Historical and early exploration records of hydrocarbon seeps in Kuwait and the surrounding area that led to the discovery of the super giant oilfield - Burgan. A tale of political intrigue and geology.
Conventional and Unconventional ReservoirsRimsha Rais
This document provides an overview of conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. It defines conventional reservoirs as containing gas that can easily flow naturally from the source rock, while unconventional reservoirs have low permeability and porosity requiring stimulation techniques to extract the gas. The document discusses various unconventional reservoirs like shale gas, shale oil, gas hydrates, coalbed methane and compares the extraction techniques for conventional and unconventional reservoirs like horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and directional drilling. It also provides examples of unconventional shale reservoirs in Pakistan.
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Source rocks are sedimentary rocks that contain significant amounts of organic matter. When buried and heated to sufficient temperatures, this organic matter will generate oil or gas. Effective source rocks contain at least 0.5% total organic carbon and have generated hydrocarbons that have formed commercial oil and gas accumulations. The key characteristics of a source rock are that it contains sufficient quantities and quality of organic matter and reaches the appropriate levels of thermal maturity to generate hydrocarbons. For a source rock to form, conditions must allow for high biological productivity, anoxic conditions to preserve organic matter, and rapid burial of organic-rich sediments.
This is a survey on the history of oil presented as a timeline which includes major social, business and technological events related to the development of the oil industry.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
This training report is created during the ONGC training programme and all the informations are gathered from the training officers and the classroom programmes organised during the training prrogramme.
Historical and early exploration records of hydrocarbon seeps in Kuwait and the surrounding area that led to the discovery of the super giant oilfield - Burgan. A tale of political intrigue and geology.
Conventional and Unconventional ReservoirsRimsha Rais
This document provides an overview of conventional and unconventional petroleum reservoirs. It defines conventional reservoirs as containing gas that can easily flow naturally from the source rock, while unconventional reservoirs have low permeability and porosity requiring stimulation techniques to extract the gas. The document discusses various unconventional reservoirs like shale gas, shale oil, gas hydrates, coalbed methane and compares the extraction techniques for conventional and unconventional reservoirs like horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and directional drilling. It also provides examples of unconventional shale reservoirs in Pakistan.
What is a Typical Unconventional Gas Reservoir?
Compare between Conventional vs. Unconventional Reservoir
What are Unconventional Resources…!
Why Do We Need Unconventional Reservoirs ?
Unconventional Gas Reservoir; Unconventional Resources; Worldwide Unconventional Gas Production; Types of Natural Gas Resource; The Resource Triangle
Source rocks are sedimentary rocks that contain significant amounts of organic matter. When buried and heated to sufficient temperatures, this organic matter will generate oil or gas. Effective source rocks contain at least 0.5% total organic carbon and have generated hydrocarbons that have formed commercial oil and gas accumulations. The key characteristics of a source rock are that it contains sufficient quantities and quality of organic matter and reaches the appropriate levels of thermal maturity to generate hydrocarbons. For a source rock to form, conditions must allow for high biological productivity, anoxic conditions to preserve organic matter, and rapid burial of organic-rich sediments.
This is a survey on the history of oil presented as a timeline which includes major social, business and technological events related to the development of the oil industry.
Oil shale is a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of ancient organisms that lived millions of years ago. It contains kerogen, which breaks down into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas when heated. The largest oil shale deposit in the United States is the Green River formation, spanning Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, which contains over 1.8 trillion barrels of shale oil. Oil shale is classified based on its depositional environment such as lacustrine, marine, or terrestrial, and mineral content including carbonate-rich, siliceous, or cannel shale types.
This document provides an overview of petroleum geology, including:
1) It discusses the key components of petroleum geology - geochemistry, geophysics, and biology.
2) It explains the process of formation of an oil accumulation, which requires a source rock, reservoir rock, seal, and trap.
3) It describes the basic components of organic matter in sediments and how they are transformed into kerogen and then oil and gas through burial and heating over time.
This training report is created during the ONGC training programme and all the informations are gathered from the training officers and the classroom programmes organised during the training prrogramme.
