The document discusses the use of various industrial wastes as partial replacements for fine aggregate in concrete. It describes the physical and chemical properties of wastes like waste foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, ISF slag, bottom ash, and palm oil clinker. It examines how replacing sand with these wastes affects the fresh and hardened properties of concrete, including slump, density, strength, and durability. Replacing up to 30% of sand with steel slag or 20% with waste foundry sand can improve concrete properties. Concrete with copper slag or bottom ash shows higher slump, while palm oil clinker concrete has lower density. The document concludes many wastes can be utilized in concrete without compromising quality.
Final report on Behaviour of Geopolymer Concretechetansingh999
This document is a thesis submitted by Chetan Singh Pundeer to fulfill the requirements for a B.Tech degree in Civil Engineering from Lingaya's University. It involves a study of the behavior of geopolymer concrete. Chetan declares that the work is original and was carried out under the supervision of Utkarsh Yadav. The thesis acknowledges the guidance of Nazim Ali and assistance of Utkarsh Yadav. The abstract indicates that the study focuses on developing environmentally friendly geopolymer concrete using fly ash as a cement replacement and studying its durability when exposed to acids, sulfates and chlorides.
This document provides information on geopolymer concrete (GPC) submitted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to GPC, which is an alternative to Portland cement concrete that uses industrial byproducts like fly ash. The document discusses the materials used in GPC including fly ash, aggregates, and alkaline activators. It presents the mix design for M20 grade GPC using different molarity alkaline activator solutions. Test results show increasing compressive strength with increasing molarity. Benefits of GPC include reduced CO2 emissions, use of waste materials, fire resistance, and acid resistance. Challenges include developing strength at ambient temperatures and standardization. The conclusion is that GPC is more suitable for pre
This presentation discusses the mix design procedure for ready mix concrete. It begins with an introduction to ready mix concrete, including its history. It then discusses the materials used - aggregates, cement, admixtures and fly ash. The equipment, mixing processes, specifications from customers, and quality checks are also outlined. Finally, the benefits of ready mix concrete are noted as consistent quality, strength, and reduced human error due to mechanization.
This document discusses geopolymer concrete as an innovative and eco-friendly construction material. It is made from aluminosilicate materials like fly ash or slag in combination with an alkaline activator solution. Geopolymer concrete offers advantages over traditional concrete like lower CO2 emissions, utilization of waste materials, and improved durability. The document outlines the constituents, mixing process, properties and applications of geopolymer concrete. Some drawbacks include the need for special handling and the corrosiveness of the alkaline activators. In conclusion, geopolymer concrete is a promising construction material due to its sustainability and performance benefits.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Mineral admixtures are added to concrete to make it more economical and durable. Common mineral admixtures include pozzolanas such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaoline. These admixtures improve concrete properties such as workability, permeability, chemical resistance, and strength through pozzolanic reactions. Fly ash is the most widely used pozzolanic material worldwide due to its ability to reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal combustion in thermal power plants. Ground granulated blast furnace slag reduces heat generation during curing and improves permeability and chemical resistance of hardened concrete. Metakaoline and silica fume are highly reactive pozzolanas
The document discusses the potential for geopolymer concrete to reduce CO2 emissions from the concrete industry. Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial byproducts like fly ash rather than Portland cement, and can offer benefits like higher strength, fire resistance, and durability while reducing CO2 by up to 90% compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The document outlines the production process of geopolymer concrete and its advantages over traditional concrete, as well as opportunities for its future use in infrastructure projects.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Final report on Behaviour of Geopolymer Concretechetansingh999
This document is a thesis submitted by Chetan Singh Pundeer to fulfill the requirements for a B.Tech degree in Civil Engineering from Lingaya's University. It involves a study of the behavior of geopolymer concrete. Chetan declares that the work is original and was carried out under the supervision of Utkarsh Yadav. The thesis acknowledges the guidance of Nazim Ali and assistance of Utkarsh Yadav. The abstract indicates that the study focuses on developing environmentally friendly geopolymer concrete using fly ash as a cement replacement and studying its durability when exposed to acids, sulfates and chlorides.
This document provides information on geopolymer concrete (GPC) submitted by a group of students. It includes an introduction to GPC, which is an alternative to Portland cement concrete that uses industrial byproducts like fly ash. The document discusses the materials used in GPC including fly ash, aggregates, and alkaline activators. It presents the mix design for M20 grade GPC using different molarity alkaline activator solutions. Test results show increasing compressive strength with increasing molarity. Benefits of GPC include reduced CO2 emissions, use of waste materials, fire resistance, and acid resistance. Challenges include developing strength at ambient temperatures and standardization. The conclusion is that GPC is more suitable for pre
This presentation discusses the mix design procedure for ready mix concrete. It begins with an introduction to ready mix concrete, including its history. It then discusses the materials used - aggregates, cement, admixtures and fly ash. The equipment, mixing processes, specifications from customers, and quality checks are also outlined. Finally, the benefits of ready mix concrete are noted as consistent quality, strength, and reduced human error due to mechanization.
This document discusses geopolymer concrete as an innovative and eco-friendly construction material. It is made from aluminosilicate materials like fly ash or slag in combination with an alkaline activator solution. Geopolymer concrete offers advantages over traditional concrete like lower CO2 emissions, utilization of waste materials, and improved durability. The document outlines the constituents, mixing process, properties and applications of geopolymer concrete. Some drawbacks include the need for special handling and the corrosiveness of the alkaline activators. In conclusion, geopolymer concrete is a promising construction material due to its sustainability and performance benefits.
