This document provides a review of methods for isolating and identifying Candida species from the oral cavity. It discusses:
1) The importance of identifying Candida species as they differ in pathogenicity and antifungal susceptibility.
2) Common techniques for isolating Candida include swabs, oral rinses, and imprint cultures. Microscopic examination and culture allow identification.
3) Culture media like Sabouraud's dextrose agar are used to isolate and identify Candida species based on colony characteristics. Chromogenic media can distinguish multiple species.
Candidiasis refers to infections caused by Candida species, most commonly C. albicans. These fungi typically infect skin, nails, mucous membranes, and the GI tract, but can also cause systemic disease. Predisposing factors include mechanical trauma, moisture, nutrition deficiencies, extremes of age, illnesses, and medications. Clinical manifestations vary by site of infection and include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, skin infections like intertrigo. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples and culture. Treatment depends on site and severity but commonly involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
Candidiasis, also known as a yeast infection, is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, most commonly Candida albicans. It can infect the mouth, skin, vagina, stomach, and urinary tract. Common symptoms include itching, burning, redness, and discharge. Risk factors include a weakened immune system, antibiotics, diabetes, and pregnancy. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications. Prevention focuses on maintaining hygiene and a healthy immune system.
Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
The diagnosis of oral candidiasis involves examining the clinical signs and symptoms, performing a cytological examination to identify C. albicans, and doing a biopsy to rule out other conditions like epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma. A definitive diagnosis can be made through culturing a specimen obtained by swabbing the lesion. Treatment options are then considered once candidiasis has been confirmed.
Oral candidiasis, or oral thrush "can be" used as pathognomonic diagnosis of human immunodeficiency. Taken from Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles & Practice of Infectious Diseases. Copyrights belong to owner. Educational purposes only.
Candida is a common fungus that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the digestive tract but can cause issues if the host's immune system is compromised. Common types of candidal infections include oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, skin infections in moist areas like skin folds. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing fungal structures. Treatment focuses on antifungal medications and reducing moisture and occlusion.
Oral Candidiasis also referred to as oral thrush is commonly encountered in a daily life of a dentist. An overview on this topic for undergraduate students.
Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the body but can overgrow and cause disease when the environment changes. It has several forms ranging from yeast to hyphal filaments. Over 75% of women experience at least one vaginal candidiasis infection. Risk factors include antibiotics use, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune system. Symptoms depend on the infected area and include rashes, vaginal discharge, and oral thrush. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal drugs like fluconazole that work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting ergosterol production. Prevention focuses on good
Candidiasis refers to infections caused by Candida species, most commonly C. albicans. These fungi typically infect skin, nails, mucous membranes, and the GI tract, but can also cause systemic disease. Predisposing factors include mechanical trauma, moisture, nutrition deficiencies, extremes of age, illnesses, and medications. Clinical manifestations vary by site of infection and include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, skin infections like intertrigo. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples and culture. Treatment depends on site and severity but commonly involves topical or oral antifungal medications.
Candidiasis, also known as a yeast infection, is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungi, most commonly Candida albicans. It can infect the mouth, skin, vagina, stomach, and urinary tract. Common symptoms include itching, burning, redness, and discharge. Risk factors include a weakened immune system, antibiotics, diabetes, and pregnancy. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal medications. Prevention focuses on maintaining hygiene and a healthy immune system.
Current Developments in Prevention and Treatment of Candidiasis Prodipta Chakraborty
Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is responsible for candidiasis in human hosts.
C. albicans grow in several different morphological forms, ranging from unicellular budding yeast to true hyphae with parallel-side wall .
Candida albicans is a unicellular, oval-shaped diploid fungus (a form of yeast ) Typically, C. albicans live as harmless commensals in the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tract and are found in over 70% of the population. Overgrowth of these organisms, however, will lead to disease
Also known as Oral thrush
Oral infection caused by fungi
(yeast) of the genus candida
Multiple species of candida
(candida albican most common cause)
Often an opportunistic infection
Can transmit via direct contact
If it is in the mouth or throat, it is called oral candidiasis, oropharyngeal
candidiasis, or Thrush.
If it affects the genital area, it is called a yeast infection. In women, it may be called a
Vulvovaginal yeast infection.
If yeast infects the skin on a baby’s bottom area, it causes a diaper rash.
If the infection enters your bloodstream, it is called invasive candidiasis
or candidemia.
TRANSMITTED FROM MOTHER TO INFANT THROUGH CHILDBIRTH
BY KISSING
THE OVERGROWTH OF C.ALBICANS LEADS TO SYMPTOMS OF DISEASE,
AND IT OCCOURS WHEN THERE ARE IMBALANCES
RARELY SPREAD THROUGH SEXUAL INTERCOURCE
In general case:- In general, you can prevent most Candida infections
by keeping your skin clean and dry, by using antibiotics only as your
doctor directs, and by following a healthy lifestyle, including proper nutrition.
Treatments for candidiasis for managing Candida infections are usually based upon the anatomic location of the infection, immune status of the patient, risk factors for patients with infection, species responsible and lastly, upon the susceptibility of the Candida species towards the anti-fungal drug.
The diagnosis of oral candidiasis involves examining the clinical signs and symptoms, performing a cytological examination to identify C. albicans, and doing a biopsy to rule out other conditions like epithelial dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma. A definitive diagnosis can be made through culturing a specimen obtained by swabbing the lesion. Treatment options are then considered once candidiasis has been confirmed.
Oral candidiasis, or oral thrush "can be" used as pathognomonic diagnosis of human immunodeficiency. Taken from Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles & Practice of Infectious Diseases. Copyrights belong to owner. Educational purposes only.
Candida is a common fungus that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the digestive tract but can cause issues if the host's immune system is compromised. Common types of candidal infections include oral thrush, vaginal yeast infections, skin infections in moist areas like skin folds. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples showing fungal structures. Treatment focuses on antifungal medications and reducing moisture and occlusion.
Oral Candidiasis also referred to as oral thrush is commonly encountered in a daily life of a dentist. An overview on this topic for undergraduate students.
Candida albicans is a yeast that can cause infections in humans. It normally lives harmlessly in the body but can overgrow and cause disease when the environment changes. It has several forms ranging from yeast to hyphal filaments. Over 75% of women experience at least one vaginal candidiasis infection. Risk factors include antibiotics use, pregnancy, diabetes, and weakened immune system. Symptoms depend on the infected area and include rashes, vaginal discharge, and oral thrush. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples. Treatment involves topical or oral antifungal drugs like fluconazole that work by disrupting the fungal cell membrane or inhibiting ergosterol production. Prevention focuses on good
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species. Since the 1940s when antibiotics became widespread, cases of candidiasis have risen significantly. Candida is now the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients in the US. The burden of candidiasis in terms of morbidity, mortality, and costs is considerable. Common manifestations include vaginal candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and bloodstream infections. Host defenses against Candida include physical barriers and immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. Candida virulence factors that enhance its pathogenicity include adhesins, polymorphism, biofilms, invasins, secreted hydrolases, and metabolic adaptation.
