This document discusses various types of stones and tiles used in construction. It describes the composition and formation of different stones like granite, slate, marble and limestone. It also discusses the manufacturing process of ceramic and vitrified tiles and their various applications as flooring and wall coverings. Natural stones are used for building facades, panels, rubblework and trims due to their durability and decorative properties. Ceramic, vitrified and porcelain tiles are commonly used for floors, walls, countertops and other surfaces in homes and buildings due to their moisture resistance, durability and low maintenance.
When we are constructing homes we don't even know how many types of flooring are there. If you want to know about it then watch the slides. To know more about it go through this link( https://blog.builtify.in/2019/07/11-best-suited-flooring-types-for-Indian-home-builtify.html )
Different types of flooring and how are they installed.
This presentation gives you a brief description on floor finishes and its installation methods.
this is a detailed research on ceramic tiles; their raw materials, construction and making, installation, advantages and much more. it explains in details about the process and production of ceramic tiles.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
When we are constructing homes we don't even know how many types of flooring are there. If you want to know about it then watch the slides. To know more about it go through this link( https://blog.builtify.in/2019/07/11-best-suited-flooring-types-for-Indian-home-builtify.html )
Different types of flooring and how are they installed.
This presentation gives you a brief description on floor finishes and its installation methods.
this is a detailed research on ceramic tiles; their raw materials, construction and making, installation, advantages and much more. it explains in details about the process and production of ceramic tiles.
are horizontal elements of building structures which divide building into different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation with in the restricted space, one above the other and also provide support to the occupants, furniture and equipment of a building.
Building stones are naturally occurring rocks of igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic origin which are sufficiently consolidated to enable them to be cut or shaped into blocks or slabs for use as walling, paving or roofing materials in the construction of buildings and other structures.
THIS PPT WAS MADE FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSE IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SUBJECT
Floor finishes in commercial and institutional uses make considerable use of synthetic-fibre carpeting and vinyl composition tile. In areas of higher traffic harder surfaces may be used—for example, cut stone tiles of marble or granite, ceramic tile applied with epoxy adhesive to the substrate, or terrazzo. Terrazzo is made in two ways, traditional and thin-set. In the traditional form a four-centimetre (1.5-inch) layer of cement and sand grout is poured over the substrate; a grid of metal divider strips to control shrinkage cracks is set on the hardened surface, and grout mix of coloured cement and marble chips is poured between the strips. After hardening, the surface is machine polished to expose the marble chips and metal dividers. Thin-set terrazzo is made by placing the metal strips and pouring the binder and marble chips directly onto the subfloor, without the underbed of cement and sand. It is generally possible only when epoxy resins are used in place of cement binders. Terrazzo is available in many colours, and it forms a hard, smooth, and durable surface that is easily cleaned.
Hardwood Floor
Solid hardwood flooring of the past in lengths able to span joists is becoming more of a rare thing. Commodity flooring in a variety of lengths, some as short as 6 or 8 inches, is more the norm.
Laminate Flooring
Laminate flooring can cover other, existing floor coverings, as long as the total height of the flooring does not interfere with other functions. As a floating floor, laminate flooring is easy to remove and replace with new laminate flooring.
Engineered Wood Flooring
Engineered wood flooring is a hybrid that brings the best of solid hardwood with the functionality of dimensionally stable plywood. Hardwood veneer comprises the very top layer of engineered wood flooring.
Sheet Vinyl Flooring
Sheet vinyl flooring stretches from end to end of a room, often as one continuous sheet.
Vinyl Tile Flooring
Vinyl tile flooring is a floor covering that depends on an ultra-smooth underlayment so that bumps and imperfections from below do not telegraph to the top of the flooring.
Wooden flooring
Such types of flooring is mostly preferred in cold winter as wood is a bad conductor of heat and so warm temperature is maintained in the house. Small pieces of planks when kept together leaving no voids in between, constitute the wooden flooring. In some floorings a thin layer of veneer finish is also given to enhance the look. The veneer finish comes in matte as well as in glossy form. It is solely up to the owner of the house to select the suitable type of finish.
Concrete flooring
Concrete flooring is preferred in hot weather conditions as it maintains the temperature inside the house cool. Nowadays, many textures have emerged in concrete flooring and so people are opting such flooring.