Geological & Prospective peculiarity of Kapaz field on South Caspian basin,Dr. Arzu Javadova
Kapaz field is located in the central part of the Apsheron-Pribalkhan threshold between the Azeri and Livano structures- in the west of the Caspian sea. Water depth changes from 90 m in the east to 130 m in the west, in the area. In the seismic cross-sections of the Kapaz field, deposits from Quaternary to Miocene are observed, the cross-sections were revised using the Ostracoda and Formaninifera fauna contents based on regional well correlations. The tectonic structures are an asymmetric anticline striking NW-SE. The folding undulated the upper Pliocene twice and the middle Pliocene thrice. Secondary undulations present as dome-shaped uplifts (3-5 1.5-2,0 km). The size on the fold in the base of the upper division of the middle Pliocene is 25 x2.5 km. The structure in the base of the upper division of the Middle Pliocene is displaced relative to the structure of the top of the mIddle Pliocene to the northwest along the fol axis 3.5-4 km. Oil and gas potential in the southwestern and northeastern slopes of the structure is associated with the deposits from the suite of Pereriva and also with the underlying suits of PS. Concerning Kapaz field evaluation, it is recommended to drill wells to strip up to the KaS as it was done in the Turkmenistan sector of the Caspian Sea in the Livanova, Gubkina, and Lam field. Taking into account the anomalous high-pressure layer below the suite of Pereriva every effort should be taken to strip up to the KaS successfully
Geophysical Methods of Hydrocarbon ExplorationM.T.H Group
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for hydrocarbon exploration, specifically focusing on seismic surveying. It describes how seismic surveying works, including generating sound waves at shot points and measuring the travel time of reflections to determine subsurface rock densities and structures. Gravity and magnetic methods are also discussed briefly as tools used in the pre-drilling phase to locate salt domes and reefs, while seismic surveying is described as the most widely used method and applicable to both exploration and development phases.
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
Oil shale resource is called unconventional oil resources to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods (e.g., conventional oil resources). Most of the world's oil reserves are recorded as unconventional crude oil. Oil shale deposits represent staggering resource figures. Estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey suggest a global resource of 3 trillion (1012) barrels of oil, but reasonable estimates as high as 12 trillion barrels have been made. About half of the resource is located in the western United States. This articles aims to sight some light on the oil shale as the important types of unconventional oil deposits in the earth as well as how much can be economically recovered from oil shale.
Contains a short description of source rock and it is classified whilst making due diligence to relate it to its importance to geologist (or economic importance in general)
Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed when water molecules combine with low molecular weight gases like methane under high pressure and low temperature conditions. They are found naturally in ocean sediments and beneath permafrost. Gas hydrate deposits represent a potentially huge energy resource, containing twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels combined. However, decomposition of hydrates could also release the potent greenhouse gas methane. Extensive research is being conducted to better understand gas hydrate formation and properties in order to evaluate their potential as an energy source and address flow assurance issues in pipelines transporting natural gas.
This document discusses different types of organic matter found in sediments and sedimentary rocks, including kerogen. It describes four main types of kerogen (Types I-IV) which are distinguished based on their chemical properties and hydrogen content. Type I kerogen is the most oil-prone and is typically found in marine depositional environments, while Type III is more gas-prone and found in terrestrial environments. The quality of a source rock depends on the type of kerogen present, with Type I being the highest quality. Kerogen maturity is determined by temperature and time, and vitrinite reflectance is used to measure the level of organic maturity. Macerals are microscopic organic components in coal that are classified into groups including li
This document provides an outline of a lecture on the generation of petroleum. It discusses:
1) The origin of petroleum from organic matter formed by photosynthesis and preserved in sediments.
2) The processes of early sediment diagenesis that degrade organic matter and form kerogen.
3) Catagenesis, where increasing heat and pressure during burial matures kerogen to form petroleum like oil and gas.
Petroleum development geology is a hybrid discipline requiring knowledge of geology, engineering, and economics. As key responsibilities, development geologists estimate reserves volumes, justify drilling options, and provide frameworks for maximum financial returns. The four main methods for reserves estimation are educated guesses based on experience, comparisons to nearby production, reservoir simulations, and volumetric calculations based on structure and isopach maps. Volumetrics are the most accurate and widely used technique.
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted spontaneously by radioactive elements like potassium, uranium, and thorium found in rocks. A gamma ray log measures this natural radioactivity to indicate the presence of shale and clay in formations. The log uses a scintillation counter detector in the tool to measure gamma radiation from the formation. Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shale and clay. Therefore, higher gamma ray readings indicate more shale, while clean formations like sandstone have lower readings. The log can be used to correlate between wells and evaluate shale content.