The reduced CO2 emissions of Geopolymer cements make them a good alternative to Ordinary Portland Cement.
Produces a substance that is comparable to or better than traditional cements with respect to most properties.
Geopolymer concrete has excellent properties within both acid and salt environments
Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for Structural applications.
Mineral admixtures are added to concrete to make it more economical and durable. Common mineral admixtures include pozzolanas such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaoline. These admixtures improve concrete properties such as workability, permeability, chemical resistance, and strength through pozzolanic reactions. Fly ash is the most widely used pozzolanic material worldwide due to its ability to reduce the environmental pollution caused by coal combustion in thermal power plants. Ground granulated blast furnace slag reduces heat generation during curing and improves permeability and chemical resistance of hardened concrete. Metakaoline and silica fume are highly reactive pozzolanas
The document discusses the potential for geopolymer concrete to reduce CO2 emissions from the concrete industry. Geopolymer concrete is made from industrial byproducts like fly ash rather than Portland cement, and can offer benefits like higher strength, fire resistance, and durability while reducing CO2 by up to 90% compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The document outlines the production process of geopolymer concrete and its advantages over traditional concrete, as well as opportunities for its future use in infrastructure projects.
Cement is tested through laboratory and field tests to evaluate its properties and suitability. Key laboratory tests described in the document include:
- Fineness tests which measure particle size and surface area to determine reactivity.
- Setting time tests which ensure cement sets within specified time limits.
- Compressive strength tests where cement mortar cubes are crushed to determine strength over time.
- Soundness and loss of ignition tests which evaluate volume stability and carbon/moisture content.
Results of laboratory tests help ensure cement meets standards before use in construction projects.
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
This document discusses fly ash, which is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used in concrete production. It has three main points:
1. Fly ash can replace a portion of cement in concrete, improving properties like strength and durability while also reducing costs and environmental impact. Extensive research has shown fly ash improves long-term strength and density.
2. India produces around 75 million tons of fly ash per year but only utilizes around 5% of it due to lack of processing infrastructure. Increased fly ash use would help address disposal issues.
3. High-volume fly ash concrete mixes cement with 50-60% fly ash, requiring superplasticizers for workability but offering benefits like reduced heat
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
Lightweight concrete has a density of 300-1850 kg/m3 compared to 2200-2600 kg/m3 for normal concrete. It is made with lightweight aggregates which can be natural like pumice or artificial like expanded shale. Lightweight concrete has applications in structural and non-load bearing construction due to its strength while also providing benefits like reduced weight, improved insulation, and easier construction. Proper mix design is important due to the variable water absorption of aggregates.
Partial replacement of cement with glass powder and egg shell ash in concreteFresher Thinking
This document summarizes a study on partially replacing cement with glass powder and egg shell ash in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% replacement of cement and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The testing showed that concrete with 20% replacement achieved higher compressive and split tensile strengths compared to the control mix without replacement. The study aims to increase the strength of concrete while reducing waste and the cost of concrete production.
The document discusses geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It defines geopolymer concrete as a material made through a chemical reaction of aluminosilicate materials like fly ash or slag with an alkaline solution. This reaction forms a three-dimensional polymeric chain and network. In contrast to Portland cement, water is not involved in the chemical reaction and curing of geopolymer concrete. The document outlines the constituents, properties, applications and limitations of geopolymer concrete. It notes the potential for geopolymer concrete to provide environmental benefits over traditional concrete.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
This document discusses a study investigating the behavior of concrete with the addition of crumb rubber. A group of civil engineering students at Sharda University conducted an experiment replacing sand in concrete mixes with crumb rubber. The goal was to address the environmental challenge of waste tire disposal and explore potential uses of crumb rubber in concrete. The study examined the compressive and split tensile strengths of rubberized concrete mixes compared to normal concrete. There was a decline in compressive strength but increased ductility when crumb rubber was added. The document proposes uses for rubberized concrete in lightweight construction and infrastructure where shock absorption is beneficial.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document studied the effect of adding waste rubber to concrete. It conducted tests with concrete mixtures replacing the coarse aggregates with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50% and 100% rubber by volume. The results showed that as the percentage of rubber replacement increased, the compressive strength, slump, and density of the concrete decreased. However, adding rubber improves the concrete's elasticity and deformation properties while providing an environmentally friendly way to dispose of waste tires. The study concluded that rubberized concrete is most suitable for applications not requiring high strength, such as concrete pavements.
Cement is produced through a process involving crushing, grinding, and burning of limestone and clay. Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824. The first cement factory in India was established in Tamil Nadu in 1904. Cement production involves quarrying raw materials, crushing them, mixing with water or dry process, grinding, burning at high temperatures to form clinker, cooling clinker, and final grinding with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction activities like building, roads, bridges due to its binding properties and high compressive strength.
Scientists have identified this commonly used sealcoat as a major source of dangerous chemicals in streams and lakes, and as a significant health risk to the public, especially young children. These chemicals, which will are discussed in depth in the webinar, are found in the sediments of nearby lakes and streams from pavements coated with this type of product.
Our expert speaker is Dr. Barbara Mahler, a Research Hydrologist with the USGS at the Texas Water Science Center. She is part of the Contaminant Trends in Lake Sediments (CTLS) team, which uses cores of sediments from lakes to reconstruct the contaminant histories of watersheds.
