This document discusses building stones and gypsum products used in construction. It describes 8 common building stones like granite, limestone, marble and slate, providing their characteristics, classifications, colors and building uses. It also discusses various gypsum products including plasters, gypsum boards, tiles, precast wall panels and lime. Plasters are described in detail along with their compositions and uses. Gypsum boards and tiles as well as precast wall panels are also defined. Finally, the document notes that hydrated lime is used in making the finish coat of interior plaster.

1. Republic of the Philippines
TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND FINE ARTS
Ayala Boulevard cor. San Marcelino St., Ermita Manila
CHAPTER 3: BUILDING
STONES & GYPSUM AND
LIME
REPORTER: GANACIA, JEMICA G.
BSA- 2B

2. BUILDING STONES
Stones usually blocks or pieces of the basic
material rock.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ROCKS
1. Igneous- formed as the
result of the cooling of
molten matter.
2. Sedimentary- formed
by the action of water.
3. Metamorphic-structure
changed by
the action of extreme
heat, pressure and
various forces.

4. STONES USED FOR BUILDING PURPOSES
1. Rubble - includes rough
fieldstone which may merely
have been broken into suitable
sizes. This is usually used for
and filling material. Also called
as escombro and lastillas.
2. Dimension (cut stone) –
consists of pieces that have
been cut or finished according to
a set or drawings. Used for
facings of walls.

5. STONES USED FOR BUILDING PURPOSES
3. Flagstone (Flat Slabs) –
consists
of thin pieces, ½ inch. For
walks
and floors.
4. Crushed Rock – Stones
consisting of pieces varying in
size from 3/8 to 6 in. and is
used to a large extent in
concreting.

6. BUILDING STONES
Characteristi
c
Classificati
on of Rock
Color Used for:
1. Argillite Rock that is
made up of
clay or silt
particles that
is hardened.
Rock made
of clay
Commonl
y dark-blue
with
faint
shades of
green
Floor tile, stair
treads, coping
stones, interior
wall base,
interior window
stools of exterior
window sills
2. Granite Very hard,
strong durable
and capable
of taking a
high polish.
Igneous
(quartz,
feldspar,
hornblende
and mica)
Red, pink,
yellow,
green,
blue,
white and
brown
Flooring wall
paneling,
column and
mullion facings,
stair treads or
flagstone

7. Characterist
ic
Classificati
on of Rock
Color Used for:
3.
Limestone
Very low in
absorption,
and has a
smooth
texture
Sedimentary
rock (oolitic
and
dolomitic)
Fairly
uniform
light gray
Floor tile
4.
Travertine
Whitish,
porous
Sedimentary
rock
(calcium
carbonate)
white Interior
decorative
stone
5. Marble Hard,
smooth and
mostly white
Metamorphic
rock (from
limestone
and dolmite)
Yellow,
white, gray,
black,
green,
violet, red
Wall or column
facing and for
flooring
Building Stones

8. Building Stones
Characterist
ic
Classificati
on of Rock
Color Used for:
6.
Serpentine
Hard mineral
consisting of
hydrous
magnesium
Igneous rock
(mineral
serpentine)
Olive green
to greenish
black
Interiors only
due to
deterioration
from
weathering
7.
Sandstone
Texture is
very fine to
very coarse
and porous
Sedimentary
rock
(cemented
silica grains)
Gray, buff,
light brown,
red
Wall or column
facing and for
decorative
purposes
8. Slate
Rock
Hard, slightly
rough
Metamorphic
rock (from
clays and
shales)
Black,
green, red,
gray or
purple
Roof, flooring,
window sills
and stools,
stair treads,
facing.

9. Stone Construction
Stones are largely used as facing
material for large buildings with steel
and concrete frames.

10. STONE CONSTRUCTION
1. Paneling – consists of
using slabs of stone cut to
dimension and thickness to
cover backup walls and
provide a finished exterior.
2. Ashlar – work requires the
use of cut stone and
includes broken ashlar,
irregular coursed ashlar,
regular coursed ashlar.

