The document provides an extensive overview of the construction materials and techniques utilized in building construction, focusing on gypsum, aluminum, and various types of flooring and finishes. It details the properties, manufacturing processes, and applications of these materials, such as gypsum boards and vinyl flooring, along with their historical significance and market availability. Additionally, it includes specifics on the types of partitions, flooring methods, and the advantages of each material in construction and interior design.

1. DAYAL BAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE
ARM 504 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIAL
SUBMITTED BY:
ISHA CHAUDHARY
B.ARCH 3RD YEAR
1800683
SUBMITTED TO:
AR. PRASHANT
FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

2. CONTENT
PART-1 MATERIAL, MARKET(ONLINE)
SURVEY AND MATERIAL BOARD
 GYPSUM
 INTRODUCTION
 MANUFACTURING
 PROPERTIES
 GYPSUM BOARD
 FALSE CEILING
 SURVEY- ONLINE
 PARTITION WALLS
 TIMBER STUD PARTITION
 METAL STUD PARTITION
 GLASS BLOCK PARTITION
 ALUMINIUM
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF SHEETS
 ALUMINUM PARTION WALLS
FLOORS AND FINISHES
 TYPES OF FLOOR AND FINISHES
 CERAMICS TILES
 VIRIFIED TILES
 PORCELAIN TILES
 FLOORING
 TERRAZZO FLOORING
 STONE FLOORING
 CEMENT FLOORING
 BRICKS FLOORING
 WOODEN FLOORING
 PVC SHEETS
 TYPES OF PLASTERS
 CEMENT PLASTERS
 CLAY PLASTERS
 GYPSUM PLASTERS
 LIME PLASTERS

3. GYPSUM
Gypsum is a soft sulfate rock like mineral commonly
found in the earth’s crust, extracted, processed and
used by Man in construction or decoration in the form
of plaster and alabaster.
CHEMICALLY FORMULA: CaSo4.2H2O i.e. Calcium
Sulphate Dihydrate.
IMPURITIES: MgO, Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2, CaCO3,
MgCO3.
COLOUR:
GREY
GREEN TRANSPARENT TO WHITE
GOLDEN

4. HISTORY OF GYPSUM
• Gypsum is a rock like mineral commonly found
in the earth’s crust, extracted, processed and
used by Man in construction or decoration in
the form of plaster and alabaster since 9000
B.C..
• Plaster was discovered in Catal-Huyuk in Asia in
an underground fresco, and in Israel Gypsum
floor screeds were found from 7000 B.C.
• During the time of the Pharaohs, Gypsum was
used as mortar in the construction of the
Cheops Pyramid (3000 B.C.).
• In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance,
decorations and artistic creations were made of
plaster.
 A common mineral, with thick and
extensive evaporite beds in association
with sedimentary rocks.
 Gypsum is deposited in lake and sea
water. Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins is
commonly hydrated to gypsum by
groundwater in near surface exposures.
Often associated with the minerals halite
and sulfur.

5. MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF CALCINED GYPSUM
• The raw material gypsum is sorted and washed with water for removal of sand and other impurities.
• The lumps thus obtained are then dried and powdered in pulverizer.
• The dried gypsum powder is calcined in a rotary drum calciner at a temperature of 160ºC to 180ºC.
• The process of calcination is done over a period of about 2 hours. the temperature so that one and
half molecules of water is removed to convert the gypsum (CaSo4 2 H2O) into plaster of Paris (CaSo4
½ H2O).
• After cooling the product (plaster of Paris) is further pulverized to a fineness of 150 mesh and packed
in air tight polythene lined gunny bags to avoid the plaster of Paris from absorption of moisture.
RAW MATERIAL
WATER WASHED
CRUSHING 160ºC TO 180ºC CALCINATION ABOUT 2 HRS
POP