This document provides an overview of self-compacting concrete (SCC), including its definition, properties, ingredients, tests to evaluate its performance, and applications. SCC is a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without any mechanical vibration. It has high filling ability, passing ability through reinforced bars without segregation, and resistance to segregation. The key ingredients in SCC include cement, fine and coarse aggregates, chemical and mineral admixtures, and water. A number of laboratory tests are used to evaluate the flow, passing ability, and segregation resistance of SCC, including slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, and J-ring tests. SCC has applications in concrete elements with
Project Report on Concrete Mix Design of Grade M35Gyan Prakash
This document provides a project report on the concrete mix design for grade M-35 concrete. It includes an introduction to concrete mix design objectives and considerations. It then describes the Indian Standard method for mix design in six steps: 1) selecting target compressive strength, 2) selecting water-cement ratio, 3) estimating air content, 4) selecting water content and fine-coarse aggregate ratio, 5) calculating cement content, and 6) calculating aggregate content. The report also includes test results for materials and mixes.
The document discusses using fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash - Class F contains less than 7% lime and requires a cementing agent, while Class C has self-cementing properties due to more than 20% lime. The document explores the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash. It finds that replacing cement with fly ash in concrete can improve strength, durability and reduce costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional concrete. Common uses of fly ash include concrete, bricks/blocks, road construction and mine filling.
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
This document discusses the key ingredients and properties of concrete. It describes cement, aggregates, grades of concrete, and concrete mix design. The main constituents of concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. Cement provides the binding properties and comes in various types. Aggregates occupy 70-75% of the concrete volume and influence properties. Concrete mix design considers the grading, moisture content, and properties of aggregates. Different grades of concrete provide varying compressive strengths suited for construction needs.
Aggregates: Review of types; sampling and testing; effects on properties of concrete, production of artificial aggregates.
Cements: Review of types of cements, chemical composition; properties and tests, chemical and physical process of hydration,Blended cements.Properties of fresh concrete - basics regarding fresh concrete –
mixing, workability, placement, consolidation, and curing,
segregation and bleeding
Chemical Admixtures: types and classification; actions and
interactions; usage; effects on properties of concrete
Mineral Admixtures: Flyash, ground granulated blast furnace slag,
metakaolin, rice-husk ash and
silica fume; chemical composition; physical characteristics; effects
on properties of concrete; advantages and disadvantages.
Proportioning of concrete mixtures: Factors considered in the design of mix . BIS Method, ACI method.,Properties of hardened concrete: Strength- compressive tensile
and flexure - Elastic properties - Modulus of elasticity - Creep-
factors affecting creep, effect of creep - shrinkage- factors affecting
shrinkage, plastic shrinkage, drying shrinkage, autogeneous
shrinkage, carbonation shrinkage ,Durability of concrete: Durability concept; factors affecting,
reinforcement corrosion; fire resistance; frost damage; sulfate
attack; alkali silica reaction; concrete in sea water, statistical quality
control, acceptance criteria as per BIS code.
Non-destructive testing of concrete: Surface Hardness, Ultrasonic,
Penetration resistance, Pull-out test, chemical testing for chloride
and carbonation- core cutting - measuring reinforcement cover
Special concretes - Lightweight concrete- description of various
types -High strength concrete - Self compacting concrete -Roller
compacted concrete – Ready mixed concrete – Fibre reinforced
concrete - polymer concrete
Special processes and technology for particular types of
structure - Sprayed concrete; underwater concrete, mass concrete;
slip form construction, Prefabrication technology
Geopolymer concrete is an innovative, eco-friendly construction material.
It is used as replacement of cement concrete.
In geopolymer concrete cement is not used as a binding material.
Fly ash, silica-fume, or GGBS, along with alkali solution are used as binders.
This document discusses fly ash, which is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used in concrete production. It has three main points:
1. Fly ash can replace a portion of cement in concrete, improving properties like strength and durability while also reducing costs and environmental impact. Extensive research has shown fly ash improves long-term strength and density.
2. India produces around 75 million tons of fly ash per year but only utilizes around 5% of it due to lack of processing infrastructure. Increased fly ash use would help address disposal issues.
3. High-volume fly ash concrete mixes cement with 50-60% fly ash, requiring superplasticizers for workability but offering benefits like reduced heat
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
Lightweight concrete has a density of 300-1850 kg/m3 compared to 2200-2600 kg/m3 for normal concrete. It is made with lightweight aggregates which can be natural like pumice or artificial like expanded shale. Lightweight concrete has applications in structural and non-load bearing construction due to its strength while also providing benefits like reduced weight, improved insulation, and easier construction. Proper mix design is important due to the variable water absorption of aggregates.
Partial replacement of cement with glass powder and egg shell ash in concreteFresher Thinking
This document summarizes a study on partially replacing cement with glass powder and egg shell ash in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% replacement of cement and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The testing showed that concrete with 20% replacement achieved higher compressive and split tensile strengths compared to the control mix without replacement. The study aims to increase the strength of concrete while reducing waste and the cost of concrete production.
The document discusses geopolymer concrete as an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It defines geopolymer concrete as a material made through a chemical reaction of aluminosilicate materials like fly ash or slag with an alkaline solution. This reaction forms a three-dimensional polymeric chain and network. In contrast to Portland cement, water is not involved in the chemical reaction and curing of geopolymer concrete. The document outlines the constituents, properties, applications and limitations of geopolymer concrete. It notes the potential for geopolymer concrete to provide environmental benefits over traditional concrete.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
Concrete is one of the most versatile materials used in infrastructural development. It plays a critical role in in construction industry and making it sustainable is of paramount importance. How do we do it? Let us look here!!