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
Candidiasis infections are caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida, which normally inhabits human mucosal surfaces. There are several types of Candidiasis depending on the infected site, including oral thrush, diaper rash, and invasive bloodstream infections. Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. It was first discovered in the 1800s and its ability to cause disease opportunistically depends on virulence factors like adhesion proteins and morphological changes between yeast and filamentous forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination or culturing of infected sites to identify characteristic Candida features, and treatment depends on the type and severity of infection.
This document discusses Candidiasis, caused most commonly by the yeast Candida albicans. It can cause superficial infections in healthy individuals, while immunocompromised individuals are at risk for deeper infections like esophagitis. Candidiasis is discussed based on location, with sections on cutaneous candidiasis, mucosal candidiasis, genital candidiasis, and management. Cutaneous candidiasis can cause lesions in moist skin folds. Mucosal candidiasis includes thrush and esophagitis. Genital candidiasis causes pruritus and discharge in women and burning in men. Management focuses on antifungal creams and oral medications depending on location and severity of infection.
Candida albicans is a yeast that commonly lives in the human gut but can cause infections in moist areas of the body like the mouth or vagina. Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida that presents as white lesions on the tongue, cheeks, and roof of the mouth. Symptoms include creamy white patches with a cottage cheese-like appearance and a cottony feeling in the mouth. Treatment involves using antifungal medication like nystatin or fluconazole by swishing in the mouth. Maintaining good oral hygiene and a healthy diet can help prevent recurrent oral thrush.
Candidiasis and its management in dentistryAshok Kumar
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause superficial infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes, as well as systemic infections in severely immunocompromised individuals. Predisposing factors include antibiotic use, corticosteroid use, diabetes, and immunodeficiency. Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination, culture, or biopsy of infected tissues. Treatment involves topical or systemic antifungal medications. While orthodontic appliances do not typically cause Candida infections, carriers may be at higher risk of infection with appliances in place.
go to www.medicaldump.com to download this medical powerpoint presentation. You can find medical templates, medical pdfs and medical powerpoints on all specialties
Candida are a genus of yeasts that are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. There are over 150 Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most common cause of infection. Candida can cause infections through reproduction via budding. Major diseases include oropharyngeal candidiasis, intestinal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and candidemia. Risk factors for infection include antibiotic or steroid use, diabetes, and a diet high in sugar. Prevention strategies incorporate dietary modifications, probiotic supplementation, and antifungal medications.
Candidiasis, Moniliasis, Oral thrush, Yeast infectionsEzekiel George
This document summarizes a student seminar presentation on Candida albicans. It discusses the taxonomy of Candida, the appearance and types of candidiasis infections. It describes risk factors, diagnosis, classification of fungi, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of candidiasis. The presentation covers topics such as oropharyngeal, esophageal and vulvovaginal candidiasis, as well as systemic candidiasis. It includes microscopy images and discusses diagnosis through culture and microscopy of specimens.
Candidiasis: Most common oppotunistic infection DrUshaVyasBohra
This document discusses investigation for candidiasis (oral thrush). It describes several methods for diagnosing the condition including culture, microscopic examination with staining, histopathologic examination of a biopsy sample, and identification with DNA probes or electrophoresis/western blot techniques. Culture involves taking a sample from the oral cavity and incubating it to look for characteristic Candida colonies. Microscopic examination uses stains like potassium hydroxide or PAS to identify fungal elements.
Oral candidiasis is caused mainly by Candida albicans and presents in several forms depending on location and predisposing factors. Predisposing factors include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and diseases that suppress the immune system. Diagnosis involves examining clinical signs, smears, cultures, and histology. Treatment focuses on reducing predisposing factors, improving oral hygiene, and using topical or systemic antifungal medications depending on the type and severity of infection.
Oral thrush is an infection of yeast fungus, Candida albicans in mucous membrane of mouth.
Thrush is generally referred to the infection present in oral cavity of babies, while adult infection is known as candidacies or moniliasis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of candidiasis, an infection caused by the yeast Candida. It discusses the history and introduction to candidiasis, the causative agent Candida albicans, types of candidiasis including cutaneous, oral, and vaginal candidiasis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The document contains detailed information on the epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis using methods like CHROMagar, and microscopic images of Candida species. It also provides conclusions on Candida albicans being a common infection in immunocompromised patients and the role of host immunity and pathogen virulence factors in Candida pathogenesis.
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that can cause opportunistic infections. It commonly causes oral and genital infections but can also infect the skin, urinary tract, and bloodstream. Symptoms depend on the site of infection but may include rashes, sores, or pain with urination. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or biochemical tests of samples. Treatment involves antifungal medications applied topically or taken orally, depending on the severity and location of infection.
This is a simple description of vaginal candidiasis (moniliasis), which is one of the most common opportunistic yeast gynecological ailment that affects mostly the debilitated and immunosuppressive patients like the pregnant mothers, cancerous patients, stem cell transplantation recipients etc.
This PowerPoint presentation demonstrate a useful review of Oral candidiosis, including its different types, clinical presentations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options.
White fungus, also known as candidiasis, is caused by the fungal species Candida and presents a risk particularly to women, children, COVID-19 patients, diabetes patients, cancer patients, and those on long-term steroids or oxygen therapy. It can infect various areas of the body including the mouth, skin, genitals, blood, lungs and under fingernails. Symptoms depend on the infected area but may include oral thrush, vaginal discharge, diaper rash, nail discoloration, fever and cough. Treatment involves intravenous antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or oral anti-fungal drugs under medical supervision.
This document provides an overview of oropharyngeal candidiasis including its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include: Candida albicans is the most common cause, infecting 45-65% of children and 52% of adults. Risk factors include diabetes, immunosuppression, antibiotics, and xerostomia. Clinical presentations include pseudomembranous, erythematous, and hyperplastic lesions. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and histology. Treatment involves topical or systemic antifungals like nystatin, fluconazole, or echinocandins depending on severity. Prevention emphasizes managing predisposing factors and good oral
This document describes a study that identified several host defense peptide (HDP) mimetic compounds that exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida species both in vitro and in vivo. In screening tests, several HDP mimetics were found to be broadly active against C. albicans and other Candida species, rapidly fungicidal against yeast and hyphal forms, and exhibited low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Importantly, the compounds showed specificity for Candida over commensal oral bacteria. In mouse models of oral candidiasis, topical application of three HDP mimetics significantly reduced the Candida burden in the tongues of infected animals.
A Case Report Of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis Induced By Long Term Systemic C...Ziad Abdul Majid
The purpose of this case report is to discuss the Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis in 24 Negroid Female Libyan patient on long term use of systemic corticosteroids therapy who came to the department of Oral Medicine, Surgery, and Diagnosis at the Faculty of Dentistry, Libyan International Medical University with the clinical appearance of Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis.
Published By the International Journal of Health and Dental Sciences, Second Volume, Second issue 2015.
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species. Since the 1940s when antibiotics became widespread, cases of candidiasis have risen significantly. Candida is now the fourth most common cause of bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients in the US. The burden of candidiasis in terms of morbidity, mortality, and costs is considerable. Common manifestations include vaginal candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and bloodstream infections. Host defenses against Candida include physical barriers and immune cells such as macrophages and neutrophils. Candida virulence factors that enhance its pathogenicity include adhesins, polymorphism, biofilms, invasins, secreted hydrolases, and metabolic adaptation.