6. PROPERTIES OF GYPSUM
• Gypsum is fire protective Gypsum is non-combustible and able to delay a fire’s
spread up to 4 hours.
• Gypsum regulates sound. Gypsum walls, ceilings and floors together with insulation
materials create quiet zones in the house or business environment.
• Gypsum is impact resistant. The Gypsum Industry provides plasterboards, gypsum
fiberboards and plaster blocks with a degree of hardness equivalent to a thick wall
heavy masonry construction.
• Gypsum is easy to install and to dismantle
• Gypsum is multifaceted, multipurpose, supple and aesthetic
 Plasterboard
 Decorative Plaster
 Building plaster
 Plaster blocks
 Gypsum Fiber boards

7. GYPSUM PLASTERS
Obtained by Incomplete Calcination
(CaSO4.½H2O)
1. Plaster of Paris : is formed by incomplete
calcination at 100- 190°C. No admixtures are
found
2. Hard Wall: Plaster of Paris + Admixtures (Glue,
Sand...)
Obtained by Complete Calcination (CaSO4)
1. Flooring Plaster (CaSO4 with no impurities)
2. Hard Finish Plaster (CaSO4 + Al2(SO4)3)
(CaSO4 + Na2B4O7)
PLASTER OF PARIS
 Setting time ~5-20 min.
 Used for sculpturing, ornamental work,
small repair works.
HARD WALL PLASTER
 Admixtures result in increased plasticity &
setting time & reduced shrinkage
 Can be used for plastering walls
 Production of prefabricated structural units
 Masonry bricks & blocks

8. GYPSUM BOARD
• Gypsum board, commonly known as drywall, is the
technical product name used by manufacturers for a
specific board with a gypsum core and a paper facing.
• Gypsum board is the premier building material for
wall, ceiling, and partition systems in residential,
institutional, and commercial structures and is
designed to provide a monolithic surface when joints
and fastener heads are covered with a joint
treatment system.
 Ease of installation
 Fire resistance
 Sound isolation
 Durability
 Economy
 Versatility

9. MANUFACTURE OF GYPSUM BOARD
 To produce gypsum board, calcined gypsum is mixed
with water and additives to form a slurry which is fed
between continuous layers of paper on a board
machine.
 As the board moves down a conveyer line, the
calcium sulfate recrystallizes or rehydrates, reverting
to its original rock state.
 The paper becomes chemically and mechanically
bonded to the core.
 The board is then cut to length and conveyed through
dryers to remove any free moisture.
 Gypsum manufacturers also rely increasingly on
“synthetic” gypsum as an effective alternative to
natural gypsum ore.

10. USES OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS IN HOME INTERIORS
• PLASTERBOARDS
• Plasterboard is used for partitions and the lining of
walls, ceilings, roofs and floors.
• The properties of plasterboard can be modified to
meet specific requirements, such as fire resistance,
humidity resistance, impact resistance, etc.
• DECORATIVE PLASTER
• Plaster powder, mixed with water, manually or
through the use of silo-supplied spray systems, is
used to create an effective and aesthetically-
pleasing lining for brick and block walls, and for
ceilings.
• Gypsum’s adaptability in application lends itself to
moulding and shaping. Since time immemorial,
Gypsum has been used by skilled craftsmen to
create decorative plaster mouldings.

11. THE COMPANIES THAT MARKET GYPSUM PRODUCTS ARE:
• AEROSTONE, VANS GYPSUM, SAINT GOBAIN GYPROC, INFINITE IMPEX, ETC.
• GYPSUM IN MARKET IS AVAILABLE IN BOARD FROMS OR SQUARE TILE FORMS
• THE AVERAGE GUARANTEE GIVEN TO THESE PRODUCTS IS NEARLY 30 YRS.
• TYPE RANGE SIZE IN MM PRICE INR/ SFT PRICE INR/BOARD GYP BOARD REGULAR HIGH
TYPE RANGE SIZE IN MM PRICE INR/TILE PRICE INR/BOX
GRG TILES REGULAR 595 X 595 X 7 99.62 796.94
MEDIUM 595 X 595 X 15 156.21 937.27
HIGH 595 X 595 X 29 382.38 1147.43
TYPE RANGE SIZE IN MM PRICE INR/SFT PRICE INR/BOARD
GRG TILES REGULAR 1830 X 1220 X 9 16.82 403.62
HIGH 1830 X 1220 X 12.5 20.64 495.30 32

