibiotics action
inhibation of protein synthesis
quinolones
Antimeta metabolites
Nutritional classification of bacteria
This document discusses the nutritional classification of bacteria into three main categories:
1) Photoheterotrophs, which use light energy but cannot use CO2 as their sole carbon source and obtain energy from organic compounds. Purple non-sulphur bacteria are examples.
2) Chemoheterotrophs, which obtain carbon and energy from organic compounds like glucose. There are saprophytic, parasitic, and symbiotic chemoheterotrophs.
3) Saprophytic bacteria obtain nutrients from decaying organic matter by secreting enzymes. Parasitic bacteria cause diseases in plants and animals. Symbiotic bacteria like nitrogen-fixing rhizobia live in plants and provide fixed nitrogen in exchange
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates classidications and examples
isomersims and types of isomerisms
Ketoses
aldoses
chain isomer position isomer
structural isomer
chiral
reducing sugars
monosaccharide
disaccharide
polysaccharide
More from HandSome (16)
Sentence structure II (run-on, comma splice, fragment)
Sentence structure II (run-on, comma splice, fragment)
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learning occurs when a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) eliciting a response (unconditioned response) • is paired with another stimulus (conditioned stimulus)
NAVIGATING THE HORIZONS OF TIME LAPSE EMBRYO MONITORING.pdf
Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Acute Gout Care & Urate Lowering Therapy .pdf
In this document , the management of acute gout attacks and a description of urate lowering therapy is mentioned.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 5, Dialyzers Overview - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
How to Control Your Asthma Tips by gokuldas hospital.
Respiratory issues like asthma are the most sensitive issue that is affecting millions worldwide. It hampers the daily activities leaving the body tired and breathless.
The key to a good grip on asthma is proper knowledge and management strategies. Understanding the patient-specific symptoms and carving out an effective treatment likewise is the best way to keep asthma under control.
How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
What are the different types of Dental implants.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Know the difference between Endodontics and Orthodontics.
Your smile is beautiful.
Let’s be honest. Maintaining that beautiful smile is not an easy task. It is more than brushing and flossing. Sometimes, you might encounter dental issues that need special dental care. These issues can range anywhere from misalignment of the jaw to pain in the root of teeth.
CLEAR ALIGNER THERAPY IN ORTHODONTICS .pptx
Dr. ZANAB FARHEEN FAYAZ ,MDS(ORTHODONTICS & DENTOFACIAL ORTHOPEDICS ).
Skin Diseases That Happen During Summer.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Medical Quiz ( Online Quiz for API Meet 2024 ).pdf
This quiz was conducted as a promotional event for the 2024 Annual Meet of Kerala Chapter of API.
More than 20 participants took part everyday !
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Blood Collection Tube,ubi.
- 1. Ubi Ahmad Blood Collection Tube: Vacutainer blood collection tube is a sterile and plastic test tube with a colored rubber top stopper creating a vacuum seal inside of the tube, facilitating the drawing of a predetermined volume of liquid. For the example blood sample Phlebotomy Collection of the patent blood specimen to send the laboratory for testing, diagnostic and research. Phlebotomy is a procedure in which a needle is used to take blood specimen from a vein, usually for laboratory testing. 1. Blood Culture Bottle Purple: • Generally used for hematology tests where whole blood is required for analysis. • These tubes contain EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) which act as a potent anticoagulant by binding calcium to blood. Common tests: o Full blood count FBC o Erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR o Blood film for abnormal cells or malarial parasites o Reticulocytes / hbA1C for DM patient o Red blood folate / parathyroid hormone PTH Pink: Same as the purple one but are specifically used only for white blood samples. Common tests: o Group and save (G&S) o Cross match (CM) o Direct coomb’s test aka direct antiglobulin test for autoimmune haemolytic anemia. Blue: Blue is used for haemotolgy tests involving the clotting system, which require inactivated whole blood for analysis. This contains buffered sodium citrate, which acts as a reversible anticoagulant by binding the calcium ion in the blood and subsequently disrupting the clotting cascade. Common tests:
- 2. Ubi Ahmad o Coagulation screening includes bleeding time for platelet function / prothrombin time PT for extrinsic pathway, / activated partial thromboplastin APTT for intrinsic pathway and Thrombin time TT or fibrinogen assay for final common pathway. o D-timer thrombosis, e.g., due to DHV or PE Yellow:(aka gold) Bottle used for huge variety of tests requiring separate serum for analysis including biochemistry, endocrinology, oncology, toxicology, microbiology and immunology. This tube is known in lab as SST (serum separating tube). It contains 2 agents, silica particles & serum separating gel. This silica particles works to activate clotting and cause the blood to cells to clump together. Common tests: o Urea & electrolytes (Includes, UREA/CRETANIN/SODIUM/POTTASIUM) o C-reactive protein (CRP) o LFT’s this includes BILRUBIN/ALP/AST/ALT/GGT/TOTAL PROTEIN/ALBUMIN) o Amylase assay o Bone profile includes CALCIUM/POTASSIUM/ALP/ALBUMIN. o Magnesium assay / thyroid function test / troponins/urate/creatinine kinase/serum osmolality Red: • Contain silica particles which act as a clot activator. • Used for biochemistry tests requiring serum • Used for many sensitive tests including hormones, toxicology, drug levels, bacterial, viral serology, antibodies. Dark green: • Contains sodium heparin which acts as anticoagulant. Common tests: o Ammonia o Insulin o Renin & aldosterone. White: • Used for molecular diagnostics such as PCR and DNA amplification studies.
- 3. Ubi Ahmad Black: • It is used for paediatric ESR