Dr. Diwan Mahmood Khan, Assistant Professor of Microbiology,
MCDRC, Durg, Chattisgarh, India.
Topic: Opportunistic Mycoses- Candidiasis or Candidosis
For Medical Student: MBBS and BDS
Candidiasis infections are caused by an overgrowth of the yeast Candida, which normally inhabits human mucosal surfaces. There are several types of Candidiasis depending on the infected site, including oral thrush, diaper rash, and invasive bloodstream infections. Candida albicans is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide. It was first discovered in the 1800s and its ability to cause disease opportunistically depends on virulence factors like adhesion proteins and morphological changes between yeast and filamentous forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination or culturing of infected sites to identify characteristic Candida features, and treatment depends on the type and severity of infection.
This document discusses Candidiasis, caused most commonly by the yeast Candida albicans. It can cause superficial infections in healthy individuals, while immunocompromised individuals are at risk for deeper infections like esophagitis. Candidiasis is discussed based on location, with sections on cutaneous candidiasis, mucosal candidiasis, genital candidiasis, and management. Cutaneous candidiasis can cause lesions in moist skin folds. Mucosal candidiasis includes thrush and esophagitis. Genital candidiasis causes pruritus and discharge in women and burning in men. Management focuses on antifungal creams and oral medications depending on location and severity of infection.
Candida albicans is a yeast that commonly lives in the human gut but can cause infections in moist areas of the body like the mouth or vagina. Oral thrush, also known as oral candidiasis, is a fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida that presents as white lesions on the tongue, cheeks, and roof of the mouth. Symptoms include creamy white patches with a cottage cheese-like appearance and a cottony feeling in the mouth. Treatment involves using antifungal medication like nystatin or fluconazole by swishing in the mouth. Maintaining good oral hygiene and a healthy diet can help prevent recurrent oral thrush.
Candidiasis and its management in dentistryAshok Kumar
Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species, most commonly Candida albicans. It can cause superficial infections of the skin, nails and mucous membranes, as well as systemic infections in severely immunocompromised individuals. Predisposing factors include antibiotic use, corticosteroid use, diabetes, and immunodeficiency. Diagnosis is made through microscopic examination, culture, or biopsy of infected tissues. Treatment involves topical or systemic antifungal medications. While orthodontic appliances do not typically cause Candida infections, carriers may be at higher risk of infection with appliances in place.
go to www.medicaldump.com to download this medical powerpoint presentation. You can find medical templates, medical pdfs and medical powerpoints on all specialties
Candida are a genus of yeasts that are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. There are over 150 Candida species, with Candida albicans being the most common cause of infection. Candida can cause infections through reproduction via budding. Major diseases include oropharyngeal candidiasis, intestinal candidiasis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and candidemia. Risk factors for infection include antibiotic or steroid use, diabetes, and a diet high in sugar. Prevention strategies incorporate dietary modifications, probiotic supplementation, and antifungal medications.
Candidiasis, Moniliasis, Oral thrush, Yeast infectionsEzekiel George
This document summarizes a student seminar presentation on Candida albicans. It discusses the taxonomy of Candida, the appearance and types of candidiasis infections. It describes risk factors, diagnosis, classification of fungi, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of candidiasis. The presentation covers topics such as oropharyngeal, esophageal and vulvovaginal candidiasis, as well as systemic candidiasis. It includes microscopy images and discusses diagnosis through culture and microscopy of specimens.
Candidiasis: Most common oppotunistic infection DrUshaVyasBohra
This document discusses investigation for candidiasis (oral thrush). It describes several methods for diagnosing the condition including culture, microscopic examination with staining, histopathologic examination of a biopsy sample, and identification with DNA probes or electrophoresis/western blot techniques. Culture involves taking a sample from the oral cavity and incubating it to look for characteristic Candida colonies. Microscopic examination uses stains like potassium hydroxide or PAS to identify fungal elements.
Oral candidiasis is caused mainly by Candida albicans and presents in several forms depending on location and predisposing factors. Predisposing factors include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and diseases that suppress the immune system. Diagnosis involves examining clinical signs, smears, cultures, and histology. Treatment focuses on reducing predisposing factors, improving oral hygiene, and using topical or systemic antifungal medications depending on the type and severity of infection.
Oral thrush is an infection of yeast fungus, Candida albicans in mucous membrane of mouth.
Thrush is generally referred to the infection present in oral cavity of babies, while adult infection is known as candidacies or moniliasis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document provides an overview of candidiasis, an infection caused by the yeast Candida. It discusses the history and introduction to candidiasis, the causative agent Candida albicans, types of candidiasis including cutaneous, oral, and vaginal candidiasis, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The document contains detailed information on the epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis using methods like CHROMagar, and microscopic images of Candida species. It also provides conclusions on Candida albicans being a common infection in immunocompromised patients and the role of host immunity and pathogen virulence factors in Candida pathogenesis.
Candida albicans is a commensal yeast that can cause opportunistic infections. It commonly causes oral and genital infections but can also infect the skin, urinary tract, and bloodstream. Symptoms depend on the site of infection but may include rashes, sores, or pain with urination. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, or biochemical tests of samples. Treatment involves antifungal medications applied topically or taken orally, depending on the severity and location of infection.
This is a simple description of vaginal candidiasis (moniliasis), which is one of the most common opportunistic yeast gynecological ailment that affects mostly the debilitated and immunosuppressive patients like the pregnant mothers, cancerous patients, stem cell transplantation recipients etc.
This PowerPoint presentation demonstrate a useful review of Oral candidiosis, including its different types, clinical presentations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options.
White fungus, also known as candidiasis, is caused by the fungal species Candida and presents a risk particularly to women, children, COVID-19 patients, diabetes patients, cancer patients, and those on long-term steroids or oxygen therapy. It can infect various areas of the body including the mouth, skin, genitals, blood, lungs and under fingernails. Symptoms depend on the infected area but may include oral thrush, vaginal discharge, diaper rash, nail discoloration, fever and cough. Treatment involves intravenous antifungal medications such as amphotericin B or oral anti-fungal drugs under medical supervision.
This document provides an overview of oropharyngeal candidiasis including its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include: Candida albicans is the most common cause, infecting 45-65% of children and 52% of adults. Risk factors include diabetes, immunosuppression, antibiotics, and xerostomia. Clinical presentations include pseudomembranous, erythematous, and hyperplastic lesions. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and histology. Treatment involves topical or systemic antifungals like nystatin, fluconazole, or echinocandins depending on severity. Prevention emphasizes managing predisposing factors and good oral
This document describes a study that identified several host defense peptide (HDP) mimetic compounds that exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida species both in vitro and in vivo. In screening tests, several HDP mimetics were found to be broadly active against C. albicans and other Candida species, rapidly fungicidal against yeast and hyphal forms, and exhibited low cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Importantly, the compounds showed specificity for Candida over commensal oral bacteria. In mouse models of oral candidiasis, topical application of three HDP mimetics significantly reduced the Candida burden in the tongues of infected animals.