Here, I attach a PowerPoint presentation created by me for a competition held by UltraTech. Have a look at this and feel free to share your views with me.
This document discusses a study investigating the behavior of concrete with the addition of crumb rubber. A group of civil engineering students at Sharda University conducted an experiment replacing sand in concrete mixes with crumb rubber. The goal was to address the environmental challenge of waste tire disposal and explore potential uses of crumb rubber in concrete. The study examined the compressive and split tensile strengths of rubberized concrete mixes compared to normal concrete. There was a decline in compressive strength but increased ductility when crumb rubber was added. The document proposes uses for rubberized concrete in lightweight construction and infrastructure where shock absorption is beneficial.
1. The document discusses various types of special concretes including lightweight concrete, foam concrete, self-compacting concrete, vacuum concrete, fibre reinforced concrete, ferrocement, ready mix concrete, slurry infiltrated fibre concrete (SIFCON), and shotcrete.
2. Lightweight concrete uses lightweight aggregates like shale, clay, or slate to reduce density while maintaining strength. Foam concrete is made by injecting air or gas into the mix to create a cellular structure.
3. Self-compacting concrete can be placed without vibration due to its fluidity. Vacuum concrete has water removed using vacuum mats to increase strength.
This document studied the effect of adding waste rubber to concrete. It conducted tests with concrete mixtures replacing the coarse aggregates with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 50% and 100% rubber by volume. The results showed that as the percentage of rubber replacement increased, the compressive strength, slump, and density of the concrete decreased. However, adding rubber improves the concrete's elasticity and deformation properties while providing an environmentally friendly way to dispose of waste tires. The study concluded that rubberized concrete is most suitable for applications not requiring high strength, such as concrete pavements.
Cement is produced through a process involving crushing, grinding, and burning of limestone and clay. Joseph Aspdin first produced Portland cement in 1824. The first cement factory in India was established in Tamil Nadu in 1904. Cement production involves quarrying raw materials, crushing them, mixing with water or dry process, grinding, burning at high temperatures to form clinker, cooling clinker, and final grinding with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction activities like building, roads, bridges due to its binding properties and high compressive strength.
Scientists have identified this commonly used sealcoat as a major source of dangerous chemicals in streams and lakes, and as a significant health risk to the public, especially young children. These chemicals, which will are discussed in depth in the webinar, are found in the sediments of nearby lakes and streams from pavements coated with this type of product.
Our expert speaker is Dr. Barbara Mahler, a Research Hydrologist with the USGS at the Texas Water Science Center. She is part of the Contaminant Trends in Lake Sediments (CTLS) team, which uses cores of sediments from lakes to reconstruct the contaminant histories of watersheds.
This document provides an overview of self-compacting concrete (SCC), including its definition, properties, ingredients, tests to evaluate its performance, and applications. SCC is a concrete that can flow and consolidate under its own weight without any mechanical vibration. It has high filling ability, passing ability through reinforced bars without segregation, and resistance to segregation. The key ingredients in SCC include cement, fine and coarse aggregates, chemical and mineral admixtures, and water. A number of laboratory tests are used to evaluate the flow, passing ability, and segregation resistance of SCC, including slump flow, L-box, V-funnel, and J-ring tests. SCC has applications in concrete elements with
Project Report on Concrete Mix Design of Grade M35Gyan Prakash
This document provides a project report on the concrete mix design for grade M-35 concrete. It includes an introduction to concrete mix design objectives and considerations. It then describes the Indian Standard method for mix design in six steps: 1) selecting target compressive strength, 2) selecting water-cement ratio, 3) estimating air content, 4) selecting water content and fine-coarse aggregate ratio, 5) calculating cement content, and 6) calculating aggregate content. The report also includes test results for materials and mixes.
The document discusses using fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash - Class F contains less than 7% lime and requires a cementing agent, while Class C has self-cementing properties due to more than 20% lime. The document explores the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash. It finds that replacing cement with fly ash in concrete can improve strength, durability and reduce costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional concrete. Common uses of fly ash include concrete, bricks/blocks, road construction and mine filling.
This document provides information on aggregates used in traditional building materials. It defines aggregates as fillers used with binding materials that are derived from rocks. Aggregates make up 70-80% of concrete's volume and influence its properties. Aggregates are broadly classified into fine aggregates smaller than 4.75mm and coarse aggregates larger than 4.75mm. The document discusses various types of coarse aggregates based on geological origin, size, shape, and unit weight. It also covers properties of aggregates like strength, shape, specific gravity, moisture content and tests conducted on aggregates. Alkali aggregate reaction and measures to prevent it are summarized.
This document discusses the key ingredients and properties of concrete. It describes cement, aggregates, grades of concrete, and concrete mix design. The main constituents of concrete are cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. Cement provides the binding properties and comes in various types. Aggregates occupy 70-75% of the concrete volume and influence properties. Concrete mix design considers the grading, moisture content, and properties of aggregates. Different grades of concrete provide varying compressive strengths suited for construction needs.
This document provides information on cement, including its raw materials, composition, and field tests. It discusses the key ingredients of cement (lime, silica, alumina, iron oxide, magnesium oxide) and their functions and limitations. The production process of cement is outlined, involving excavation, transportation, grinding, heating in a kiln to form clinkers, and final grinding and packing. Field tests described include checking the date, color, lumps, temperature, and how it sinks in water. Laboratory tests on cement include fineness, consistency, setting time, compressive strength, and soundness. Factors affecting the strength of hardened concrete are also summarized.