12. FALSE CEILING/DROPPED CEILING
• False ceiling or dropped ceiling is a secondary ceiling, hung below
the main structural ceiling usually concrete or timber.
• Dropped ceilings are created to hide the building infrastructure,
including piping, wiring, and ductwork, by creating a space above
the dropped ceiling, while allowing access for repairs and
inspections.
• Another purpose of dropped ceiling is to develop aesthetical details
which are difficult and structurally difficult to construct.
• Dropped ceilings are also use to reduce the volume of the space so
that the heating and cooling load can be reduced.
• Acoustic balance and control was another early objective of
dropped ceilings.

13. PARTITIONWALLS
• Partitions are the vertical walls or panels used to divide
rooms or portions of
buildings.
• The diagram below shows how existing building space can be
sub-divided into smaller rooms using partitions.
• The most come types of partition are:
• Timber stud partition.
• Metal stud partition.
• Dry wall partition.
• Glass Block Partition
• Block Partition

14. TIMBER STUD PARTITION
• Cross sectional size of Timber is 100mm
x 50mm & 75mm x 50mm
ALTERNATIVE STUD FIXING METHOD

15. • Commonly available size of plaster board is
2.4m x 1.2m or 1.2m x 1.2m with a thickness of
12.5mm.
• Sheets are nailed with 30mm galvanized nails at
150mm centres.
STAGGERED OR OFFSET TIMBER PARTITION

16. METAL STUD PARTITION
• Non-load bearing partitions
which consist of a framework of
metal studding.
• Metal studding is lightweight but very strong and
stable.
• The framework is usually covered with ordinary
plasterboard sheets or special fire- resistant sheets
which, when finally sealed, offer good sound and fire
resistance to the partition. .
• Often used in public buildings such as offices and
hospitals as it is:
1. Quick and easy to erect.
2. Cost-effective.
3. Suitable for all types of buildings as well as residential
housing.
4. Available in a variety of finishes to the completed
partition

17. C & U SHAPED CHANNELS

18. GLASS BLOCK PARTITION
•Hollow glass blocks are translucent
units of glass, light in weight and are
available in different sizes and shapes
and thicknesses.
•They are usually square with thickness
of 10cm.(14x14cm or 19x19cm)
•Jointing edges are painted internally
and sanded externally to form key for
mortar.
•Glass blocks are usually laid in cement-
lime mortar (1:1:4) using fine sand.
•For blocks upto 15cm in height,
expanded metal strip reinforcement is
placed in every 3rd or 4th course.
•If height of block is more than 25cm,
reinforcement placed in every course.

19. Aluminum occurs in abundance on the
surface of the earth. It is available in
various forms such as oxides, sulphates,
silicates, phosphates, etc. But is
commercially produced mainly from
Bauxite.
Aluminium is the third most abundant
element (after oxygen and silicon), and
the most abundant metal, in the Earth's
crust. It makes up about 8 by weight of
the Earth's solid surface
ALUMINIUM EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM

20. Aluminum Partition Panels are specially designed for various purposes
such as partitions, cubicles, wall paneling doors and windows. These
panels are available in several colors, sizes and fire resistant (FR)
grades.
Aluminum Partition Panels are an excellent substitute to the
conventional wooden panels. They last longer and are easier to use,
additionally they have exceptional sound and thermal insulation
properties.
100% Water proof
BFT Guard (Borer, Fungus and Termite Proof)
Washable
Stain resistant
Resistant to abrasion
Excellent sound and thermal insulation
No core gaps
Reduces labour cost as no polishing required
100% maintenance free
ALUMINIUM PARTITION WALL