Organic matter is transformed into petroleum through a process of maturation over time. As Kerogen, the organic material in source rocks, is buried deeper underground under anaerobic conditions, it matures into various hydrocarbon molecules through the action of heat and microbes. This process converts Kerogen first into bitumen and eventually produces crude oil, wet gas, condensate, and thermogenic natural gas as the organic matter is subjected to greater depths and higher temperatures. Source rocks containing the organic matter that forms petroleum can be of either terrestrial or marine origin.
The document discusses the various steps involved in crude oil extraction, including locating oil fields using methods like magnetometers, seismic surveys, and sniffers; drilling wells into the oil field; and extracting the oil using primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods. Primary recovery relies on natural reservoir pressure while secondary uses water or gas injection to increase pressure. Tertiary recovery methods like steam injection are used for thicker oils to increase their mobility. Recovery rates are highest for permeable rocks with strong natural drives and less viscous oil.
The document discusses the Bombay High oilfield located offshore of Mumbai, India in the Arabian Sea. It describes how the oilfield was discovered in 1964-1967 by a joint Russian-Indian exploration team mapping the area. The Bombay High field supplied 14% of India's oil needs and accounted for 38% of domestic production, with operations run by India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) exploiting reservoirs ranging from fractured basement to middle Miocene carbonates.
In this slide basics of Petroleum GEOLOGY is illustrated with the little review of Petroleum and geology terminology.
Also, the responsibilities or role of petroleum Geology is elaborated.
The document discusses key elements and processes of petroleum systems including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, migration routes, traps, and the process of generation, migration, accumulation, and preservation of oil and gas. It also defines conventional reservoirs that can be produced economically without stimulation as compared to unconventional reservoirs that require stimulation techniques to be economically produced.
- The document discusses oil shale deposits around the world and in Egypt. It defines oil shale as a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to shale oil through heating. Oil shale deposits are classified based on their depositional environment (marine, lacustrine, terrestrial) and mineral composition (carbonate-rich, siliceous, cannel). The largest known deposit is the Green River Formation in the US, containing over 2 trillion barrels of shale oil. Egypt has significant oil shale deposits in the Red Sea region, Quseir-Safaga area, and Abu Tartur plateau containing billions of tons of oil shale.
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
The document provides an overview of petroleum accumulation, including the key components and processes. It discusses:
1) Source rocks containing organic material that is buried and heated, forming oil and gas.
2) Migration of hydrocarbons from source rocks into reservoir rocks via primary and secondary migration processes driven by pressure changes.
3) Reservoir rocks, usually porous sandstone or limestone, that trap hydrocarbons with an impermeable cap rock forming an accumulation. Reservoir rocks must have sufficient porosity and permeability for hydrocarbons to flow.
The Kirkuk field is a super-giant oil field located in northern Iraq near the town of Kirkuk. It is over 100 km long and up to 4 km wide, comprising three domes. Four reservoirs have been developed within extensive fracturing. The field was first discovered in 1927 and began production in 1934. It contains over 12 billion barrels of oil reserves and was producing close to 600,000 bbl/day, though production has declined from over-pumping. Iraq plans to double exports from Kirkuk to 300,000 bbl/day by upgrading pipelines and infrastructure.
The document discusses Venezuela's Orinoco Oil Belt, which contains large deposits of heavy crude oil. It provides details on several areas within the belt, including:
- The Zuata area, where exploration has found 79.3 billion cubic meters of oil in place. Production testing of wells found an average of 25 cubic meters per day increased to 200 cubic meters after steam injection.
- The Machete area, estimated to contain 40 billion cubic meters of heavy crude oil, with potentially 4 billion cubic meters recoverable. Production rates are up to 20 cubic meters per day and could be increased tenfold with steam injection.