A Case Report Of Pseudomembranous Candidiasis Induced By Long Term Systemic C...Ziad Abdul Majid
The purpose of this case report is to discuss the Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis in 24 Negroid Female Libyan patient on long term use of systemic corticosteroids therapy who came to the department of Oral Medicine, Surgery, and Diagnosis at the Faculty of Dentistry, Libyan International Medical University with the clinical appearance of Acute Pseudomembranous Candidiasis.
Published By the International Journal of Health and Dental Sciences, Second Volume, Second issue 2015.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
1. Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast that can cause severe infections with high mortality rates. It has spread rapidly in healthcare settings globally and has caused numerous outbreaks.
2. C. auris is often misidentified by conventional methods, but can be confirmed by MALDI-TOF or DNA sequencing. It shows high levels of resistance to fluconazole and other antifungals.
3. Controlling the spread of C. auris requires strict infection control practices like contact precautions, environmental disinfection, and screening of patients for colonization. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line treatment despite some resistance emerging.
This document summarizes guidelines for the management of candidiasis from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. It discusses risk factors for candida infection including use of antibiotics and immunosuppressants. It describes common candida species, signs and symptoms of infection, treatment with antifungal agents like fluconazole and amphotericin B, and prevention through identifying high risk patients and minimizing prolonged antibiotic use.
ABSTRACT
Background: With the advances in medical care, invasive fungal
infections possess a significant health problem especially in
immunocompromised patients. These infections have varied aetiological
agents which are commonly found in soil, water, plant debris and organic
substrates. Aim: The overview of different fungal aetiological agents,
newer and rapid diagnostic modalities and overall treatment and
prevention options available is presented in this article. Methods:
Literature search was performed in PubMed by using MeSH terms
‘mycoses’ and ‘immunocompromised host’. Only relevant review articles
published within the last five years were considered. Google Scholar
search engine was also used. Results: Common invasive fungi include
Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., Aspergillus spp., Trichosporon spp.,
Rhodotorula spp., Fusarium spp., Mucormycotina, Pheohyphomycosis
spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, Scedosporium spp., and endemic mycoses
such as Penicillium, Histoplasma and Blastomyces. A high degree of
suspicion is required for early diagnosis and optimal management of these
infections. Conclusion: Early and rapid diagnosis of causative fungal
agents is required so that appropriate treatment can be initiated. Adequate
preventive measures must be applied in an immunocompromised host that
can prevent development of drug resistant super-infections.
Antifungal activity of a toothpaste containing Ganoderma lucidum against Cand...Róbert Končal
The document discusses a study that tested the antifungal properties of a toothpaste containing Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicans. Through a serial broth dilution method, the researchers found that the toothpaste had antifungal activity against C. albicans and determined its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to be less than 2 mg/ml. Ganoderma lucidum has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and has antimicrobial and antiviral properties. The low MIC suggests the toothpaste could help treat or prevent oral candidiasis. However, further clinical studies are needed to confirm the laboratory findings.
Ganoderma lucidum against Candida albicansCsikós Ilona
Ganoderma lucidum has been in use in Traditional Chinese Medicine for years. Literature supports the use of this Ganoderma lucidum as a medicinal mushroom for its antimicrobial, antiviral properties. Candida albicans is the most common oral fungus associated with oral candidial infections. More: http://www.ganodermacoffee.dxnnet.com
This document discusses oral fungal infections and their microbiological laboratory diagnosis. It begins by introducing common fungal pathogens found in the oral cavity such as Candida species. It then covers topics such as sample collection and processing, direct examination techniques including various staining methods, culture techniques using different media, non-culture diagnostic methods, serodiagnosis, and molecular methods for diagnosis. The role of oral health care professionals in the diagnosis and management of oral fungal infections is also emphasized.
The document discusses invasive candidiasis caused by Candida species, which are common fungal pathogens in humans. It covers the risk factors, signs and symptoms, organ systems that can be affected, methods of diagnosis, antifungal treatment options, and prevention strategies. The most frequent Candida species causing infection are C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. Antifungal drugs discussed include azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins.
1. The document discusses oral candidiasis, providing information on risk factors, clinical forms, diagnosis, and treatment. It covers topics like the etiology of Candida albicans, pathogenesis of oral candidiasis, classification of clinical forms (acute and chronic candidiasis), and characteristics of forms like pseudomembranous candidiasis.
2. Risk factors discussed include local factors like denture wearing and systemic factors like immunosuppression, chemotherapy, and diabetes. The document presents numerous images showing examples of oral candidiasis.
3. Diagnosis involves clinical examination and microscopy or culture to confirm the causative species, with Candida albicans being the most common. The document outlines treatment approaches
This document discusses candidiasis, caused by the yeast Candida. It begins with an introduction to mycology and the morphology of fungi. It then discusses candidiasis specifically, including its history, epidemiology, predisposing factors, pathogens involved, and pathophysiology. The document classifies the different types of candidiasis and discusses Candida in HIV patients. It covers the diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis and concludes with references.
Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causi...ijtsrd
Candidiasis A disease, which though common yet often neglected, has caused more havoc than reported and with the increase in antimicrobial resistance, antifungal agents that are more effective are to be used. The aim of this work is to identify Candida species causing oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis in Awka, Nigeria and evaluate the effect of Fluconazole and Nystatin in vitro against them. Using standard microbiological tests in identification, 80 samples 43.24 were positive for Candida out of the 185 samples gotten from the study subjects. Candida albicans 55 , C.tropicalis 35 and C.glabrata 10 were isolated from the oral cavity while Candida albicans 35 , C.krusei 31.67 , C.tropicalis 15 , C.dublinensis 8.33 , C.glabrata 5.00 , and C.parapsilosis 5.00 were isolated from the vagina. Fluconazole 50µl and Nystatin 100 Units were employed in the anticandidal sensitivity test using agar well diffusion method. More susceptibility to Nystatin than Fluconazole was recorded. From the oral cavity, C.tropicalis was the most susceptible while C.glabrata and C.parapsilosis were the most susceptible species from the HVS samples. This reveals the increase in isolation of non albicans Candida NAC and their growing resistance to Fluconazole which is commonly used hence the need to employ Nystatin as a first line drug for the treatment of oral thrush and vaginal candidiasis. Adindu J. C. | Anyamene C. | Chukwukaelo D. C. "Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Species Causing Oral Thrush and Vaginal Candidiasis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd53899.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/53899/identification-and-antifungal-susceptibility-pattern-of-candida-species-causing-oral-thrush-and-vaginal-candidiasis/adindu-j-c
Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated f...ijtsrd
The increasing incidence of Candidiasis affecting the genitourinary tracts as well as the introduction of new antifungal drugs has recently encouraged the need for performing fungal susceptibility tests. The study was aimed at evaluating the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida species isolated from female patients attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), with suspected Candidal infections between August, 2012 to June, 2013. Five hundred and twenty one (521) clinical samples comprising 342 urine and 179 high vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. The Candida species isolated were identified to species level using Chromogenic agar and API 20 C AUX test kit. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed using commercially prepared single antifungal disc (Bioanalyse Turkey). Out of these 521 samples analyzed only 59 yielded Candida species giving the overall prevalence of 11.3% with Candida albicans 22 (37.3%) as the common species isolated followed by C. glabrata 19 (32.2%), C. tropicalis 5(8.5%), C. krusei 3 (5.1%), C. magnoliae 3 (5.1%), C. lusitaniae 2 (3.4%), C. parapsilosis 2 (3.4%), C. famata 2 (3.4%) and C. guilliermondii 1 (1.7%). The antifungal susceptibility test shows that 81.4% of the isolates were susceptible to ketoconazole and only 3.4% to nystatin. However, 33.9% were susceptible, 13.6% intermediate susceptible and 52.5% resistant to fluconazole. Similarly 28.8% were susceptible, 5.1% intermediate susceptible and 66.1% resistant to voriconazole. Additionally 25.4% were susceptible, 11.9% intermediate susceptible and 62.7% resistant to flucytosine. All the C. krusei isolates were completely resistant to azole drugs while C. famata were resistant to all the drugs tested. Two quality control strains of Candida namely: Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 and Candida albicans ATCC 90028 were used. Taura, D. W. | Yakubu, G. | Panda, T. W. | Dagona, A.G."Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Candida Species Isolated from Female Patients Attending Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2395.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/2395/evaluation-of-antifungal-susceptibility-profile-of-candida-species-isolated-from-female-patients-attending-aminu-kano--teaching-hospital-akth/taura-d-w
This document discusses Candida infections in the ICU, including epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Candida species are the most common fungal pathogens in hospitals and ICUs, responsible for 17% of healthcare-associated infections. Non-albicans Candida species now account for around 50% of infections.