Laminates
It is board made of fibre and is compressed to make a thin flat plate.
*contents
Ceramics (classification)
Clay products employed in building industry.
Tiles
Terracotta
Earthenware
Stoneware
Porcelain
Bricks
Manufacturing process of common tiles.
Types of common tiles used in building industries.
Characteristics of good tiles
These slides are describes regarding different types of stone masonry used in construction of walls, plinth, compound wall etc. and also the terms used in the stone masonry.
The earth’s crust is composed of rocks. Rock is a mineral mass of a more or less uniform composition. It may consist of a single mineral (mono-mineralic) or of several minerals (poly-mineralic).
Building Stones: Varieties of Indian Stones, Quarrying blasting, Dressings of stones,
Characteristics of good building stones, Slate, Marble, Artificial stones, Stone
Preservation
HOSPITAL
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment..
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations.
Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.
Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments (or "wards") they have. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as:
Emergency department
Cardiology
Intensive care unit
Pediatric intensive care unit
Neonatal intensive care unit
Cardiovascular intensive care unit
Neurology
Oncology
Obstetrics and gynecology
Adolescent medicine Allergy/Immunology Anesthesia
Cardiac Surgery
Center for Communication Enhancement Critical Care medicine
Dentistry
Dermatology
Division of Developmental medicine Division of Developmental medicine Emergency medicine
Endocrinology Gastroenterology/Nutrition.
General Pediatrics
Genetics
Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Nephrology
Neurology
Neurosurgery
Newborn medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Plastic and Oral Surgery Psychiatry
Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases
Radiology
Rheumatology
Ophthalmology
Surgery
Urology
Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology, ward, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information departments, Information Management (IM)(aka IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Housing is one of the basic necessities of life and the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India.
The rapid pace of urbanisation in India has resulted in severe shortage of housing and basic services like potable water, well laid out drainage system, sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity, roads and appropriate disposal of solid waste.
AREA OF SCHEME MINIMUM 5 ACRE, MAXIMUM 100 ACRES.
MINIMUM 60% AREA SHALL BE USED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING & CARPET AREA OF DWELLING UNIT SHALL NOT EXCEED 75 SQM.
40% AREA MAY BE UTILIZED FOR HIG, COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL,
RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY FACILITIES.
MINIMUM 20% HOUSES SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EWS & UG AGAINST HIG UNITS BUT NOT COMPULSARY IN AN EXCLUSIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEME.
CEILING COST OF AFFORDABLE HOUSE IN NCR-RS.3000 PER SQ. FT., METRO CITIES-RS.2800 PER SQ.FT. & TOWNS-RS.2500 PER SQ.FT. ON SUPER BUILD UP AREA (TO BE REVISED BASED ON COST INDEX)
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
India needs about 19 million low-cost homes - roughly defined as costing a million rupees ($16,700) and below - to shelter an urban population expected to nearly double to 600 million by 2030 from 2011.
Samajwadi Awas Yojana is one the most popular and affordable government scheme which is launched for urban areas for full filling the needs of Houses in very affordable price for different categories of Uttar pradesh.
Uttar pradesh government initiated this samajwadi avas yojana by the help of Public private partnership. Chief Minister of uttar pradesh has already given there approval regarding the Samajwadi Avas Vikas Yojana.
Environment has positive
effects on human behaviour.
The Environment we live in
provides us all the natural
resources necessary for human
survival for instance-food,
minerals, water, land ,air etc.
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
More from Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. STONE & TILES
Group- bilal khan
tabish iftekhar
bushra saba
shikeb khan
mohd . hashim
2. Rocks are naturally occurring solid material
consisting of one or more minerals that
occur as chemical elements or compounds
which are homogenous
They have a definite chemical composition
and a very regular arrangement of atoms.
Natural stone is used in building as a
facing, veneer, and decoration.
5. (according to geological origin):
Igneous rock
Metamorphic rocks
Sedimentary rock
Igneous rock also known as primary,
unstratified or eruptive rocks
Metamorphic rocks has undergone a
change in structure, texture, or composition
due to the natural agencies, as heat and
pressure,
Sedimentary rock is formed by the
deposition of sediment by glacial action, as
limestone, sandstone and shale
7. - consists of rough fragments of
broken stone that have at least one good face for
exposure in a wall.