- The Cerro Negro steam injection area, where a 5.9 hectare section
Geological & Prospective peculiarity of Kapaz field on South Caspian basin,Dr. Arzu Javadova
Kapaz field is located in the central part of the Apsheron-Pribalkhan threshold between the Azeri and Livano structures- in the west of the Caspian sea. Water depth changes from 90 m in the east to 130 m in the west, in the area. In the seismic cross-sections of the Kapaz field, deposits from Quaternary to Miocene are observed, the cross-sections were revised using the Ostracoda and Formaninifera fauna contents based on regional well correlations. The tectonic structures are an asymmetric anticline striking NW-SE. The folding undulated the upper Pliocene twice and the middle Pliocene thrice. Secondary undulations present as dome-shaped uplifts (3-5 1.5-2,0 km). The size on the fold in the base of the upper division of the middle Pliocene is 25 x2.5 km. The structure in the base of the upper division of the Middle Pliocene is displaced relative to the structure of the top of the mIddle Pliocene to the northwest along the fol axis 3.5-4 km. Oil and gas potential in the southwestern and northeastern slopes of the structure is associated with the deposits from the suite of Pereriva and also with the underlying suits of PS. Concerning Kapaz field evaluation, it is recommended to drill wells to strip up to the KaS as it was done in the Turkmenistan sector of the Caspian Sea in the Livanova, Gubkina, and Lam field. Taking into account the anomalous high-pressure layer below the suite of Pereriva every effort should be taken to strip up to the KaS successfully
Geophysical Methods of Hydrocarbon ExplorationM.T.H Group
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for hydrocarbon exploration, specifically focusing on seismic surveying. It describes how seismic surveying works, including generating sound waves at shot points and measuring the travel time of reflections to determine subsurface rock densities and structures. Gravity and magnetic methods are also discussed briefly as tools used in the pre-drilling phase to locate salt domes and reefs, while seismic surveying is described as the most widely used method and applicable to both exploration and development phases.
This document discusses the key geological elements of a petroleum system including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seals, migration routes, and traps. It explains that source rocks contain organic matter that generates hydrocarbons through diagenesis, catagenesis and metagenesis as the rocks are buried deeper. Reservoir rocks have pore spaces that can absorb hydrocarbons, while seal rocks are impermeable layers that trap hydrocarbons between them and the reservoir rock. Traps form where hydrocarbons are blocked from further migrating, such as in structural traps like folds and faults or stratigraphic traps caused by changes in rock layers.
There are two main types of traps that can contain oil and gas deposits underground: structural traps and stratigraphic traps. Structural traps form when rock layers are bent or broken through geologic processes like folding or faulting. Stratigraphic traps form when permeable rock layers, like sandstone, become surrounded by impermeable layers, like shale, that trap the oil and gas inside. It is important for identifying potential oil and gas reservoirs that petroleum geologists understand the complex variations in rock layers and how different rock types can trap hydrocarbon deposits in different ways either structurally or stratigraphically.
Oil shale resource is called unconventional oil resources to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods (e.g., conventional oil resources). Most of the world's oil reserves are recorded as unconventional crude oil. Oil shale deposits represent staggering resource figures. Estimates by the U.S. Geological Survey suggest a global resource of 3 trillion (1012) barrels of oil, but reasonable estimates as high as 12 trillion barrels have been made. About half of the resource is located in the western United States. This articles aims to sight some light on the oil shale as the important types of unconventional oil deposits in the earth as well as how much can be economically recovered from oil shale.
Contains a short description of source rock and it is classified whilst making due diligence to relate it to its importance to geologist (or economic importance in general)
Gas hydrates are crystalline compounds formed when water molecules combine with low molecular weight gases like methane under high pressure and low temperature conditions. They are found naturally in ocean sediments and beneath permafrost. Gas hydrate deposits represent a potentially huge energy resource, containing twice as much carbon as all other fossil fuels combined. However, decomposition of hydrates could also release the potent greenhouse gas methane. Extensive research is being conducted to better understand gas hydrate formation and properties in order to evaluate their potential as an energy source and address flow assurance issues in pipelines transporting natural gas.
This document discusses different types of organic matter found in sediments and sedimentary rocks, including kerogen. It describes four main types of kerogen (Types I-IV) which are distinguished based on their chemical properties and hydrogen content. Type I kerogen is the most oil-prone and is typically found in marine depositional environments, while Type III is more gas-prone and found in terrestrial environments. The quality of a source rock depends on the type of kerogen present, with Type I being the highest quality. Kerogen maturity is determined by temperature and time, and vitrinite reflectance is used to measure the level of organic maturity. Macerals are microscopic organic components in coal that are classified into groups including li
This document provides an outline of a lecture on the generation of petroleum. It discusses:
1) The origin of petroleum from organic matter formed by photosynthesis and preserved in sediments.
2) The processes of early sediment diagenesis that degrade organic matter and form kerogen.