- Risk factors for invasive Candida infections include prolonged ICU stay, broad-spectrum antibiotic use, surgery, and underlying conditions like diabetes that impair immunity. Heavy Candida colonization is an independent risk factor.
- Diagnosis is challenging as symptoms mimic bacterial infections. Culture-based methods are slow. Biomarkers like beta-D-
Fungal infections are among the most common worldwide. Cutaneous fungal diseases can be superficial, involving the outer layer of skin, or deep, affecting the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans and other Candida species normally found in the GI and genitourinary tracts. It can cause infections when factors like antibiotics, immunosuppression, or diabetes allow overgrowth. Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection of the mouth and can present as white patches or plaques. Predisposing factors include dentures, HIV/AIDS, and other immune deficiencies. Diagnosis involves microscopic identification of candidal organisms in samples from lesions.
Old Wine in a New Bottle-Focus on Candidial Vaccine_ Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishers-IGRWH
This document discusses the development of a vaccine for Candida infections. It first provides background on vaginal anatomy and how Candida normally lives commensally but can cause infection. Risk factors for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis include excessive carbohydrates, hormonal therapy, douching, antibiotics, and immunosuppressants. Candida species produce various virulence factors like adhesion molecules and enzymes that contribute to pathogenesis. Current antifungal treatments can fail due to drug resistance. Researchers are working to develop a vaccine targeting Candida proteins like Sap that are involved in virulence and may help prevent recurrent infections. Phase I trials of vaccines containing Sap and Als proteins have shown promise.
This document discusses the fungus Candida. It notes that Candida includes approximately 200 species, about 20 of which can cause infections in humans. C. albicans is the most common cause of infection. Candida is normally found in the gastrointestinal tract but can cause superficial or deep infections. Superficial infections include oral and vaginal candidiasis. Deep infections involve organs and can become disseminated. Virulence factors that enable Candida pathogenesis include adhesion, dimorphism, and production of enzymes. Laboratory diagnosis involves direct microscopic examination of samples and culture isolation followed by identification of Candida species.
Este documento presenta información sobre antibióticos y resistencia a antibióticos. Explica los mecanismos de resistencia bacteriana como la producción de betalactamasas y modificaciones en las proteínas de unión a penicilina. También describe los principales tipos de betalactamasas y los genes responsables de la resistencia encontrados comúnmente en anaerobios orales. Finalmente, presenta datos sobre la frecuencia de bacterias productoras de betalactamasas aisladas de infecciones orales.
Este documento presenta información sobre la estructura y organización de las células procariotas y eucariotas. Describe las principales características y diferencias entre estas dos clases de células, incluyendo detalles sobre el núcleo, ADN, división celular, reproducción y organelos. También incluye información sobre las estructuras y procesos metabólicos clave de las células procariotas como la membrana, peptidoglucano, ribosomas y síntesis de proteínas.
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) are bacteria that cause a variety of infections in children, most commonly tonsillopharyngitis (strep throat). GABHS infection cannot be diagnosed based on symptoms alone and requires a rapid strep test or culture. While penicillin remains the gold standard treatment, other antibiotics like cephalosporins and azithromycin are also effective, especially since they have better compliance rates with shorter 5-day treatment durations. GABHS spreads through close contact with infected individuals and can cause complications like rheumatic fever if left untreated.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a los bancos rusos, la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia, y sanciones contra funcionarios rusos. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
2. 2 ISRN Dentistry
Table 1: Species of Candida. an imprint culture [12], collection of whole saliva [13],
the concentrated oral rinse [14], and mucosal biopsy. Each
Candida albicans
method has particular advantages and disadvantages and the
Candida glabrata choice of sampling technique is primarily governed by the
Candida dubliniensis nature of the lesion to be investigated (Table 4). Where an
Candida guilliermondii accessible and defined lesion is evident, a direct sampling
Candida krusei approach such as the use of a swab or an imprint is often
Candida lusitaniae preferred as this will provide information of the organisms
Candida parapsilosis present at the lesion itself. In cases where there are no obvious
Candida tropicalis lesions or in instances where the lesion is difficult to access,
Candida kefyr an indirect sample based on culturing saliva specimens or an
oral rinse is more acceptable.
Quantitative estimation of fungal load can be done using
host and candidal factors that ultimately contribute to the imprints, concentrated oral rinse, and culturing of oral rinse,
development of oral candidosis [8]. as a means of differentiating between commensal carriage
Regardless of the type of candidosis, the ability of and pathogenic existence of oral Candida, with higher loads
Candida species to persist on mucosal surfaces of healthy considered likely in the latter [8].
individuals is an important factor contributing to its viru-
lence. This is particularly important in the oral cavity, where 6. Direct Microscopy
the organism has to resist the mechanical washing action of
a relatively constant flow of saliva toward the esophagus [9]. Morphological features of Candida species [15] (Table 5)
No single predominant virulence factor for Candida is need to be examined for identification. A smear is of value
recognized although there are a number of factors that have in differentiating between yeast and hyphal forms but is less
been implicated in promoting the infection process. These sensitive than cultural methods [16]. Potassium hydroxide
include attributes involved in the adhesion of Candida to (KOH) preparation of the specimen reveals nonpigmented
oral surfaces (e.g., relative cell surface hydrophobicity and the septate hyphae with characteristic dichotomous branching
presence of specific adhesin molecules), the ability to resist (at an angle of approximately 45◦ ) [17]. In KOH-Calcofluor
host immune defence mechanisms (e.g., high frequency fluorescent-stain method fungal characteristics like hyphae,
phenotypic switching and morphological transition), and yeast cells, and other fungal elements will fluoresce [18].
