This document discusses morphology, which is the study of meaningful units in language. It defines morphology and describes the key concepts of morphemes, which are the smallest units of meaning, and how they are combined to form words. Specifically, it provides examples of how morphemes representing singular/plural and tense are added to words to change their meaning. The document also defines the different types of morphemes, including free morphemes, bound morphemes, prefixes, suffixes, and allomorphs, which are variants of morphemes. Finally, it lists and describes the nine main classes of words in English.

1. MORPHOLOGY:
By
May Sari Yanti S6C
201212500054

2. MORPHOLOGY
 Phonology: the study of speech sounds and their
patterns
Phonology
Phoneme
(the smallest significant unit of speech)
 Morphology: the study of meaningful units
Morphology
Morphemes
(the smallest significant units of meaning/grammar)

3. MORPHemes
CASE:
a) cat /kæt/ : consists of three (3) combination of
phonemes  /k/, /æ/, & /t/. That is, /k/ is meaningless
and /æt/ is meaningless but /kæt/ is meaningful.
b) Singular Plural
cat /kæt/ cats  cat+s /kæts/
The combination of phonemes /kæt/ carry the meaning
of the word “cat”and the adding /s/ carries the meaning
of“plural”.The word cat contains one (1) morpheme; but
cats contains two (2) morphemes, that is, the
morpheme“cat” and the morpheme “s” which marks the
difference between singular and plural.

4. c ) Present Past
cook cooked  cook+ed
look looked  look+ed
book booked  book+ed
Each of the examples contains two (2) morphemes, that is,
the morpheme “cook, look, book”and the morpheme “ed”
which indicates the past tense for many English verbs.

5. TYPE OF MORPHEMES
 There are two (2) classes of morphemes:
 Free Morphemes (“stem” or “base”)
Morphemes which can occur freely on their own or
morphemes which can meaning-fully occur alone.
E.g.: bo o k, pe ncil, e le phant, lo ve , g ive , happy, etc.
 Bound Morphemes (affixes)
- Morphemes which can only occur as affixes are
described or morphemes that must always occur
with a base.
- Bound morphemes may be classified as affixes,
which are subdivided into prefixes, suffixes, and
infixes.

6. - Prefixes occur before the base.
E.g.: (un)tidy, (pre )scho o l, (dis)like , etc.
- Suffixes occur after the base.
E.g.: kind(ne ss), judg e (m e nt), te ach(e r),
etc.
- Infixes occur in the middle of the base.
E.g.: - English has no infixes.

7. ALLOMORPHs
 Allomorphs: variants of a morpheme.
CASE:
a) slammed /slæmd/ ; slipped /slIpt/ ; stilted /stIltId/
Allomorphs: /d/ in “slammed”; /t/ in “slipped” and /Id/ in“stilted”
b) Some English adjectives form their opposites by prefixing the bound
morpheme “in-”:
capable incapable ; tolerant intolerant
c) Often, however, the negative morpheme changes “n” to the consonant
of the word it prefixes:
legal illegal ; mobile immobile ; regular irregular
Allomorphs: “il-”, “im-”, “ir-”

8. CLASSES of words
There are nine (9) compulsary classes of words in English:
1) Nouns:
- the name of a person: Michael, etc.
- animal: tiger, etc.
- place: Jakarta, etc.
- concept or thing: grass, etc.
2) Determiners:
an adjective-like word which precedes both Adj. & N.
- articles: a, an, the.
- demonstratives: this, that, these, those.
- possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.

9. 3) Pronouns:
can take the place of a noun or a noun phrase
E.g.: John met his future wife on a train.
He met her on it.
4) Adjectives:
a descriptive word that qualifies and describes nouns.
- before nouns: a cold day, a heavy shower.
- after verbs like BE, BECO ME, GRO W, SEEM.
E.g.: He is tall. He became angry.
He grew fiercer. He seems content.
5) Verbs:
a “doing” word.
- an action: John climbed a tree.
- a process: John turned green.
- a state: John resembles his mother.

10. 6) Adverbs:
used to modify a verb, an adjective, a sentence or anotheradverb.
E.g.: He is dangerously ill.
He was, however, the best person forthe job.
He talked very strangely.
7) Prepositions:
a function word which are always followed by a noun, a noun phrase
ora pronoun.
E.g.: He talked to John
He arrived with anotherman.
He did it forme.
8) Conjunctions:
a “joining” word.
- co-ordinating: and, but, so. (equal)
E.g.: John and Mary ran upstairs.

11. - subordinating: why, that. (subordinate to main clause).
E.g.: He would not tell me why he did it.
He said that he was tired.
9) Exclamations/Interjections:
an involuntary utterance expressing fear, pain, surprise.
E.g.: Good lord!
Heavens above!
Oh dear!
- the term interjection is often referred for monosyllabic
utterances: O h! Wo w! O uch!
- in the written medium, both exclamations and interjections are
marked by exclamation marks.

12. Exercise
1) Morphemes which can only occur as affixes are
described or morphemes that must al12ways occur
with a base. That is the meaning of……….
Free
Morphemes Source
Morphemes
Bound
Morphemes

13. Yes
Correct
Yes
Correct
Yes
Correct

14. Incorrect
Incorrec
t
Incorrec
t
Incorrec
t

15. THANK YOUTHANK YOU
Sources :Sources :
• An Introduction to Linguistics (Loreto Todd)An Introduction to Linguistics (Loreto Todd)
•Google.comGoogle.com