- is quarried and squared
stone 2’ or more in length and width and of specified
thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices,
copings, lintels and flooring.
8. - refers to flat stone slabs used
for flooring and horizontal surfacing.
- is used as aggregate in concrete products.
9. – formed from clay, dark
blue with faint shades of green.
floor tile
stair threads
coping stones
interior wall base interior window
stools of exterior
window sills.
10. – igneous origin, hard, strong,
durable and capable of taking high pressure
polish. Red, pink, yellow, green, blue, white
and brown.
flooring
wall paneling
column
mullion facing
stair threads flagstone
11. – sedimentary rock like
dolomite, no cleavage lines, low in absorption,
smooth, uniform in structure & composition.
High compressive & tensile strength
Used for:
wall & floor surfaces
– sedimentary rock,
pleasing texture with small natural pockets
on a cut surface.
interior decorative stone
12. – metamorphic rock, a re
crystallized limestone forming into carrara,
parian, onyx and vermont.
flooring
wall & column facing
– igneous with mineral
serpentine. Typically olive green to greenish
black but impurities may color the rock.
Used only for interiors due to weathering
13. – class of rock of
cemented silica grains with texture
ranging from very fine to very coarse.
Colors vary from buff, red and light
brown. Porous where as 30% of
volume composed of pores
– metamorphosis of
clays and shale's deposited in layers.
May be separated into thin, tough
sheets called slates . colors are black,
green red, grey, or purple.
Used for:
flooring
Window sills
Stools
Stair treads & facing
14. CLASS COLOR TEXTURE SPECIAL FEATURES PARTING HARDNESS CHIEF USES
Sandstone Very light buff to
light chocolatebrownor
brickred;maytarnishto
brown
Granular,showingsand
grains,cementedtogether
Ripplemarks;obliquecola
bands('aossbedding')
Beddingplanes;also
fracturestransversetobeds
Fairyharditwell
cemented
General;walls;buiding;flagstone
Limestone 1Nhite,lightgraytoIghtbuff Finetocrystalline;mayhave
fossils
Mayshowfossib Paralleltobeds;also
fracturesacrossbeds
Fairlysoft;steeleasily
scratches
Allbuildinguses
Marble lighlyvaried:snowwhiteto
blackalsoblue-grayandight
todarkolivegreen;also
piikish
Finelygranulartovery
coarselycrystaline
showingflatsidedcrystals
Mayshowveinsofdifferent
colorsorangularreek
piecesorfossils
Usuallynotalongbedsbut
mayhaveiiegularfractures
Sightlyharderthan
limestone
Maybeusedforbuidingstone
butusuallyindecorativepanels
Granitelight
igneousrock)
AlmostwhitetoDM-and•
whiteorgray-andwhite
Usually coarsety crystalline;
crystalsmaybevaricolored;may
befinegrahed
May be banded with pit
white, or gray streaks and
veins
Notnecessarilyanyregular
partingbutfractures
irregularly
Harderthanlimestoneand
marble;keepscutshape
wel
Buildingstone,butalsoilpaneingif
attractivelycolored
Darkigneous
rock
Graydarkolvegreento
black;Laurvikiteis
beautifullycrystaline
Usually coarsely crystalline if
quarried but may be fine
grained
May be banded with ighter
and darker gray bands and
vein
Notnecessarilyanyregular
partingbutmayfracture
irregUady
Aboutlitegranite;retainscut
shapewel
Building stone, but also used it
panels if nicely banded or
crystalline
Lavas Varies:pitpurple.black;i
usable,rarelyalmostwhite
Finegrained;mayhave
poreslocaly
Noterareporosity Not necessarly any regular
parting, as a rule, but some
haveparalelfractures
Aboutasstrongasgranite;if
ightcolored.usuallysofter
Goodfoundationandbuiding
stone;notdecorative
Quartzite Variable:white,buftred,or
brown
Dense,almostglassyidealy Veryresistanttoweather
andimpact
Usuallynospecialparting Veryhardifwellcemented,as
usuallythecase
Excellentforbuidingbuthard
to'shapi
Slate Grayisfrgreen.brickred,or
darkbrown.usuallygray;
maybebanded
Fiaelycrystallne;flat
crystalsgiveslatyfacture
Someslatehave
color-fadingwithage
Spitsalongslatesurface.