3) Catagenesis, where increasing heat and pressure during burial matures kerogen to form petroleum like oil and gas.
Petroleum development geology is a hybrid discipline requiring knowledge of geology, engineering, and economics. As key responsibilities, development geologists estimate reserves volumes, justify drilling options, and provide frameworks for maximum financial returns. The four main methods for reserves estimation are educated guesses based on experience, comparisons to nearby production, reservoir simulations, and volumetric calculations based on structure and isopach maps. Volumetrics are the most accurate and widely used technique.
Gamma rays are high-energy electromagnetic waves emitted spontaneously by radioactive elements like potassium, uranium, and thorium found in rocks. A gamma ray log measures this natural radioactivity to indicate the presence of shale and clay in formations. The log uses a scintillation counter detector in the tool to measure gamma radiation from the formation. Radioactive elements tend to concentrate in shale and clay. Therefore, higher gamma ray readings indicate more shale, while clean formations like sandstone have lower readings. The log can be used to correlate between wells and evaluate shale content.
Organic matter is transformed into petroleum through a process of maturation over time. As Kerogen, the organic material in source rocks, is buried deeper underground under anaerobic conditions, it matures into various hydrocarbon molecules through the action of heat and microbes. This process converts Kerogen first into bitumen and eventually produces crude oil, wet gas, condensate, and thermogenic natural gas as the organic matter is subjected to greater depths and higher temperatures. Source rocks containing the organic matter that forms petroleum can be of either terrestrial or marine origin.
The document discusses the various steps involved in crude oil extraction, including locating oil fields using methods like magnetometers, seismic surveys, and sniffers; drilling wells into the oil field; and extracting the oil using primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods. Primary recovery relies on natural reservoir pressure while secondary uses water or gas injection to increase pressure. Tertiary recovery methods like steam injection are used for thicker oils to increase their mobility. Recovery rates are highest for permeable rocks with strong natural drives and less viscous oil.
The document discusses the Bombay High oilfield located offshore of Mumbai, India in the Arabian Sea. It describes how the oilfield was discovered in 1964-1967 by a joint Russian-Indian exploration team mapping the area. The Bombay High field supplied 14% of India's oil needs and accounted for 38% of domestic production, with operations run by India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) exploiting reservoirs ranging from fractured basement to middle Miocene carbonates.
In this slide basics of Petroleum GEOLOGY is illustrated with the little review of Petroleum and geology terminology.
Also, the responsibilities or role of petroleum Geology is elaborated.
The document discusses key elements and processes of petroleum systems including source rocks, reservoir rocks, seal rocks, migration routes, traps, and the process of generation, migration, accumulation, and preservation of oil and gas. It also defines conventional reservoirs that can be produced economically without stimulation as compared to unconventional reservoirs that require stimulation techniques to be economically produced.
- The document discusses oil shale deposits around the world and in Egypt. It defines oil shale as a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to shale oil through heating. Oil shale deposits are classified based on their depositional environment (marine, lacustrine, terrestrial) and mineral composition (carbonate-rich, siliceous, cannel). The largest known deposit is the Green River Formation in the US, containing over 2 trillion barrels of shale oil. Egypt has significant oil shale deposits in the Red Sea region, Quseir-Safaga area, and Abu Tartur plateau containing billions of tons of oil shale.
Introduction to oil and gas exploration and processingJohn Kingsley
This is a comprehensive presentation designed to give an overview and to introduce oil & gas operations.
Following are the contents of the presentation :
a) How Oil & Gas were formed ?
b) How are Oil and Gas deposits located ?
c) Economics of Exploration operations.
d) Definition of Oil Reserves.
e) Drilling & Production Process - How are they safely and efficiently extracted for onward processing without creating detrimental environmental impacts ?
f) History of “Off-shore Oil & Gas Exploration”.
g) Different types of “Off-shore Production facilities”.
h) Characteristics of Crude oil.
i) Oil & Gas Industry – Overall Block diagram.
j) Separation of Oil, Gas and Water.
k) Gas treatment and Export.
l) Oil treatment and Export.
m) Water treatment and disposal.
n) Pipeline transportation basics.
Know more about iFluids Engineering --> visit www.iFluids.com
The document provides an overview of petroleum accumulation, including the key components and processes. It discusses:
1) Source rocks containing organic material that is buried and heated, forming oil and gas.