the release of hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., secreted aspartyl A smear taken from the lesional site is fixed on to
proteinases and phospholipases) that can induce damage to microscope slides and then stained either by the gram stain
host cells [8]. or by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) technique. Using these
methods, candidal hyphae and yeasts appear either dark blue
3. Oral Candidosis (Gram-stain) or red/purple (PAS) [19].
In case of chronic hyperplastic candidosis, a biopsy of
Samaranayake [10] proposed a classification where the oral the lesion is necessary for subsequent detection of invading
candidosis lesions were subdivided into two main groups: Candida by histological staining using either the PAS or
Group I, or primary oral candidoses confined to lesions Gomori’s methenamine silver stains. Demonstration of
localized to the oral cavity with no involvement of skin or fungal elements within tissues is done as they are dyed deeply
other mucosae; Group II or secondary oral candidoses, where by these stains. The presence of blastospores and hyphae or
the lesions are present in the oral as well as extraoral sites pseudohyphae may enable the histopathologist to identify
such as skin (Table 3). Group I lesions consist of the classic the fungus as a species of Candida and, given the presence of
triad—pseudomembranous, erythematous, and hyperplastic other histopathological features, make a diagnosis of chronic
variants—and some have suggested further subdivision of hyperplastic candidosis [20].
the latter into plaque-like and nodular types [11].
7. Laboratory Culture
4. Diagnosis of Oral Candidosis
7.1. Swab. A swab of a lesional site is a relatively simple
Diagnosis of oral candidosis can often be made on the nature method of detecting growth and semiquantitative estimation
of the clinical presenting features although microbiological of Candida can be obtained. The sampling approach involves
specimens should be taken if possible in order to both gently rubbing a sterile cotton swab over the lesional
identify and quantify any Candida that may be present and tissue and then subsequently inoculating a primary isolation
provide isolates for antifungal sensitivity testing. medium such as Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA) [21].
5. Methods of Isolation 7.2. Concentrated Oral Rinse. The oral rinse technique in-
volves the patient holding 10 mL of sterile phosphate-
Techniques available for the isolation of Candida within the buffered saline (0.01 M, pH 7.2) in the mouth for 1 minute.
oral cavity include the use of a smear, a plain swab [8], The solution is then concentrated (10-fold) by centrifugation
3. ISRN Dentistry 3
Table 2: Virulence factors associated with Candida Albicans.
Virulence factor Effect
Adherence Promotes retention in the mouth
Relative cell surface hydrophobicity Nonspecific adherence process
Expression of cell surface adhesion molecules Facilitates specific adherence mechanisms
Evasion of host defenses Promotes retention in the mouth
High frequency phenotypic switching Antigenic modification through frequent cell surface changes
Reduces likelihood of phagocytosis; allows phagocytosed yeast
Hyphal development
to escape phagocyte
Secreted aspartyl proteinase production Secretary IgA destruction
Binding of complement molecules Antigenic masking
Invasion and destruction of host tissue Enhances pathogenicity
Hyphal development Promotes invasion of oral epithelium
Secreted aspartyl proteinase production Host cell and extracellular matrix damage
Phospholipase production Damage to host cells
Table 3: Classification of oral candidosis.
Primary oral candidosis (Group I) Secondary oral candidosis (Group II)
The “primary triad”: Condition Subgroup
Pseudomembranous (mainly acute) Familial chronic mucocutaneous candidosis 1
Erythematous (acute/chronic) Diffuse chronic mucocutaneous candidosis 2
Hyperplastic (mainly chronic) Candidosis endocrinopathy syndrome 3
(i) Plaque-like Familial mucocutaneous candidosis 4
(ii) Nodular/speckled Severe combined immunodeficiency 5a
Candida-associated lesions Di George syndrome 5b
Denture stomatitis Chronic granulomatous disease 5c
Angular cheilitis Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome 6
Median rhomboid glossitis — —
Linear gingival erythema — —
Table 4: Methods of recovering Candida from the oral cavity.
Isolation method Advantages Disadvantages
Problems may occur with collection of sample; not
Culture of whole saliva Sensitive; viable organisms isolated
site specific
Some patients have difficulty in using rinse; not site
Concentrated oral rinse Quantitative; viable cells isolated
specific
Swab Simple to use; viable cells isolated; site specific Difficult to standardize
Viable cells not determined; species identity not
Smear Simple to use; not reliant on culture
readily confirmed
Imprint culture Quantitative; viable cells isolated; site specific Some sites difficult to sample
Biopsy Essential for chronic hyperplastic candidosis Invasive; not appropriate for other forms of candidosis
and a known volume, usually 50 µL, inoculated on an Sabouraud’s broth, immediately before use. The pad is then
agar medium using a spiral plating system. After 24–48 hrs placed on the target site (mucosa or intraoral prosthesis) for
incubation at 37◦ C, growth is assessed by enumeration of 30 seconds and then transferred to an agar for culture [16].
colonies and expressed as candidal colony forming units per
mL (cfu mL−1 ) of rinse [16].
8. Culture Media
7.3. Imprint Culture. The imprint method utilises a ster- The most frequently used primary isolation medium for
ile foam pad of known size (typically 2.5 cm2 ), previ- Candida is SDA [22] which, although permitting growth
ously dipped in an appropriate liquid medium, such as of Candida, suppresses the growth of many species of oral
4. 4 ISRN Dentistry
bacteria due to its low pH. Incorporation of antibiotics Table 5: Morphological features of Candida species.
into SDA will further increase its selectivity [8]. Typically
Feature
SDA is incubated aerobically at 37◦ C for 24–48 hrs. Candida
develops as cream, smooth, pasty convex colonies on SDA Size (µm) 3–6
and differentiation between species is rarely possible [17]. It Shape Spherical or oval
is estimated that more than one Candida species occurs in Number of buds Single; chains
approximately 10% of oral samples and in recent years the Attachment of buds Narrow
ability to detect nonalbicans species has become increasingly Thickness Thin
important [16]. Pseudohyphae &/or hyphae Characteristic
In recent years, other differential media have been Number of nuclei Single
developed that allow identification of certain Candida species
based on colony appearance and colour following primary
culture. The advantage of such media is that the presence C. albicans and C. dubliniensis can also be identified from
of multiple Candida species in a single infection can be other species based on their ability to produce morphological
determined which can be important in selecting subsequent features known as chlamydospores. Chlamydospores are
treatment options [8]. Examples of these include Pagano- refractile, spherical structures generated at the termini of
Levin agar or commercially available chromogenic agars, hyphae following culture of isolates on a nutritionally poor
namely, CHROMagar Candida, Albicans ID, Fluroplate, or medium such as cornmeal agar. Isolates are inoculated in a
Candichrom albicans [16]. cross hatch pattern on the agar and overlaid with a sterile
Pagano-Levin agar distinguishes between Candida spe- coverslip. Agars are incubated for 24–48 hours at 37◦ C and
cies based on reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride. then examined microscopically for chlamydospore presence
The medium produces pale-coloured colonies of C. albicans, [8].