oftencrossingcolorbands
Softerthangraniteor
quartzite;scratchesearly
Roorilfl;blackboards;paving
Gneiss Usuallygraywithsomepit
white, or light gray
bands
Oystallne, like granite,
often with glassy bands
(vein)
Bandingisdecorative;some Nospecialparting;tendsto
bandsveryweak,however breakalongbanding
AboutIkegranite Usedforbuldings;alsomaybe
decorativeifbanded
15. Largely used as facing for building material with steel and concrete frames.
1. Paneling
2. Ashlars
3. Rubblework
4. Trim
- a
masonry bond formed when all
units are laid in stretcher position,
with a half-unit overlap
– thin slabs of stone cut to
dimension and thickness to cover
back up walls and provide finished
exterior
16. - a masonry bond
formed when there is no overlapping of
all units and all horizontal & vertical
joints are aligned
– work requires the use of cut stone that includes
broken ashlars, regularly / irregularly coursed.
- Ashlar
masonry laid out in courses of
equal height; blocks of various
sizes may be combined to make
up the height of the course
17. - Ashlar masonry laid
without regular courses but with an overall effect of
horizontal orientation
random & no attempt to
produced an orderly course either horizontal
or vertical.. Small spaces are filled with smaller stones.
- Fieldstone or
roughly dressed stone, with or without
mortar, assembled to give a effect of
courses
18. - Stone found on the
ground (i.e., not quarried) that is a
suitable size and shape for use
as drywall or rubble masonry
19.
20. • A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such
as ceramic, stone, or even glass.
• Tiles are generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other
objects such as tabletops.
21. :
• The raw materials used to create tiles are all
found in the ground.
• These raw materials, like clay is quarried and
refined.
• They are then mixed.
• A dry mixture of clay, Magnesium silicate and
other ingredients are pressed into a mould, and
then fired at an extremely high temperature.
• The ingredients used in this process are slightly
wet.
• They are forced through a nozzle, which forms
the tile’s shape.
• Other methods of creating tiles are slush mould
and beehive kilns.
22.
23. Ceramic Tiles
Ceramic tiles are made from a mixture of clay, sand
and other natural materials. The tiles are produced
when the products are combined and moulded into
shape and then fired at a high temperature .
Where Can Used?
Can be used for every room in a home, indoors
or outdoors.
They are very popular as both wall and flooring
tiles
for entryways, benchtops or splashbacks.
24. Durability
Ceramic surfaces have a relatively longer life if compared to most of the
other materials used for floor and wall covering.
Fire resistance
Ceramic tiles are fireproof. They do not burn, nor give off smoke or toxic fumes
.
Moisture Resistance
They are an excellent choice for use in wet areas, if properly installed and
grouted
Resistance to abrasion and tread wear
Ceramic tiles can withstand heavy foot traffic due to their resistance to
abrasion and tread wear.
Slip resistance
Ceramic tiles are treated to prevent slipping either by adding an abrasive grit
to the glaze or texture to the surface such as ribs, studs or orange peel finish..
.
25. Frost resistance
Vitreous ceramic tiles and all of the porcelain tile types are frost resistant.
Thermal shock resistance
A properly laid ceramic tile floor will neither deform nor break in extreme
temperature conditions.
Stain resistance and easy maintenance
To keep a ceramic tile surface clean, all you need to do is sweep, vacuum and
wash them regularly with water.
Chemical resistance
Ceramic tile materials are highly resistant to chemical agents.
Color permanence
Direct exposure of ceramic tiles to sunlight neither alters their color, nor
causes them to fade.
26. Temperature
Ceramic is cold when used as flooring and can be quite
uncomfortable during wintertime in colder climates. Because of
the density of ceramic, it takes longer to heat or cool than other
flooring materials.
The hardness also makes ceramic uncomfortable to stand
on for prolonged periods and may necessitate a rug or pad
for extended use.
Permanence
Once ceramic has been installed, it cannot be changed; if you
tire of the look, you will face a messy and costly renovation
project to have it removed and replaced
Maintenance
While ceramic is fairly easy to maintain, the grout lines between the
tiles are susceptible to stains, mold and mildew and must be periodically
sealed to maintain the integrity of the grout lines.