21. FLOOR AND FLOOR FINISHES
Floor: The purpose of a floor is - To provide a level surface. To support
live and dead loads. A floor must satisfy the following requirements –
Adequate strength and stability. Adequate fire resistance. Sound
insulation. Damp resistance. Thermal insulation. Floors are of two types
– Ground floors. Upper floors.
FLOOR FINISHES : A floor finish is a general term for a permanent
covering of a floor. It is expected to protect and extend the life of the
floor while providing an attractive appearance and slip resistant surface.
Floor covering is a term to generally describe any finish material
applied over a floor structure to provide a walking surface. Flooring is
the general term for a permanent covering of a floor, or for the work of
installing such a floor covering. Both terms are used interchangeably but
floor covering refers more to loose-laid materials.

22. TYPES OF FLOOR FINISHES
WOODEN
TILES TERRAZZO
STONE
CEMENT CONCRETE
BRICK

23. TILES FLOORING
Tiles are often used to form wall or floor coverings, and
can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics
.Tiles are most often made from ceramic with a hard
glaze finish , but other materials are also commonly
used, such as glass ,marble, granite ,slate and reformed
ceramic slurry.

24. INSTALLATION OF CERAMICS TILE
• Level the subfloor.
• Install the underlayment.
• Spread the adhesive with the smooth side of the trowel. Make sure
it covers the area evenly and does not cover your reference lines.
• Lightly press and twist the ceramic when setting to make sure the
adhesive sticks. Don't push so hard that the adhesive is forced out
from under the ceramic.
• Once a row is in place, level the tile with a rubber mallet and level.
• Grouting
• Finishing Touches
ADVANTAGES OF CERAMIC TILES
Aesthetically far much more better than any other flooring,
as it is available in various shades and textures.
Easy to maintain.
Laying is easy and less time taking.
Available in various sizes thus no cutting required.
Tiles are fire resistant.
CERAMICS TILES

25. • Vitrified tiles are ceramic tiles with high
percentage of vitrification and less amount
of water absorption.
• Vitrification is nothing but a development of
glass phase inside the tile during firing
process.
• This is mainly due to melting of some
constituent in the body.
PORCELAIN TILES
• Crystalline Double Loading Porcelain Tile
• Glazed Porcelain Tile
• Porcelain polished tiles
VITRIFIED TILES

26. TERRAZZO FLOORING
Terrazzo, a composite material, is used not
just as a flooring material but also for walls.
It comprises stone chips, such as those of
marble, quartz, granite or even glass, poured
along with a binder and/or a polymeric. By
binder, we are referring to cement, while a
polymeric is a substance for additional
binding. The ratio of the chips to the cement
is 3:1. The chips are preferably colorful for a
better and more aesthetically favored
appearance.
INSTALLATION OF TERRAZZO FLOORING:

27. • Extremely hard wearing
• Easy to clean and maintain
• Attractive in appearance
• Flexible – can be designed to be in keeping
with other architectural features and colour
schemes
• Hygienic – suitable for some areas of
food preparation and in hospitals
• Cost effective – will outlive most other
types of hard flooring
USES:
TYPES OF TERRAZZO FLOORING
SANDCUSHION TERRAZZO FLOORING RUSTIC TERRAZZO FLOORING
EPOXY TERRAZZO FLOORING MONOLITHIC TERRAZZO FLOORING

28. • Stone flooring is a type of flooring in which the floor
is covered with stone slabs or stone tiles
• Used in public buildings because of it durability and
hardness
• There are three basic types of rock from which we
carve out stone floors:
Sedimentary rock, Igneous, Metamorphic
STONE FLOORING INSTALLATION OF STONE FLOORING:
NATURAL STONE FLOORING
PEBBLES STONE FLOORING
• The use of natural stone not only has an appearance of
elegance and sophistication with its natural beauty; it
is timeless
• There are many natural stone floor materials, from
marble tiles, limestone, granite tiles, to travertine tiles
to choose from.
• Marble tiles can create a classic, luxurious look, whilst
slate tiles create a more rustic look.
• Highly polished limestone tiles create a contemporary
feel and some travertine floor tiles manage to combine
elegance with rustic style, so it all depends on
preference.
USES:

29. TYPES OF STONE FLOORING
• Various colors depending on origin.
• fine and prosperous looking floors.
• Mainly used in homes for interior
flooring reason expensive flooring.
• Available in different sizes
• Price : 120-600 Rs per sq. Ft.
• can be used in homes for outdoor
flooring reasons.
• very hard in nature.
• variety of colors.
• extremely durable. slip-resistant .
• Available in different sizes and
shapes
• Price : 15-80 Rs per sq. Ft
• granite is composed of quartz and
feldspar mixed with particles of mica.
• coarse-grained, light-colored long life
and easy to install
• granite floors are being used in areas
which are used every day.
• Available in different sizes
• Price : 30-100 Rs per sq. Ft
MARBLES FLOORING
SLATE FLOORING
GRANITE FLOORING

30. CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
Cement concrete flooring is one of the most common types of
flooring used in both in residential as well as public buildings
owing to its non-absorbent nature and thus it is very useful for
water stores, durability, smooth and pleasing in appearance, good
wearing properties, easy maintenance and is economical. And it
requires proper attention while laying as defects in carelessly
made floor cannot be rectified easily.
INSTALLATION OF CEMENT CONCRETE FLOORING
•The mixture of cement, sand and aggregate is called plain
cement concrete (PCC)
•Plain cement concrete composition 1:2:4
(cement : sand : stone ) by volume.
Types of cement concrete floors:
Non-Monolithic or bonded floor finish floor
Monolithic floor finish floor

31. BRICK FLOORING
Floor that has brick /brick tile as its covering. The flooring is
done with laying bricks down in a bed of mortar and
arranged in a pattern. Commonly used in alluvial places,
where stone is scarce and well burnt bricks of good quality
are readily available
• Warehouses • Stores • Godowns
• Places where heavy articles are stored
CHARACTERISTICS
• The low maintenance requirements of brick
flooring make it very popular in kitchens.
• Brick is one of the hardest and most
durable flooring materials available.
• It requires little to no maintenance, and an
installation can last for years.
INSTALLATION OF BRICK FLOORING
METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
 The earth filling is properly consolidated.
 10cm thick layer of dry clean sand is evenly laid.
 10cm thick layer of LIME CONCRETE (1:4:8) or LEAN
CEMENT CONCRETE (1:8:16) is laid, compacted and
cured to form a base concrete. Well soaked bricks are
laid in CEMENT MORTAR (1:4) in any desired bond
pattern e.g. Herring Bond, Diagonal Bond or any other
suitable bond.
 In case the pointing is not to be done , the thickness of
joints should not exceed 2mm and the mortar in joints is
struck off flush with a trowel.
 In case the pointing is to be done, the minimum
thickness of joints is kept 6mm and the pointing may be
done as specified.

32. MERITS
• Cheaper than Cement concrete, wooden, mosaic
flooring. Provides a non slippery and fire resistant
surface.
• Easily repairable. Tough ,durable and sufficiently
hard.
• Easy in maintenance.
• Easy to construct.
DEMERITS
• Slightly Uneven when laid.
• The resulting surface is not smooth and is rough.
• Water absorbent.
• Installation requires use of toxic materials.
PATTERNS IN BRICK FLOORING
• The brick flooring may be done with bricks laid flat, or on
edge arranged in hearing-bone pattern, or set at right
angles to the walls.
• Brick-on edge is preferred to bricks laid flat, because the
former being less liable to crack under pressure than the
latter and also having the higher depth gives a greater
thickness in the former case to resist the moisture
penetration.