2) Migration of hydrocarbons from source rocks into reservoir rocks via primary and secondary migration processes driven by pressure changes.
3) Reservoir rocks, usually porous sandstone or limestone, that trap hydrocarbons with an impermeable cap rock forming an accumulation. Reservoir rocks must have sufficient porosity and permeability for hydrocarbons to flow.
The Kirkuk field is a super-giant oil field located in northern Iraq near the town of Kirkuk. It is over 100 km long and up to 4 km wide, comprising three domes. Four reservoirs have been developed within extensive fracturing. The field was first discovered in 1927 and began production in 1934. It contains over 12 billion barrels of oil reserves and was producing close to 600,000 bbl/day, though production has declined from over-pumping. Iraq plans to double exports from Kirkuk to 300,000 bbl/day by upgrading pipelines and infrastructure.
The document discusses Venezuela's Orinoco Oil Belt, which contains large deposits of heavy crude oil. It provides details on several areas within the belt, including:
- The Zuata area, where exploration has found 79.3 billion cubic meters of oil in place. Production testing of wells found an average of 25 cubic meters per day increased to 200 cubic meters after steam injection.
- The Machete area, estimated to contain 40 billion cubic meters of heavy crude oil, with potentially 4 billion cubic meters recoverable. Production rates are up to 20 cubic meters per day and could be increased tenfold with steam injection.
- The Cerro Negro steam injection area, where a 5.9 hectare section
The Bombay High oilfield is located 160 km off the coast of Mumbai, India. It was discovered in the 1960s during regional geophysical surveys conducted by a Russian seismic vessel. The Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) began drilling in the oilfield in 1973 and it began production in 1976. The oilfield reached peak production of 20 million metric tons per year in 1998 and continues to produce oil and gas through offshore platforms and facilities operated by ONGC using gas lift methods. The main source rock for the oilfield is the Panna formation from the Paleocene-Early Eocene period, and the primary reservoir rock is limestone with porosity between 15-35%. ONGC is continuing exploration and seismic surveys
Natural gas is utilized as fuel and has increasingly become a feedstock for petrochemical industries. It is formed from organic matter deposited in sedimentary basins over millions of years. For commercial production, three elements are required - a source rock, reservoir rock, and a trap. Oman's main natural gas fields include Saih Rawl, Barik, and Yibal, which are produced using hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on the geology and production characteristics of these fields. Pipelines transport gas from fields to processing plants and customers across Oman.
The document summarizes the petroleum play of the Upper Indus Basin in Pakistan. It describes the production history from 1920-1991, including the first commercial well. Source rocks include formations from the Proterozoic to Eocene, with the Paleocene Patala Formation being the primary source. Maturation levels range from 0.3-1.6% vitrinite reflectance. Reservoirs include Cambrian to Miocene formations with porosity ranging from 5-30% and permeability from less than 1mD to over 300mD. Traps formed from fault truncations, seals from interbedded shales and thick Pliocene shales. The largest field to date is Dhurnal with over
This presentation discusses open pit and underground mining methods. Open pit mining involves extracting rock and minerals from the surface, has advantages like safety and equipment simplicity but requires large land areas and leaves noise and dust pollution. Underground mining uses tunneling techniques, allows deeper extraction while limiting environmental impact but is more complex, dangerous and inefficient. The Khalashpir coal field in Bangladesh is described as having 8 coal seams up to 16.9 meters thick, with proven reserves of 685 million tons, and is planned to use longwall mining given seam thickness.
Tar sands and oil shale are unconventional sources of petroleum that require more energy-intensive extraction and processing than conventional crude oil. Tar sands, also known as oil sands, consist of bitumen mixed with sand, clay, and water found predominantly in Alberta, Canada. Oil shale is a sedimentary rock containing kerogen, which can be converted to synthetic oil via pyrolysis. While Canada and the United States have large reserves of tar sands and oil shale that could help meet energy demand, extraction causes significant environmental impacts through land disturbance, water and air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions.
The document discusses various unconventional hydrocarbon resources including heavy oil and tar sands, oil shale, gas hydrates, coal bed methane, and shale gas. It provides details on their geology, extraction methods, challenges, and key properties affecting production. Thermal methods like steam injection and electrical heating are used to extract heavy oil and tar sands. In situ conversion process and hydraulic fracturing improve extraction of oil shale and shale gas respectively.