This document discusses fly ash concrete and the effects of fly ash on concrete properties. It begins with an introduction to concrete and its typical ingredients. It then defines fly ash, describing its chemical and physical properties. Fly ash is classified and standards from BIS and ASTM for fly ash quality are reviewed. The effects of fly ash on the workability, setting time, heat of hydration, and compressive strength of concrete are summarized. Specifically, fly ash is shown to improve workability, reduce heat of hydration, and increase long-term compressive strength while decreasing early strength. Finally, the benefits of using fly ash in concrete are listed as improved durability, strength, workability, cost, and reduced density and heat
Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. It can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Using fly ash provides benefits such as increased long-term strength, improved workability through its spherical particles, reduced permeability, and increased durability. Fly ash works as a pozzolanic material, where it reacts with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration to produce additional cementitious compounds. Up to 30% of cement can typically be replaced by fly ash in concrete, providing technical and environmental benefits.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand, gravel, and water that hardens into a building material. It is the second most consumed substance on Earth after water. Concrete is made by mixing cement and water to form a paste that is then mixed with fine and coarse aggregates. The paste coats the surface of the aggregates and binds them together into a rock-like mass once hardened. Concrete's strength comes from reinforcement like steel bars for buildings and structures.
The document experimentally investigates using steel slag to replace coarse aggregates in concrete. Steel slag is a byproduct of steel production that can potentially be used in concrete production. The study replaced coarse aggregates with steel slag at rates of 50%, 60%, and 70% by weight. Concrete cubes were cast using different slag replacement rates and tested for compressive strength up to 28 days. The results showed that steel slag can be used to replace coarse aggregates at high rates while still maintaining adequate compressive strengths for structural concrete.
This document provides an overview of fly ash, including:
- Fly ash is a byproduct of burning coal in thermal power stations and contains silica, alumina, and iron oxide.
- There are four main types of ash: fly ash, bottom ash, pond ash, and mound ash. Fly ash has pozzolanic properties that react with calcium hydroxide.
- The Bureau of Indian Standards specifies chemical and physical requirements for fly ash used in cement and concrete.
- Fly ash has various uses including in bricks/blocks, cement concrete, road construction, agriculture, and mine filling. When used in concrete it improves workability, permeability, and long-term strength.
This document provides information about cement, including its chemical composition, types, manufacturing process, quality checks, applications, disadvantages, additives, and major manufacturers. It discusses that cement is made up mainly of lime, silica, alumina, and iron oxide. The document describes the main types of cement like ordinary Portland cement, rapid hardening cement, sulfate resisting cement, and others. It also summarizes the manufacturing process and quality checks for cement as well as the applications, disadvantages, and common additives used. Finally, some of the leading cement manufacturers globally are listed.
Cement is produced by burning a mixture of siliceous, argillaceous and calcareous materials at high temperatures. Ordinary Portland cement is the most commonly used type and is used for general construction. Cement solidifies when mixed with water through a chemical reaction to form a strong concrete material. There are various types of cement suited for different purposes based on their properties and ability to resist chemicals, acids, fire or water.
This presentation covers the chemical constituents of Portland cement (PC) and the effects and properties of each of the main and minor compounds that make up the (PC). Their typical ranges in PC and in various types of PC. (edited)
The document summarizes an experimental study on replacing fine aggregates with bottom ash for developing high strength concrete. It introduces the objectives of studying the effect of bottom ash replacement on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. It describes the materials used including bottom ash, cement, coarse aggregates. The methodology explains the material testing, mix design, specimen preparation, casting and curing. The results sections analyzes the workability, compressive strength and split tensile strength of concrete with different bottom ash replacement percentages. It concludes that maximum strength is achieved with 20% bottom ash replacement, proving bottom ash's potential as an alternative to river sand.
The document discusses various metal casting processes and techniques. It covers topics like sand casting, pattern making, moulding sand, cores, melting furnaces, and special casting processes. Sand casting is introduced as one of the most common casting methods where a sand mould is used. Different types of patterns and allowances are described. The properties and testing of moulding sands like green sand and dry sand are outlined. Special casting techniques like shell mould casting and investment casting that use non-sand moulds are also summarized briefly.
Influence of Micro Silica and GGBS on mechanical properties on high strength...Harish kumar Lekkala
This document discusses a study on the influence of micro silica and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) on the compressive strength of high strength concrete. The objectives of the study are to determine the optimum replacement percentage of cement with micro silica and GGBS to achieve maximum strength, and to test the compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete mixtures. The document describes the materials used including cement, fine and coarse aggregates, micro silica, and GGBS. It also outlines the mix design process and curing of test specimens before discussing the various tests conducted and results obtained.
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Cement is produced by heating limestone and clay at high temperatures. This causes them to chemically combine and form small balls called clinker. Clinker is then ground with gypsum into a powder to create cement. When mixed with water, cement forms a paste that binds sand, gravel and crushed rock together to form concrete. The key steps in cement production are grinding raw materials, firing the mixture in a kiln at over 1300°C to produce clinker, cooling the clinker, and grinding it with gypsum into the final cement powder. Different types of cement are produced by varying the chemical composition and fineness to achieve specific properties like rapid setting, low heat generation, or sulfate resistance.