whilst colonies of other Candida species exhibit varying
degrees of pink coloration. Pagano-Levin agar has a similar
sensitivity to SDA but is superior for the detection of more 9.2. Physiological Criteria/Biochemical Identification. Bio-
than one species in the sample [23], CHROMagar Candida chemical identification of Candida species is largely based
identifies C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei based on on carbohydrate utilization. Traditional testing would have
colony colour and appearance [24], whilst Albicans ID and involved culture of test isolates on a basal agar lacking a
Fluroplate have proven beneficial for the presumptive identi- carbon source. Carbohydrate solutions would then be placed
fication of C. albicans [25]. The specificity of identification within wells of the seeded agar or upon filter paper discs
is reported to be 95% for CHROMagar Candida [26] and located on the agar surface. Growth in the vicinity of the
98.6% for Albicans ID and Fluroplate agars [25]. The use carbon source would indicate utilization. Commercial sys-
of CHROMagar Candida as a primary isolation agar has tems are based on the same principle but test carbohydrates
been cited as an approach that permits discrimination of the are housed in plastic wells located on a test strip. Growth in
newly described C. dubliniensis [27] from C. albicans. On each well is read by changes in turbidity or colour changes
CHROMagar Candida, C. dubliniensis reportedly develops in certain kit systems. Numerical codes obtained from the
as darker green colonies compared with those of C. albicans test results are used to identify the test organism based on
[28]. However, discrimination between these two species database comparison [30].
using CHROMagar appears to decline upon subculture and
storage of isolates. Failure of C. dubliniensis to grow on agar 9.3. Serology. Serological tests are frequently used to ascer-
media at the elevated incubation temperature of 45◦ C has tain the clinical significance of Candida species isolates.
recently been suggested as an alternative test to discriminate Rising titers of lgG antibodies to C. albicans may reflect
between these two species [29]. invasive candidiasis in immunocompetent individuals. The
detection of IgA and IgM antibodies is important to identify
9. Identification of Candida Species an acute infection. Immunosuppressed individuals often
show variability in antibody production and in such a case
Identification of yeasts based on primary culture media can the use of an antigen detection test is recommended. Tests
be confirmed through a variety of supplemental tests tradi- like enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and radio
tionally based on morphological (Table 5) and physiological immuno assay (RIA) for detection of candidial antigen,
characteristics of the isolates. either cell-wall mannan or cytoplasmic constituents are now
available in developed countries [31].
9.1. Morphological Criteria. The germ-tube test is the stan- Serological diagnosis is often delayed and the tests
dard laboratory method for identifying C. albicans. The still lack sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, antibody
test involves the induction of hyphal outgrowths (germ production in immunocompromised patients is variable,
tubes) when subcultured in horse serum at 37◦ C for 2– making diagnosis complicated [32]. This is due to the
4 hours. Approximately 95% of C. albicans isolates produce fact that fungal antigens and metabolites are often cleared
germ tubes, a property also shared by C. stellatoidea and C. rapidly from the circulation and the presence of antibodies
dubliniensis [16]. does not always imply a Candida infection, especially in
5. ISRN Dentistry 5
Oral candidosis Sampling
Acute atrophic candidiasis Chronic atrophic candidiasis
Acute/chronic
pseudomembranous candidiasis Chronic hyperplastic candidiasis
Biopsy
Inoculated onto
Saboraud agar CHROM agar
PAS staining or
Gomori’s
Methinamine silver
Incubate 48 hrs, 37◦ C Incubate
stain
Colony appearance
Colonies Green—C. albicans
Dark green—C. dubliniensis
Blue—C. tropicalis
Pale—C. krusei
Germ tube test
2–4 hrs; 37◦ C
−ve +ve
Carbohydrate Presumptive C. albicans
assimilation
Incubate 24–72 hrs, 37◦ C
Pulsed field gel electrophoresis
Candida species identification Random amplified polymorphic
Epidemiological studies DNA
Repeat sequence amplification PCR
Figure 1: Schematic representation of isolation and identification of Candida species from the oral cavity.
patients with serious underlying disease or who are taking Fluorescence in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic
immunosuppressive drugs [33]. acid method (PNA Fish) is a new detection technique which
Serologic tests are normally not a diagnostic tool for targets highly conserved species-specific sequences in the
oral candidosis. However, such tests may be a prognostic abundant rRNA of living C. albicans. Individual cells can
instrument in patients with severe oral candidosis who be detected directly without the need for amplification [35].
respond poorly to antimycotic therapy [34]. This technique achieves a sensitivity of 98.7–100%, with a
specificity of 100%, allowing for the discrimination of C.
albicans from the phenotypically similar C. dubliniensis [36].
9.4. Molecular-Based Identification Methods. Identification Molecular-based technology can also be used to identify
by analysis of genetic variability is a more stable approach strains of Candida species although the use of techniques
than using methods based on phenotypic criteria. For such as Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Random
the identification of Candida based on genetic variation Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and repeat
are analyses of electrophoretic karyotype differences and sequence amplification PCR (REP) are largely reserved for
restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using epidemiological investigations in research of oral candidosis
gel electrophoresis or DNA-DNA hybridization [16]. [8].
Species-specific PCR approaches have also been used
for Candida species identification. Several target genes have
10. Conclusion
been reported for Candida species discrimination, although
those most frequently amplified are the sequences of the In recent years a greater emphasis has been given for reli-
ribosomal RNA operon. Identification can be obtained based able identification of Candida species from human clinical
on PCR product sizes obtained following gel electrophoresis samples. A schematic representation for candidal isolation
resolution, or PCR product sequence variation determined and identification is presented in Figure 1. Since Candida is
either by direct sequencing or through the use of restriction the resident microflora, appropriate isolation methods are
fragment analysis following cutting of PCR sequences with required to ascertain the presence in the mouth along with
restriction endonucleases [8]. their number. It is also important to identify the infecting
6. 6 ISRN Dentistry
strains of Candida because isolates of Candida species differ [16] D. W. Williams and M. A. O. Lewis, “Isolation and identifica-
widely, both in their ability to cause infection and also in tion of Candida from the oral cavity,” Oral Diseases, vol. 6, no.
their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Various phenotypic 1, pp. 3–11, 2000.
techniques are available for identifying isolated Candida [17] C. Baveja, “Medical mycology,” in Text Book of Microbiology for
including using morphological culture tests, differential agar Dental Students, pp. 322–323, Arya Publications, Delhi, India,
media, and biochemical assimilation tests. These methods 3rd edition, 2010.
are supplemented with recent molecular techniques largely [18] B. J. Harrington and G. J. Hageage, “Calcofluor white: tips for
improving its use,” Clinical Microbiology Newsletter, vol. 13,
reserved for epidemiological investigations.
no. 1, pp. 3–5, 1991.
[19] J. C. Davenport and J. M. A. Wilton, “Incidence of immediate
References and delayed hypersensitivity to Candida albicans in denture
stomatitis,” Journal of Dental Research, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 892–
[1] S. L. Zunt, “Oral candidiasis: diagnosis and treartment,” The 896, 1971.