The document provides details of a proposed oil exploration and drilling project in the Cambay Basin in Gujarat, India. JPIL plans to drill 13 exploratory wells to depths between 800-2500 meters using drilling rigs, mud systems, and other equipment. Technical details are provided on the local geology, including source rocks and reservoirs, as well as planned drilling and testing operations. An economic analysis covers requirements for workforce, power, water, and raw materials. While pros include the basin's production history, cons are the oil's low API gravity and potential for low flow rates from basalt reservoirs with limited natural permeability.
Maxim Lyashko reports on the Rumaila oilfield redevelopment project, the first long-term oil contract of the post-Saddam era and Iraq’s biggest treasure estimated to contain 15 per cent of country’s oil reserves.
The document provides an overview of hydrocarbon exploration in India, including:
1. It discusses India's increasing demand for energy resources due to population growth and economic development. India imports 75% of its oil and gas needs.
2. It summarizes the status of exploration in India's sedimentary basins, including the 7 petroliferous basins where commercial hydrocarbons have been found.
3. It outlines India's estimated oil and gas resources both established and yet to be discovered, as well as strategies to increase recovery from existing fields and explore unconventional resources like shale gas.
a short presentation about the process of oil extraction, the prime oil extraction regions, natural hazard and a few case studies about various oil spills which have occurred in the past and caused a lot of harm to the marine ecosystem, along with wastage of precious oil.
Bombay High is an offshore oilfield located 160 km off the coast of Mumbai, India. It was discovered in 1964-1967 and is operated by ONGC. It supplied 14% of India's oil needs and accounted for 38% of domestic production until 2004. The field is located in the Bombay offshore basin and produces from limestone reservoirs of Miocene age. It has produced over 2 billion barrels of oil and 3 trillion cubic feet of gas to date. A major fire in 2005 destroyed the Mumbai High North platform, costing $1.2 billion to rebuild. ONGC continues exploration and production activities in the area through seismic surveys.
Seminar presentation based on technologies and advancements in the oil and gas field. Oil and Gas industry is one of the core fields of chemical engineering studies.
the petroleum engineering is the processes naturally occurring flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture
of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights and other liquid organic
compounds, that are found in geologic formations under the Earth's
What is fracking? What is retorting? How can it be done? Why should India go for extracting the shales?
This is a brief introduction to all the answers you might be wanting regarding shale gas and shale oil......
After all this is a research in progress in which India has a huge potential!
The document summarizes information about offshore oil and gas fields in India, with a focus on the Mumbai High/Bombay offshore basin. It discusses the history of offshore oil exploration, key findings of the basin's tectonic and stratigraphic studies, details on productive reservoirs and fields in the basin like Mumbai High, and concludes by noting ONGC's production targets and aims to improve oil recovery rates over time.
This presentation is about the Unconventional reservoirs characterization, the methodology of exploration, the techniques of production and the worldwide production and in Egypt.
“The History of WEHLU from Conventional to Unconventional”Gib Knight
For a snapshot of the history of the West Edmond Hunton Lime Unit take a look at the “The History of WEHLU from Conventional to Unconventional” by Galen Miller, Sr. Geologist with Gastar Exploration.
This presentation by Tim Capel, Director of the UK Information Commissioner’s Office Legal Service, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
Moreover, having well-defined career goals fosters a sense of purpose and direction, enhancing job satisfaction and overall productivity. It encourages continuous learning and adaptation, as professionals remain attuned to industry trends and evolving job market demands. Career goals also facilitate better time management and resource allocation, as individuals prioritize tasks and opportunities that advance their professional growth. In addition, articulating career goals can aid in networking and mentorship, as it allows individuals to communicate their aspirations clearly to potential mentors, colleagues, and employers, thereby opening doors to valuable guidance and support. Ultimately, career goals are integral to personal and professional development, driving individuals toward sustained success and fulfillment in their chosen fields.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Yong Lim, Professor of Economic Law at Seoul National University School of Law, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
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3. Introduction
• This field is located in
the desert of southeastern
Kuwait; Middle East
• Onshore oil field
• The world’s largest
sandstone oil field
• 29°06′39″N, 47°58′00″E
• ~750 Km2
4. History
• Discovered in 23, February, 1938
• Discovery was based partially on magnetics and
oil seeps.
• The second largest overall, after Ghawar
• In 1946, start of production (By KOC)
• Production with original pressure about 40 years
• Peak of oil production in 2005
5. • First of seawater injection was started in 1999.