Hardness
27. Vitrified tiles are also made from clay, but they
have additional ingredients, like silica, quartz,
and feldspar. When these ingredients cook
inside a kiln, they melt and form a glass
substrate throughout the tile. This glass
addition makes vitrified tiles very strong and
smooth, with far fewer pores in their surfaces
than ceramic tiles
these tiles for various uses, flooring (living
room, bedroom, dining area, kitchen),
wall coverings and decor etc are the areas
where vitrified tiles are used.
28. Porcelain tiles are usually made from
porcelain clays and are fired at much
higher temperatures, which make them
even more dense and durable than non-
porcelain tiles
These tiles are ideal for interior and exterior
walls and floors, floors of high traffic areas an
also for facades of buildings. It is available in
various textures and finishes and is ideal
material for use in various water jet designs.
29. Strength
Porcelain tiles are extremely strong, with a strength scale that's equal to
natural stone.
Durable
Because of their hard, durable surface, porcelain tiles are often used in
high-traffic buildings, such as malls or office buildings
Waterproof
Porcelain tiles have a liquid absorption rate of only .5 percent--less in some
instances. This quality makes them water and frost-resistant.
Hygienic
The clay-like properties of porcelain tiles prevent most forms of bacteria
from living on their surface.
Color and Finish Options
Porcelain tiles are available for purchase in many colors, and can be glazed
to take on a shiny finish. The tiles can also have earthen finishes, or
multidimensional layers of color for added beauty.
30. Price
Porcelain tiles are more expensive compared
to non-porcelain ceramic tile.
Sizes
Porcelain tile pieces are not uniform in size. The
sizes vary and are irregular because the tiles are
cooked at very high temperatures.
Handling
Many porcelain tiles are very heavy and
cumbersome--
Installation Issues
Installing a porcelain tile floor is not an ideal do-it-
yourself project. Uneven tiles are a common
problem
Imperfections
There are imperfections in porcelain tile pieces
that make them more susceptible to staining and
gathering dirt.
31. Glazed tile is a type of ceramic tile to
which a glaze has been applied. After
the glaze is painted or sprayed on, the
tile is filed at high temperatures,
causing a chemical reaction which
makes the glaze vitrify, essentially
turning into glass.
Glazed tiles in general are tiles with
sheen on the surface. The liquid glass
or glaze is usually baked into the
surface of the clay at very high
temperatures of more than 2000
degrees Fahrenheit.
.
These tiles are suitable for both
interiors and exteriors, residential
and commecial buildings.
Interiors - Living Room, Dinning
Room, Kitchen, Bathroom,
Bedroom etc.
Exterior - Pavements, Balcony,
Deck Areas etc.
It can also be used in Office
buildings also.
32. Glazed porcelain tiles resist stains and water. They are
hard-wearing, making them good for kitchen counter
tops, bathrooms and other areas where scratch, stain
and water resistance is a must.
Glazed tiles allow manufacturers to produce an
unlimited assortment of colors, hues, and designs. The
glazing also protects the tile from staining from dirt,
grime, and water.
Drawbacks
Glazed porcelain tile is more costly than other kinds of
ceramic tile, and certainly is more expensive than
vinyl. Glazed porcelain, although sometimes used for
flooring, is also more slippery than other kinds of
porcelain tile.
33. • There are many types of tiles used for residential and
commercial applications.
1. Roof tiles
2. Floor tiles
3. Pebble tiles
4. Ceiling tiles
5. Wall tiles
34. • Roof tiles are designed mainly to keep out rain, and are traditionally
made from locally available materials such as clay or slate.
• Flat tiles - the simplest type, which are laid in regular overlapping
35. • These are commonly made of ceramic or stone.
• Recent technological advances have
resulted in rubber or glass tiles for floors as well.
36. • Pebble Tiles is a composite material made up of marble pebbles or pieces
of natural stone in different sizes, bound together with a transparent
white or colored resin.
Ceiling tiles are type of tiles used for covering ceilings of rooms.
Suspended ceilings
Acoustic Ceilings
Decorative Ceiling Tile
37. • The concept behind using wall tiles is decorating the interior of a home
without adding much stuff to the home.