Concrete, Cement, Raw Material of Cement, Types, Water, Aggregates, Sand, Mix...Naqeeb Khan Niazi
Concrete is an engineering material that simulates the properties of rock and is a combination of particles closely bound together. It is simply a blend of aggregates, normally natural sand and gravel or crushed rock.
Cement is a dry powdery substance made by calcining lime and clay, mixed with water to form mortar or mixed with sand, gravel and water to make concrete. It is a binder material. Once hardened, cement delivers sufficient strength to erect large industrial structures
Cement is manufactured through a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and other ingredients. Common materials used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore.
Sand a loose granular material that results from the disintegration of rocks, consists of particles smaller than gravel but coarser than silt, and is used in mortar, glass, abrasives, and foundry molds. : soil containing 85 percent or more of sand and a maximum of 10 percent of clay.
Concrete, Cement
Raw Material of Cement, Types
Water, Aggregates, Sand
Mixing of concrete
Transportation, Rate Analysis
Polymer concrete and fiber reinforced polymer concrete are alternatives to traditional concrete that can reduce drawbacks like greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. Polymers can be classified as synthetic, natural, organic or inorganic. Polymer concrete is made by mixing polymers, aggregates, and sometimes cement or other binders. It has properties like high compressive strength, impermeability, chemical resistance, and good adhesion. Fiber reinforced polymer concrete adds fibers like glass or textile to improve flexural strength and ductility. Geopolymer concrete uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and is more eco-friendly than ordinary Portland cement. Both polymer concrete and fiber reinforced polymer concrete have applications in construction where properties like strength, corrosion resistance and durability are
This document provides information on various types of admixtures used in concrete. It discusses mineral admixtures including slag, pozzolanas and fillers. It describes different chemical admixtures such as accelerators, retarders, air entraining agents, water reducers, plasticizers, and super plasticizers. Specific admixtures like fly ash, GGBS, and silica fume are explained in detail along with their effects on fresh and hardened concrete. High volume fly ash concrete and its properties are also summarized.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
Similar to Seminar on replacement of fine aggregate (20)
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The project entitled "Gas Agency" is done to make the manual process easier by making it a computerized system for billing and maintaining stock. The Gas Agencies get the order request through phone calls or by personal from their customers and deliver the gas cylinders to their address based on their demand and previous delivery date. This process is made computerized and the customer's name, address and stock details are stored in a database. Based on this the billing for a customer is made simple and easier, since a customer order for gas can be accepted only after completing a certain period from the previous delivery. This can be calculated and billed easily through this. There are two types of delivery like domestic purpose use delivery and commercial purpose use delivery. The bill rate and capacity differs for both. This can be easily maintained and charged accordingly.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Physical properties of industrial wastes as fine aggregate
• Shape and appearance
• Particle gradation
• Specific gravity
• Bulk density
• Water absorption
• Chemical properties
• Fresh properties of concrete
• Slump test
3. CONTENTS
• Compaction factor test
• Air content
• Density of concrete
• Waste foundry sand
• Steel slag
• Copper slag
• ISF slag
• Class F type fly ash
• Palm oil clinker
4. CONTENTS
• Durability of industrial waste concrete
• Water absorption and permeability
• Abrasion resistance
• Acid resistance
• Sulphate resistance
• Structural behaviour of industrial waste-concrete .
• Deflection test
• Pull-off strength
• Micro-structural analysis
• Conclusion
5. INTRODUCTION
• Utilisation of industrial waste materials in concrete compensates the lack of
natural resources, solving the disposal problem of waste and to find alternative
technique to safeguard the nature. There are a number of industrial wastes used
as fully or partial replacement of coarse aggregate or fine aggregate. Some of
these industrial wastes like waste foundry sand, steel slag, copper slag, imperial
smelting furnace slag (ISF slag), blast furnace slag, coal bottom ash, ferrochrome
slag, palm oil clinker etc are used. The physical and mechanical properties of
industrial waste as well as of industrial waste concrete, in which natural sand is
substituted are different.
• For example, the concrete where sand is replaced by copper slag, imperial
smelting furnace slag, class F fly ash exhibits improved strength and durability
properties, but it’s slump increases as the rate of replacement increases in the
case of copper slag and the slump decreases in the case of class F fly ash.
6.
7. SHAPE AND APPEARANCE
• The blast furnace slag is dark smooth particle and granular.
• In general foundry sand is round in shape.
• Green foundry sands are dark or grey, whereas chemically bonded foundry
sands are of greyish in colour.
• The copper slag is granular in nature, dark polished particle and has a grain
size distribution like natural sand.
• ISF slag is dark in shading, vitreous, granular and contain toxic metal (lead
and zinc).
• The molecules of coal bottom ash have a rough texture and are rakish,
irregular and permeable.
• Palm oil clinker (POC) is porous in nature and grey in colour
8. PARTICLE GRADATION
• The grain size distribution of the copper slag is about 75% particles between 1.18
mm and 0.3 mm
• Particle size distribution is uniform in the case of WFS with 85–95% of the
substances in between of 0.6 mm to 0.15 mm
• . Particle distribution of steel slag is uniform with 83% of the material in between
0.6 mm and 0.15 mm
• Grain size distribution of the palm oil clinker fine aggregate is about 46% particles
between 1.18 mm–0.075 mm
• Grain size distribution of the ISF slag is about 75% particles between 1.18 mm and
0.3 mm
• The particle size distribution of bottom ash is with 55% material in between 1.18
mm and 0.10 mm
• It can be observed from the above details that the particle size distribution of all
industrial wastes including palm oil clinker fine aggregate is within the Zone-I and
Zone-II except foundry sand and steel slag
9. SPECIFIC GRAVITY
• The specific gravity of waste foundry sand somewhere around 2.39– 2.79.