Journal of Practical Hygiene, vol. 9, pp. 31–36, 2000. [20] A. Nassar, M. Zapata, J. V. Little, and M. T. Siddiqui, “Utility of
[2] N. S. Soysa, L. P. Samaranayake, and A. N. B. Ellepola, “Anti- reflex gomori methenamine silver staining for Pneumocystis
microbials as a contributory factor in oral candidosis—a brief jirovecii on bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic specimens: a
overview,” Oral Diseases, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 138–143, 2008. review,” Diagnostic Cytopathology, vol. 34, no. 11, pp. 719–723,
[3] C. Scully, M. Ei-Kabir, and L. P. Samaranayake, “Candida and 2006.
oral candidosis: a review,” Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and [21] T. Ax´ ll, T. Simonsson, D. Birkhed, J. Rosenborg, and
e
Medicine, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 125–157, 1994. S. Edwardsson, “Evaluation of a simplified diagnostic aid
[4] J. B. Epstein, K. Komiyama, and D. Duncan, “Oral topical (Oricult-N) for detection of oral candidoses,” Scandinavian
steroids and secondary oral candidiasis,” Journal of Oral Journal of Dental Research, vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 52–55, 1985.
Medicine, vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 223–227, 1986. [22] F. C. Odds, “Sabouraud(’s) agar,” Journal of Medical and
[5] S. Pomerantz and G. A. Sarosi, “Fungal diseases in AIDS,” Veterinary Mycology, vol. 29, pp. 355–359, 1991.
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 226– [23] L. P. Samaranayake, T. W. MacFarlane, and M. I. Williamson,
230, 1992. “Comparison of Sabouraud dextrose and Pagano-Levin agar
[6] C. M. Allen, A. Saffer, R. K. Meister, F. M. Beck, and S. media for detection and isolation of yeasts from oral samples,”
Bradway, “Comparison of a lesion-inducing isolate and a non- Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 162–164,
lesional isolate of Candida albicans in an immunosuppressed 1987.
rat model of oral candidiasis,” Journal of Oral Pathology and [24] D. Beighton, R. Ludford, D. T. Clark et al., “Use of CHRO-
Medicine, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 133–139, 1994. Magar Candida medium for isolation of yeasts from dental
[7] M. A. McIlroy, “Failure of fluconazole to suppress fungemia samples,” Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 33, no. 11, pp.
in a patient with fever, neutropenia and typhlitis,” Journal of 3025–3027, 1995.
Infectious Diseases, vol. 163, no. 2, pp. 420–421, 1991. [25] P. Rousselle, A. M. Freydiere, P. J. Couillerot, H. De Montclos,
[8] P. D. Marsh and M. Martin, “Oral fungal infections,” in Oral and Y. Gille, “Rapid identification of Candida albicans by using
Microbiology, pp. 166–179, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, albicans ID and fluoroplate agar plates,” Journal of Clinical
UK, 2009. Microbiology, vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 3034–3036, 1994.
[9] M. A. M. Sitheeque and L. P. Samaranayake, “Chronic [26] M. A. Pfaller, A. Houston, and S. Coffmann, “Application
hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia),” of CHROMagar Candida for rapid screening of clinical
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, vol. 14, no. 4, specimens for Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida
pp. 253–267, 2003. krusei, and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata,” Journal of Clinical
[10] L. P. Samaranayake, “Superficial fungal infections,” in Current Microbiology, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 58–61, 1996.
Opinions in Dentistry, C. Scully, Ed., pp. 415–422, Current [27] D. J. Sullivan, T. J. Westerneng, K. A. Haynes, D. E. Bennett,
Science, Philadelphia, Pa, USA, 1991. and D. C. Coleman, “Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic
[11] P. Holmstrup and M. Bessermann, “Clinical, therapeutic, and and molecular characterization of a novel species associated
pathogenic aspects of chronic oral multifocal candidiasis,” with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals,” Microbiol-
Oral Surgery Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, vol. 56, no. 4, ogy, vol. 141, no. 7, pp. 1507–1521, 1995.
pp. 388–395, 1983. [28] A. Schoofs, F. C. Odds, R. Colebunders, M. Ieven, and H.
[12] J. C. Davenport, “The oral distribution of Candida in denture Goossens, “Use of specialised isolation media for recognition
stomatitis,” The British Dental Journal, vol. 129, no. 4, pp. 151– and identification of Candida dubliniensis isolates from HIV-
156, 1970. infected patients,” European Journal of Clinical Microbiology
[13] D. E. Oliver and E. J. Shillitoe, “Effects of smoking on the and Infectious Diseases, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 296–300, 1997.
prevalence and intraoral distribution of Candida albicans,” [29] E. Pinjon, D. Sullivan, I. Salkin, D. Shanley, and D. Coleman,
Journal of Oral Pathology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 265–270, 1984. “Simple, inexpensive, reliable method for differentiation of
[14] L. P. Samaranayake, T. W. MacFarlane, P.-J. Lamey, and Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans,” Journal of Clini-
M. M. Ferguson, “A comparison of oral rinse and imprint cal Microbiology, vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 2093–2095, 1998.
sampling techniques for the detection of yeast, coliform and [30] A. N. B. Ellepola and C. J. Morrison, “Laboratory diagnosis of
Staphylococcus aureus carriage in the oral cavity,” Journal of invasive candidiasis,” The Journal of Microbiology, vol. 43, pp.
Oral Pathology, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 386–388, 1986. 65–84, 2005.
[15] F. I. Okungbowa, A. P. O. Dede, and O. S. Isikhuemhen, [31] D. Aubert, D. Puygauthier-Toubas, P. Leon et al., “Character-
“Cell morphology variations and budding patterns in Candida ization of specific anti-Candida IgM, IgA and IgE: diagnostic
isolates,” Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no. value in deep-seated infections,” Mycoses, vol. 39, no. 5-6, pp.
2, pp. 192–195, 2009. 169–176, 1996.
7. ISRN Dentistry 7
[32] R. Wahyuningsih, H. J. Freisleben, H. G. Sonntag, and P.
Schnitzler, “Simple and rapid detection of Candida albicans
DNA in serum by PCR for diagnosis of invasive candidiasis,”
Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 3016–3021,
2000.
[33] S. F. Yeo and B. Wong, “Current status of nonculture methods
for diagnosis of invasive fungal infections,” Clinical Microbiol-
ogy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 465–484, 2002.
[34] E. Budtz-J¨ rgensen, “Histopathology, immunology, and serol-
o
ogy of oral yeast infections. Diagnosis of oral candidosis,” Acta
Odontologica Scandinavica, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 37–43, 1990.
[35] J. R. Shepard, R. M. Addison, B. D. Alexander et al., “Mul-
ticenter evaluation of the Candida albicans/Candida glabrata
peptide nucleic acid fluorescent in situ hybridization method
for simultaneous dual-color identification of C. albicans and
C. glabrata directly from blood culture bottles,” Journal of
Clinical Microbiology, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 50–55, 2008.
[36] J. Trnovsky, W. Merz, P. Della-Latta, F. Wu, M. C. Arendrup,
and H. Stender, “Rapid and accurate identification of Candida
albicans isolates by use of PNA FISHFlow,” Journal of Clinical
Microbiology, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1537–1540, 2008.