38. Ceramic tile is the most common tile
used in the in offices, stores and
homes.
Ceramic tile comes in two forms:
glazed and unglazed.
Unglazed tile is referred to as quarry
tile.
Ceramic tiles are made from clay and
then heated. The glaze is added after
the firing of the clay tile, which creates
the color of the tile. The glazing
process allows for the creation of
infinite color combinations
39. Quarry tile is unglazed ceramic tile. It is
an inexpensive, durable and natural
option for industrial, commercial and
residential tile applications. Quarry tile
is used a lot in industrial settings
because it is so durable and can also
be used outdoors.
In residential applications, quarry is
used for kitchens and pathways
because it has a naturally coarse
surface, making it less slippery than
some other surfaces when wet.
quarry is porous, which means that it
can become stained.
40. Porcelain tile is a type of ceramic tile.
The difference between porcelain and
ceramic is that porcelain is fired at a higher
temperature, making it more dense and
moisture-resistant.
Porcelain tiles are also less porous, making
them more stain-resistant
suitable for both indoor and outdoor
installations.
Porcelain tiles are available in matte,
unglazed or a high-polished finish.
41. Tile mosaics allows creative with tile
design.
Mosaics are most commonly used for
smaller areas, such as a bathroom or
kitchen backsplash, or even small
counter space areas
. Mosaic tiles are usually less than six
square inches and made of porcelain
or clay composition
.they come in squares, octagons,
hexagons or other unique shapes
42. • Here are some places around the home that can benefit from tile
applications.
• COUNTER
• BATHROOM
• BACKSPLASH
• FLOORING
• WALL ACCENTS
• EXTERIOR
43. REQUIREMENT:
The wall should be strong and flat, surface should be smooth and clean.
LEVEL
The surface is made even .It should be free of any undulations.
A wooden batten is used to achieve a straight line for starting the tiling procedure.
44. MARKING ON THE BATTEN
The width/length of the tile is marked on the wooden batten leaving 3mm gap between
them for grouting later.
CUTTING THE TILES WHEN REQUIRED
Tiles also need to be cut at some edges ,curves or holes. It can be done by using
a motor cutter ,manual cutter ,hand saw or hand cutter
46. APPLING THE ADHESIVE
Adhesive is applied on the wall (per sq m), at a time.
PLACING THE TILES
Tiles are carefully placed on the surface according to the markings on the batten.
Tile spacer is used in the 3mm gap to separate the tiles and for grouting later.
47. LETTING THE WORK DRY
After the tiling is done, it is allowed to dry for 24
hrs.
GROUTING
Grouting is done to fill in the 3mm gap between the
tiles.
It can be done by white cement or some other
grouting material
CLEARING THE SURFACE
FLOORING
TILE BED:
1:4 cement sand ratio is used. 20 -30mm thick
bed is prepared and then tiling is done
48. MARBLE FIXING
•Marbles are metamorphic rocks.
• This type of rocks is suitable for
polishing to enhance its shine.
• Marble stone is hard, sound, dense
and homogeneous in texture with
crystalline texture
49. •The base concrete or RCC slab on which marble stone slabs are laid
should be thoroughly cleaned.
•The average thickness of bedding mortar under marble stone slab should
be 20 mm thick and the ratio of cement mortar should be 1:3
•The sand used in mortar should be coarse sand. The thickness of bedding
should not be less than 12 mm in any place
50. •The mortar is allowed to harden and cement slurry shall be spread at the rate of
4.4 kg per sq. meter.
• Marble stone slab to be paved should then be lowered gently back in position
and tapped with wooded mallet till it is properly bedded and leveled with adjoining
slab.
•The edges of slabs already paved are filled with white cement with or without
admixture to match the shade of the stone slabs
51. •The Marble stone floor should be cured for a minimum period of seven days.
Polishing and Finishing
•The grinding may be
done either by hand or by
machine.
•Manual grinding should
be done after two days of
laying of marble flooring
•Machine grinding should
commence 3-4 days after
laying marble stone
flooring
52. •In case wax polished surface is desired,
wax polish is applied sparingly with soft
cloth on clean and dry surface.
•The surface should be rubbed thoroughly
with clean cotton waste or a polishing
machine fitted with felt or jute bag bobs.