• The steel slag’s specific gravity was 3.15.
• The specific gravity of ISF slag is 3.88
• The specific gravity of blast furnace slag is 2.45.
• The specific gravity of bottom ash in between 1.39 and 2.33,
• The specific gravity for copper slag is 3.37
• That the specific gravity of ferrochrome slag is 2.72.
• The specific gravity of pond ash is 1.89
• The specific gravity of the palm oil clinker fine aggregate is 2.
10. BULK DENSITY
• Loose bulk density of waste foundry sand is 1690 Kg/m3, where the
compacted bulk density is 1890 Kg/m3.
• That the apparent density of steel slag is 2395 Kg/m3, packing density
is 1475 kg/m3
• The bulk density of granulated copper slag is varying from 1900 kg/m3
to 2150 kg/m3
• The loose bulk density of bottom ash is 620 kg/m3, whereas the
compacted bulk density 660 kg/ m3
• The loose bulk density and compacted bulk density of the granulated
blast furnace slag is 1052 kg/m3 and 1236 kg/m3, respectively
• The bulk density of the palm oil clinker fine aggregate is 1122 kg/m3,
11. WATER ABSORPTION
• The water absorption of waste foundry sand is 1.2%.
• The water absorption of copper slag is in between 0.30% and 0.40%.
• Water absorption capacity of ISF slag as reported by Morrison et al.
(2003) is 0.20%
• The water absorption of steel slag is 1.32%
• Water absorption of granulated blast furnace slag is 10.0%
• Water absorption capacity of bottom ash is 5.45%
• The water absorption of palm oil clinker fine aggregate was 14.29%
12. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES
• WFS are rich in silica content and covered with a slim film of burnt carbon,
remaining binder (resins/chemicals, bentonite, sea coal,) and dust. Copper
slag contains Fe2O3 which is about 53.45% , whereas ISF slag consists of
Fe2O3 which is 38.33%
• The chemical constitution of bottom ash differs based upon type of coal
used and the process of burning. Bottom ash is basically made out of silica,
iron and alumina with little quantity of magnesium, calcium, and sulphate
etc.
• The chemical constituent of steel slag differs with furnace type, grade of
steel and pre-treatment process. The steel slag mainly consists of SiO2,
CaO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, MgO, MnO, P2O5
• The main chemical constituent of blast furnace slag is CaO which is 56.10%.
• The chemical constitution of class F fly ash is silicon dioxide 55.3% and
aluminium oxide 25.7%. The Palm oil clinker is mainly consist SiO2 and K2O
13. FRESH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
• SLUMP TEST
• The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete
before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made
concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows. It can
also be used as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch.
• Suggested ranges for low workability, medium workability and high
workability of concrete, the slump value are 25 mm–75 mm, 50 mm–
100 mm and 100 mm–150 mm, respectively
• The slump test using different industrial waste materials in concrete
are explained below.
14. • Waste foundry sand
It was noticed that slump of WFS concrete decreases as the replacement ratio
increases. This may be most likely because of the presence of clayey type fine substances
in the WFS, which are compelling in diminishing fresh concrete fluidity
• Copper slag
The workability of concrete increases altogether with the increment of copper
slag content in concrete mixes. Slump was measured to be 28 mm for reference mix,
whereas for concrete with 100% copper slag, slump was 150 mm.
• Steel slag
The slump decreases as the substitution rate level increases ,using the steel slag
as a substitution of sand. The greater rate of substitution of sand by steel slag makes the
workability of concrete less.
• Granulated blast furnace slag
That increase in slump value was noticed while the replacement ratio increased
for granulated blast furnace slag. For reference concrete the measured slump was 60 mm
though for 50% replacement of granulated blast furnace slag, the measured slump was 100
mm.
15. COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
• Compaction factor is the ratio of the weight of fresh,
partially compacted concrete/ to fully compacted concrete.
Theoretically the maximum value is 1.0, if the fresh concrete has
achieved maximum compaction. Realistically, a value close to 1.0, like
.95 or .98 is more likely.
• The compaction factor of concrete in which fine aggregate is replaced
by ferrochrome slag is found 0.88 and0.92 showing midway
workability for concrete items.
• With constant compaction factor 0.78–0.83 by replacing natural sand
with WFS and bottom ash, results in increase in water demand with
increase in supplanting of sand with waste foundry sand and bottom
ash.
16. AIR CONTENT
• The air content is in between 4.2% and 4.5% in concrete in which
natural sand is replaced by three percentages (10%, 20%, 30%) of
used foundry sand.
• In fresh concrete, the air content of class F fly ash concrete is lower
than that of normal weight concrete. The air content is 3.2%, 3.8%,
4.0% for 50%, 40%, 30% class F fly ash concrete respectively in
comparison to the control concrete air content 5.2%
17. DENSITY OF CONCRETE
• Concrete’s compressive strength primarily relies on the workability of
concrete. The poor workability of the concrete diminishes the
compaction of the concrete and increases the porosity of the
concrete. The increase in porosity decreases the density of the
concrete and leads to a reduction in compressive strength. That’s why
density is one of the most prime variables to consider in the design of
concrete structure
18. • WASTE FOUNDRY SAND
• The density of concrete in hardened stage decreases as the percentage of replacement
of foundry sand increases.