33. • Wood flooring is any product manufactured from timber
that is designed for use as flooring, either structural or
aesthetic.
• Wood is a common choice as a flooring material due to
its environmental profile, durability, and restorability, thus
it provides value to many homeowners.
WOODEN FLOORING
WOODEN FLOORING
INSTALLATION OF WOODEN FLOORING

34. ADVANTAGES :
• If taken care of, it lasts for many years, despite
of much traffic and use.
• Easier to clean & get harder as they age, which
makes them even easier to clean.
• DURABILITY :Solid hardwood is among the
longest lasting of all flooring types. With
today’s flooring finishes, these floors are also
water resistant.
• VARIETY: These are also easy to match to
nearly any home style and design. There are a
lot of styles, colours and species of timber
flooring available than ever before.
A hardwood floor's finish is susceptible to scratching
from traffic or pet nails.
• FULL BATH INSTALLATION NOT RECOMMENDED :it is
sensitive to humidity and the potential for pooling
water.
• Water from tubs and showers can cause hardwood
floors to buckle or warp.
• LIMITED BELOW GRADE INSTALLATION :not
recommended for below grade installation due to
sensitive to humidity. These floors perform better in
humidity controlled environments
DISADVANTAGES

35. PVC SHEET FLOORING
• PVC flooring material is manufactured in different patterns to suite different conditions.
• Gives a resilient and non-porous surface.
• Burning cigarettes will damage the neat surface of PVC sheet. • Rubber base adhesives are used for fixing.
LAYING AND FIXING
• Flooring shall be laid on the sub-floor and marked with guidelines
• Adhesive shall then be applied with proper tools.
• When tack free, the flooring is properly placed so that air is squeezed out.
• Roller shall be used.

36. TYPES OF PLASTERS
1. Cement Plaster
It is the common type of plaster we normally use in building
construction. The main ingredients of cement plaster are cement
and sand. It can be used in both interior and exterior surfaces.
Method Of Cement Plastering:
You’ll find readymade cement plaster bag on the market.
Readymade cement plaster is found on dry condition. You just need
to mix water to that dry powder to prepare plastering paste. While
mixing water, follow the specification provided by the manufacturer.
You can also prepare cement plaster on site by mixing cement and
sand. In fact most of the time we use manually mixing mortar.
While mixing cement and sand, we use the ratio of 1:3 or 1:4
depending on the purpose of plastering. When we say 1:4, we mean
that one unit cement will be mixed with four units of sand.
2. Clay Plaster
When clay or mud is used to make the plastering mortar, that is
called clay plaster. It is also called mud plaster.
The main ingredients of clay plaster are Mud and Sand.
Method Of Clay Plastering:
To prepare the plaster paste, clay and sand are mixed in dry
state and then water is added to the mix.
The surface preparation for clay plastering is same as the
cement plastering.
The clay plaster is normally applied in two coats. The thickness
of the 1st coat is about 18mm while the 2nd coat is 6mm.

37. 3. Gypsum Plaster
Gypsum plaster can be a good alternative to cement
plaster.
Gypsum is used as binding material in gypsum
plaster. It is normally found in the ready-mix bag in
the market.
Method Of Gypsum Plastering:
You need to add water with the ready mix
powder.
The method of gypsum plaster is same as the
cement plaster.
The recommended thickness of gypsum plaster is
6mm to 12mm.
4. Lime Plaster
When lime is used as a binding material for preparing
plastering mortar, that is called lime plaster.
Lime plaster is prepared by mixing hydrated lime, sand,
and water.
Methods Of Lime Plastering
The method of lime plastering is similar to the method
of cement plastering.

38. ONLINE MARKET
ANALYSIS,
BRANDS, PRICE,
MATERIALS

39. REFERENCES
http://www.frontdesk.co.in/forum/ Parquet Pattern
https://constructionduniya.blogspot.com
https://www.thespruce.com
http://www.understandconstruction.com/
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/