11. STONE CONSTRUCTION
3. Rubblework – used as
random when no attempt
is made to produce either
horizontal or vertical
course lines.
4. Trim – involves use of
stones cut for a specific
purpose and include
Quoin – stones laid at the
intersection of two walls.
coarsed
rubble
random

12. STONE CONSTRUCTION
• Trim
As jambs – form the sides of
window and door openings.
As sills – form the bottom of
window and door openings
As belts – special stone
courses built into a wall for a
particular purpose. For
architectural relief and change
in wall thickness.

13. • Trim
Stone Construction
As Coping– one which is cut to
fit on the top of a masonry wall.
As cornices – specially cut
stones which are built into and
project from, a masonry wall
near the top to provide the
appearance of a cave.
As Lintels – stones which
bridge the top of door and
window openings.

14. STONE CONSTRUCTION
• Trim
As Stone Steps – made to fit
over an inclined concrete slab
or to cap steps cast in concrete.
As an Arch Stone – cut to form
some particular type of arch
over a door or window opening.
As Stone Flooring – walks and
patios, made by covering a
base of stone concrete, brick or
tile with Flagstone.

15. Gypsum
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated
calcium sulfate from which gypsum
plaster is made; colorless when pure as
a retarder in portland cement.

16. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
a) Plaster of Paris – made
from carefully selected white
rock. When mixed with water
to form a paste, it sets in
about 15 to 20 mins.
b) Keene’s Cement – Highly
resistat to moisture
penetration and has a
smooth surface.

17. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
c) Casting Plaster – made from
specially selected rock and
ground much finer than plaster
of Paris. It is slower setting and
cooler working.
d) Hard wall Plaster – a neat
gypsum plater, containing hair or
fiber, widely used to form the
first (scratch) coat and second
(brown) coat on plastered walls
and ceiling.

18. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
e) Cement band Plaster–
intended for application to
concrete surfaces. Almost any
finish plaster can be applied
over the coat.
f) Finish Plaster– made
specially to produce the finish
(Putty) coat for plastered
surfaces. It has to be mixed
with hydrated Lime putty and
water.

19. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
g) Prepared finish Plaster–
requires only water. It contains
no lime, so the plaster surface
can be decorated as soon as
it is dry.
h) Texture Plaster– Used when
a rough surface is required.

20. GYPSUM PRODUCTS
1. Plasters
i) Acoustical Plaster– calcined
gypsum is mixed with a light
weight – mineral aggregate to
make a type of finish plaster
that has a high rate of sound
absorption.
j) Joint Plaster– For filling nail
holes and covering joints in
gypsum wall board.

21. Gypsum Products
2. Gypsum Boards
a) Gypsum wallboard – A
fireproof sheathing for
interior walls and ceilings. It
is made of a core of gypsum
covered on each side by a
heavy specially
manufactured kraft paper.
b) Gypsum Lath – used as a
base for plaster, providing
adhesion for gypsum
plaster.

22. Gypsum Products
2. Gypsum Boards
c. Gypsum Precast
Roof Decking –
Precast from gypsum
containing various
types of fiber are
made in either the
square – edged plank
from 4 to 6 feet or
metal – edged plank
10 feet long.

23. Gypsum Products
3. Gypsum Tile
a) Partition and Furring Tile
– made for specially
calcined gypsum, to which
is usually added about 5
percent wood fiber in the
form of chips and
sometimes some perlite.
b) Fireproofing Tile – made
to cover steel members in a
building to protect them
against fire.

24. Gypsum Products
4. Gypsum Precast Wall
Panels
- Made by casting in mold a panel consist of
two outer shells 5/8 in. thick reinforced with
viscose fiber and seperated by a core of
hexagonal cells, it is made 2 feet wide, 2 to 6
in. thick and up to 10 ft. long. Each panel is
tongue and groove along its long edges to
form an interlocking wall.

25. Lime
Used in the making of the finish or
putty coat for interior plaster.

26. LIME
- The lime used is
hydrated or slake lime which is
mixed with water to form a
plastic, putty like material to
which is added gauging plaster.
The mixture is applied in a thin
coat over the bare plaster and
troweled to a smooth finish. The
lime in the putty begins to
recarbonate, and this hardening
continues slowly for a long
period of time.