• Density of fresh concrete of control mix was almost equal to the density of concrete in
which sand was substituted by foundry sand from 10% to 30%.
• STEEL SLAG
• The utilisation of steel slag in concrete, density of concrete was increased because it
supplanted sand which has a lesser specific gravity. However the increment in the
density is little and considered as normal-density concrete.
• COPPER SLAG
• There is merely increment in the density of the concrete with copper slag replacement
increases, which is ascribed to the high specific gravity of copper slag
• ISF SLAG
• Density of concrete increases when ISF slag was added as sand substitution because of
high specific gravity of ISF slags.
19. • BOTTOM ASH
• the densities of concrete in hardened stage linearly diminished as the substitution
proportion of bottom ash were increased.
• CLASS F TYPE FLY ASH
• The fresh concrete density is almost similar to control mix up to replacement level 50%.
• PALM OIL CLINKER
• Density of control concrete was 2342 kg/m3, where the density of the concrete in which
coarse aggregate fully replaced by oil palm shell and natural sand substituted 25%, 37.5%
and 50% by palm oil clinker fine aggregate were 1913, 1902 and 1889 kg/m3,
respectively.
• It can be observed that in cases like copper slag, steel slag and ISF slag density
of concrete increases with inclusion of replacing industrial waste materials,
density of class F type fly ash concrete and waste foundry sand concrete is
almost similar with that of control concrete, but the concrete in which sand
was replaced by bottom ash and palm oil clinker, the density of concrete
decreases
20. DURABILITY OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE
CONCRETE
• WATER ABSORPTION AND PERMEABILITY
• High water absorption ratio of concrete mixes has lower strengths
• The capillary water absorption as demonstrated by rate of water consumed per unit area
and it increases when rate of substitution of WFS increased. An increase in water
absorption capacity causes diminishing in compressive strength.
• ABRASION RESISTANCE
• the presence of increasing amounts of waste foundry sand in concrete mix the depth of
wear diminished and improved the abrasion resistance.
• It was found water cement ratio 0.55 and 0.50 in concrete mixes, the depth of wear
increased with an increment in the supplanting of sand with ISF slag.
21. • ACID RESISTANCE
• Concrete being alkaline in nature is susceptible to attack by sulphuric acid formed from
either bacterium processes in sewage system or sulphur dioxide available in the
atmosphere
• the weight reduction is less for 40% substitution of normal sand by steel slag when
compared to the control concrete
• By adding steel slag in fine aggregate has preferable acid resistance than reference
concrete.
• SULPHATE RESISTANCE
• Permeability of concrete plays an important role in protecting against external sulphate
attack. Sulphate attack can take the form of expansion, loss in compressive strength and
loss in mass of concrete.
22. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF INDUSTRIAL
WASTE CONCRETE
• DEFLECTION TEST
• As the load rises, the deflection increases moderately in RCC beams when part of the
sand supplanted by steel slag.
• RCC beams with steel slag indicate particularly the same deflection as reference
concrete.
• PULL-OFF STRENGTH
• An increment in strength for water cement ratio 0.50 mixtures up to 60% ISF Slag
inclusion and for water cement proportion 0.45, sand substitution in between 40 and
60%.
• The pull-off strength of concrete mixes with water cement ratio 0.40 was alike to the
reference concrete.
• The pull-off strength of concrete mixes with water cement proportion 0.55 with an
increment of the sand substitution level. It is evident that ISF slag does not unfavorably
influence the tensile strength of cover-zone concrete.
23. • MICRO-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
• Micro-structural analyses were conducted using X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD) and
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) by many researchers.
X-ray Diffraction Spectrometer (XRD)
• XRD technique is conducted to analyse the components of concrete mixes.
The X-ray diffraction standard and examination of the concrete i.e.
reference mix, and 20% WFS concrete mixes ware carried out and when
the qualitative, quantitative and morphological analysis results of reference
concrete and 20% waste foundry sand containing concrete are investigated,
no significant differences between them are observed.
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
• Concretes mixes with low-rate substitution by granulated blast furnace slag
are alike to control concrete with consider to microstructure, but when the
substitution proportion is more than 30% it demonstrates porous structure
• As the rate of bottom ash substitution grows, the structure is turning out to
be more permeable having considerably more pores dispersed around the
surface of the aggregate.
24. CONCLUSION
• Physical properties such as bulk density, specific gravity and grain size distribution of all
industrial wastes were almost equal to the properties of natural sand except the particle
size distribution of foundry sand
• In the case of concrete where fine aggregate is replaced by waste foundry sand, steel
slag and palm oil clinker, slump value reduces by increasing the percentage of
replacement and concrete mix in which fine aggregate substituted by copper slag and
bottom ash, slump value increases by increasing the replacement ratio
• Waste foundry sand can be utilised as a substitution of 20% of sand without
compromising the mechanical and physical properties. Abrasion resistance of concrete
mixtures increased with the increase in WFS content as replacement for fine aggregate.
Inclusion of WFS results in decreased the chloride ion penetration in concrete
• The utilisation of steel slag up to 30% as sand substitution in concrete mixes has a
constructive outcome on both compressive and tensile strengths; shows better acid
resistance than control concrete. RCC beams with steel slag shows almost the same
deflection as conventional concrete, hence introducing it in concrete will eliminate one
of the environmental problems created by the steel industry.
• Palm oil clinker contributed higher compressive strength and flexural strength compared
to control concrete