Cancer Cells is quite different from normal cells. When Normal cell Mechanisms of Division, Differentiation failed and undifferentiation cellular division takes place. Thus the formation of tumor cells which are called as Myeloid Tumor cells. Further growth in Myeloid Tumor due to various carcinogenic agents leads to formation of Malignant Tumor cells, here these cells are called as Cancer cells.

1. Cancer
• Lets Talk About
• What Is Cancer ?
• What Causes Cancer ?
• How Differ From Normal Cell ?
• What Is Tumour ?
• Types Of Tumour ?
• Types Of Cancer ?
• Process of cancer formation (Carcinogenesis)
• Diagnosis Of Cancer.
• Treatment Of Cancer.

2. What Is Cancer ?
 Breakdown of regulatory mechanisms of Normal cells.
 Uncontrol / unusual proliferation of cells to other part of the Body. Other cells are affected.
 Cells affected other cells and infection spreads.
 May be controlled by drugs and Vaccination.
 Slow changes to cellular and molecular levels. Later becomes CANCEROUS.

3. What causes Cancer ?
 Physical, Chemical and Biological Agents – Carcinogens (Agents causes Cancer).
 Types of Carcinogens (Based on Mode of Actions):
 Oncogenic Transformation – change in genetic Material from non-oncogenic to oncogenic. (Chemical / Radiation)
 Tumour Promotes – promotes tumour formations (Hormones, growth factors)
 Tumour Viruses – Viruses causes cancer through Oncogenic Transformation.
 Types of Carcinogens (Based on Nature) :
 Chemical Carcinogens –
Nitroso-dimethylene lung cancer, cigarette smoking Aflatoxin Liver Cancer
3,4-benzopyrene lung cancer, cigarette smoking,
coal tar
Sex Hormones Breast cancers
soot Skin, lung cancer Artificial sweeteners Digestive track cancers
synthetic dyes blood cancer Excessive animal protein Digestive track cancers

4. What causes Cancer ?
 Types of Carcinogens (Based on Nature) :
Physical / Mechanical Irritants – Repetitive friction / repetitive irritation causes
cancers
Jagged teeth (mouth cancer), smoking (mouth & lung cancer) and chewing tobacco
(mouth cancer)
Radiation – UV Radiation, X-rays, radioactive isotopes, other ionising radiation
causes leukaemia, skin cancer.
Biologicals Agents – certain parasites, viruses and excessive hormones secretion
causes cancers.

5. Cancer cells how differ from Normal cells ?
Cancer Cells Normal Cells
Does not undergo cellular differentiation undergo cellular differentiation
Does not required extracellular growth factors required extracellular growth factors
Cellular adherence absent Cells remain adhered to one another
Uncontrolled division Cell division are regulated
Cell death are inhibited Cells have finite life span
Tends to form Tumour and reach new sites Tumours are not formed
Irregular, hypertrophied, granular nucleus Round, oval nucleus with normal chromatids
Cells rich in fat drops, mucus, lysosomes and melanin Having normal amount / number of substances
Mitochondrial cristae are few Normal mitochondrial cristae

6. What is Tumour ?
 Normal Cells, Adhered, Divides and Differentiated. Older cells replaced by new cells which is Highly Regulated.
 But when this Mechanism of regulation was breaking down, thus cell division leads to uncontrol and
undifferentiated, there will be formation of Clone of Cells.
 No Adherence.
 Mass of Undifferentiation cells called Neoplasm (Neos – New, Plasma - Formation) also called as Tumour. Tumour
results in some disruption of surrounding cells and their functions.
Types of
Tumour
Benign Tumour Malignant Tumour
Non cancerous Tumour Cancerous Tumour
Limited & slow growth (no latent period) Causes fatal damage, latent period b/w initiation
and progression of tumour. Rapid growth
non-invasive. Limited adherence among
cells.
Invasive to other parts of the Body.
Encapsulated with connective tissue Encapsulation is absent

7. Types of Cancer Cells
4 Types
 Carcinomas
 Cancer occurs in Epithelial tissues – Skin, stomach, breast, mouth, throat, uterus, prostate, cervix cancer (85% Tumours)
 Melanomas
 Tumours arises from Melanocytes of skin and other organs. – Mucosal, Melanoma, nodular melanoma cancer etc
 Sarcomas
 Cancerous growth of mesodermal tissues like Bone, cartilage, fat, etc. – osteoma (cancer of bones), lipoma (cancer of
adipose tissue)
 Leukaemia and Lymphomas
 Cancers of haemopoietic cells
 Leukaemia (Blood cancer)– increase number of leucocytes (20,000 – 1,00,000/mm3)
 Lymphomas – excessive growth of lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissue (Hodgkin's disease). Increase
number of lymphocytes

8. Process of cancer formation (Carcinogenesis)
 Various stages of Carcinogenesis includes – Initiation, promotion, progression and metastasis.
 Initiation
 It is caused by Carcinogens. Anticarcinogens (green / yellow vegetables and fruits, milk, carrot, vitamin C) are substances and
factors inhibits the action of Carcinogens.
 Promotion
 Proto-oncogenes are converted into oncogenes (slide-3) called as Latent Tumour Cell. Saccharine and phenobarbital are
common promoters. And, ß-carotene (found in green vegetables) is Promoter – Inhibitor and can be reversible.
 Progression
 Intracellular / Extracellular factors converts the latent tumour cells into active tumour cells. These Tumour cells neoplasm or
Tumour. Also called as Cancer cells. Do not Adhere to one another. Cancer cells do not differentiate but continue to divide.
 Angiogenic factors – produces stimulate development of blood vessels into area of Tumour.
 Metastasis
 Cancer cells overgrow the area of Tumour and spreads to other part of the body via blood vessels (secondary form Tumours).
Cells of Secondary Tumour called as Malignant cells.

9. Detection and Diagnosis
 It is advisable to go in detection / Diagnosis of causes of cancer in early stages.
 Presence of abnormal Leucocytes.
 Bone marrow biopsy
 Endoscopic observation and biopsy
 Pap test – Determination of Cervix Cancer and Uterus.
 CT Scan, MRI Scan, X-Ray – Determination of internal organs cancers.
 Mammography – Determination of Breast cancer.
 Anti-body test – determination of cancer specific antigens.
 Observation of possible symptoms of cancer.

10. Treatment of Cancer
 There are four Types of Cancer Treatments which are used singly or in Combination – Surgery, Radiotherapy,
Chemotherapy, Immunotherapy.
 Surgery
 Remove Tumour Surgically. Malignant Tumour are spreads to other body parts and cannot be removed. For that Laser
Micro-Surgery has been used successfully.
 Radiation Therapy
 Radon (Rn-220), Iodine (I-131) and Cobalt (Co-60) are commonly used as Radioisotopes.
 Chemotherapy
 Cytotoxic Drugs are used with other types of Therapy. Cisplatin & Fluorouracil, nitrosoureas, vincristine & vinblastine, Taxol
& tetra thiomolybdate., etc are commonly used Drugs.
 Immunotherapy
 Biological Response Modifier (𝜶 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒏) are used to activate immune system. Vaccines are another approach.
Bone marrow transplant is used in case of Leukaemia.