• 1200 well were drilled since the field discovered
• 1991 - Iraqi soldiers set the Burgan Field on fire as
they retreated during the Iraq war. A total of 297 well
fires were extinguished
• An estimated 1.4 GBO was lost during the seven
month
• 2013 - Fourth most productive oilfield worldwide
6. • 2010 - Chief Executive of the Kuwait Oil
Company reported that Burgan produced half
of Kuwait’s oil.
• From 1948 through 2016 the Burgan
complex has produced 32.5 GBO.
• Its production costs are by far the lowest of
any oil field in the world.
7. Geology
• It include three producing
subfield
Burgan (500 Km2)
Magwa (180 Km2)
Ahmadi (140 Km2)
• These subfield base on
three structural dome
8. • This field lies within the
Arabian basin
• It is an anticline structure that
is 30 miles long.
• It has numerous faults (~250),
these may act seal to fluid
flow
• Magwa and Ahmadi are
separated from Burgan by a
central graben fault complex
• Producing horizons share
similar sub sea oil/water
contacts and their primary
drive mechanism is underlying
water.
10. • The Burgan to Mauddud interval represents an overall
transgressive sequence
• Wara and Burgan formation were deposited in a fluvial
deltaic environment on the continental shelf margin of the
ancient Tethys Ocean
• Both formations are separated by carbonate succession of
Mauddud Formation which deposited in a shallow marine
environment
• The Mauddud limestone reservoir with low permeability
from 1 to 50 md
11. • The Middle Third Burgan is the most prolific
reservoir from which more than 75% oil production.
• The middle third Burgan reservoir mainly consists of
multi-Darcy sand and with very strong aquifer
support.
• The Upper Third Burgan and Lower Third Burgan
reservoirs are of lower sand quality and poor sand
connectivity.
12. • The Lower Third Burgan acted as conduit in the past
for fluid migration from the fourth sand to Middle
Third Burgan.
• Burgan' formation containing 35% porosities and
permeability of over 400 millidarcies
• The Fourth Burgan reservoir is the lowest major
producing zone
13. • Shale layers that separate the Upper, Middle, and
Lower Third Burgan sands
• The hydrocarbon-bearing intervals are between 7,400
and 8,000 ft deep and are normally pressured.
• The total reservoir thickness is 1500 feet
• The reservoir temperature is 170ºF
• 4 to 15 barrels of oil per day/pounds per square inch.
14. • The initial reservoir pressure in the upper Burgan is
estimated to have been 3,855 pounds per square inch
gauge (psig)
• A single original oil/water contact (OWC) is reported,
there was vertical communication between different
reservoirs
18. • The 28-36⁰ API mature oil is produced from Wara
and Burgan Formation
• Oil gravity decreases with depth
• The sulfur content is approximately 2.5%.
• 1972 - 2,400,000 barrels per day
• 2005 - Production capacity: 1,700,000 barrels per day
19. • Current production – 1,200,000barrels per day for oil,
• 550 MMcf
• Estimated oil in place – 61 GBO
• Current producing formations Wara (K1)
20. The Burgan complex is expected to produce for the
next 30-35 years and ultimately recover 61GBO and
38Tcf gas.
22. Conclusion
• The world largest siliciclastic field and second largest field
• 3 main reservoir
• Current producing reservoir is Wara formation
• Water drive mechanism
• Type II Kerogen , oil and gas prone
• URR 61 GBO and 38 Tcfg
• 2.5% sulfur content
• 28 -36 API⁰
23. • 1,200,000b/d and 550 x106cu ft/d current
production
• Estimatily 35 GBO have been produced from
this field
• Except to produce for the next 24 – 30 years
Both formations were deposited in a fluvial deltaic environment on the continental shelf margin of the ancient Tethys Ocean Both formations are separated by carbonate succession of Mauddud Formation which deposited in a shallow marine environment
.The lower Burgan to Mauddud interval represents an overall transgressive sequence
Conduit
Conduit=ေရသြယ္ေျမာွင္း
Pyrolysis gas chromatograph
MMCf=million cubic feet
API gravity
GBO= Billion Barrels of Oil
Billion= 1,000,000,000 or 1,000,000,000,000
GBO= Billion Barrels of Oil
Billion= 1,000,000,000 or 1,000,000,000,000