Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells.

1. CANCER
Prepared by
Mr.Abhay Rajpoot
HOD (Dep. of Medical Surgical)
abhayrajpoot5591@gmail.com

3. INTRODUCTION
• Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal
cells anywhere in a body – cancer cell.
• It is also called malignancy.
• Causative agents – chemical , toxic compound
exposures ,ionizing radiation , some pathogens.
• Most cancer form tumors ,but not all tumors are
cancerous.

5. CANCER SYMPTOMS:
• Depends on the types
• General symptoms are,
Fatigue
Weight loss
Pain
Skin changes
Unusual bleeding
Persistent cough
Fever

6. TREATMENT:
• Chemotherapy,
• Radiation
•Surgery
General term:
Benign – non cancerous tumor
Malignant – cancerous tumor

7. SS

8. TYPES:
• National cancer Institute gives the common types:
Bladder
Breast
Endometrial
Leukemia
Pancreatic
Thyroid
Lung
Melanoma
Kidney cancer
Lymphoma
Prostate
Colon & rectal

10. THE MOST COMMON CANCERS IN MEN , WOMEN
AND CHILDREN:
• Men - prostate , lung , colorectal
• Women - Breast , lung , colorectal
• Children - Leukemia , brain tumors , lymphoma

11. CARCINOMA:
• Begins in skin ( or ) in tissues.
• That line the internal organs – skin , lung , colon ,
pancreatic , etc…
• Subtypes ,
Adenocarcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Transitional cell carcinoma

12. SARCOMA:
• Begins in bone (or) cartilage (or) other
connective tissue.
Two types:
Bone sarcomas
Soft tissue sarcomas

13. LEUKEMIA:
• Begins in blood forming tissue.
• Causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells and
enters the blood.
• Ages – 0-5,14-18,19-40,60+
• Sub type:
Lymphoblastic leukemia
T – cell leukemia

14. LYMPHOMA & MYELOMA:
• Starts from white blood cells.
• Affects lymph nodes of specific sites,
Stomach
Brain
Intestine
• Two types:
B cell lymphocytes
T cell lymphocytes

15. MYELOMA:
• Begins in plasma cells.
• Type of blood cancer.
• Plasma cells are capable of producing various
antibody.
• It can damage the bones , kidney , red blood cell
count.

16. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CANCERS:
• Starts with brain tissue and spinal card.
• The brain controls the body by sending electrical
messages along nerve fibers.
• Brain and spinal card forms the central nervous
system.

20. SPREAD OF CANCER:
• Primary and secondary cancer:
The place where a cancer starts in
the body is called primary cancer.
These are spread to other parts of
the body.
These can form other tumours are
known as secondary cancers.

22. SPREAD TO OTHER AREAS OF BODY:
• It can spread to other parts of the body through
the blood stream (or) lymphatic system.
• In order to spread some cells from the primary
cancer must break away and travel to another
part of the body and start growing there.
• Some are go into blood vessels – capillaries.

23. SPREAD THROUGH THE BLOOD CIRCULATION:
• When cancer cell go into the small blood vessels
and get into the blood stream . They are called
circulation tumour cells.
• These can stuck somewhere in a very small
blood vessel such as capillary.
• Move through the wall of capillary and into the
tissue of the organ.

24. • They can multiply to form a new tumors.

25. SPREAD THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
• The lymphatic system is a network of tubes and
glands in the body that filters body fluid and
fights infection.
• Cancer cells go into lymph vessels and travel
into nearby lymph glands and grow to form
tumours in lymph nodes.

26. PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELLS:
• It shows uncontrolled mitotic divisions.
• Due to uncontrolled growth – tumor is formed.
• They are less adhesive than normal cells.
• They exhibits number of alterations.
• Lack differentiation.
• They loss ability to communicate with other
cells.

27. • They lose sensitivity.
• They lose adhesion molecules.
• It is an genetic disease,
Inherited cancer
Sporadic cancer

28. • It can involves changes in gene expression.
• Lack of contact inhibition.
• Loss of limitations on the number of cell division.
• Ability to grow in culture.
• Angiogenesis.

30. TNM Classification