This document provides a literature review and case study analysis of the lighting and acoustic performance of PULP cafe in Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur. It examines the lighting conditions through lux readings taken during daytime and nighttime to evaluate the lighting in different zones. Acoustic performance is also analyzed through sound level and reverberation time measurements to understand the noise sources and materials used. The study aims to understand and explore the lighting design and acoustic characteristics of the space.
This document discusses calculating and utilizing daylight factor (DF) for building design. DF is the ratio of internal light level to external light level, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as the illuminance at an indoor point divided by the simultaneous outdoor illuminance, multiplied by 100. DF includes sky component, external reflected component, and internal reflected component. A simple rule of thumb can approximate DF as 10% of the percentage of glazing area to floor area. Daylight factor is used to assess natural lighting levels on the working plane and determine lighting requirements.
The document discusses energy efficiency in buildings. It defines renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable sources include solar, wind, and hydro power that can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like fossil fuels are finite. The document then discusses the Hearst Tower in New York City, designed by Norman Foster. It has a diagrid steel frame that uses 20% less steel. 90% of the steel is recycled. The tower achieves LEED Gold certification and uses efficient lighting and rainwater collection.
For many years, daylight was the only efficient source of light available. Architecture was dominated by the goal of spanning great spaces and making openings big enough to distribute daylight to the interior of a building. Efficient artificial light sources and completely glazed facades have freed designers from these requirements of the past. Advanced daylighting systems and control methodologies are another progression forward in providing day lit, user-friendly and energy-efficient environments for buildings. These systems should be integrated into a building’s overall architectural system and merged into the process from its earliest stages. This thesis mainly analyzes sustainable daylight, the simulation program for daylighting, although it is an overview of new and advanced daylight technologies along with daylighting calculation. Hopefully this thesis will give the reader some knowledge about this topic. You can check this link for more academic presentation;
https://bit.ly/2NStcZ9
The document analyzes the lighting performance of Bean Brothers Coffee Malaysia through on-site measurements and calculations. It divides the space into 4 zones and evaluates each zone. For Zone A, readings were highest at the bottom left corner exposed to daylight. Average lux was 142 lux during the day and 90 lux at night. Higher day readings are due to adjacency to the glass entrance doors and high reflectance materials used. Daylight factor analysis and existing lighting fixtures are also examined to understand the lighting characteristics of the space.
Richard Meier is an American architect known for his rationalist and minimalist buildings that prominently feature the color white. Some of his most notable works include the Jubilee Church in Rome, which uses a self-cleaning material and features soaring sails, and the Athenaeum in New Harmony, intended as a community center. Meier's works are influenced by architects like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright, incorporating simple forms, naturally lit interiors, and circulation elements like ramps. He is considered a leading proponent of "white architecture."
This document provides a literature review and case study analysis of the lighting and acoustic performance of PULP cafe in Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur. It examines the lighting conditions through lux readings taken during daytime and nighttime to evaluate the lighting in different zones. Acoustic performance is also analyzed through sound level and reverberation time measurements to understand the noise sources and materials used. The study aims to understand and explore the lighting design and acoustic characteristics of the space.
This document discusses calculating and utilizing daylight factor (DF) for building design. DF is the ratio of internal light level to external light level, expressed as a percentage. It is calculated as the illuminance at an indoor point divided by the simultaneous outdoor illuminance, multiplied by 100. DF includes sky component, external reflected component, and internal reflected component. A simple rule of thumb can approximate DF as 10% of the percentage of glazing area to floor area. Daylight factor is used to assess natural lighting levels on the working plane and determine lighting requirements.
The document discusses energy efficiency in buildings. It defines renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Renewable sources include solar, wind, and hydro power that can be replenished, while non-renewable sources like fossil fuels are finite. The document then discusses the Hearst Tower in New York City, designed by Norman Foster. It has a diagrid steel frame that uses 20% less steel. 90% of the steel is recycled. The tower achieves LEED Gold certification and uses efficient lighting and rainwater collection.
For many years, daylight was the only efficient source of light available. Architecture was dominated by the goal of spanning great spaces and making openings big enough to distribute daylight to the interior of a building. Efficient artificial light sources and completely glazed facades have freed designers from these requirements of the past. Advanced daylighting systems and control methodologies are another progression forward in providing day lit, user-friendly and energy-efficient environments for buildings. These systems should be integrated into a building’s overall architectural system and merged into the process from its earliest stages. This thesis mainly analyzes sustainable daylight, the simulation program for daylighting, although it is an overview of new and advanced daylight technologies along with daylighting calculation. Hopefully this thesis will give the reader some knowledge about this topic. You can check this link for more academic presentation;
https://bit.ly/2NStcZ9
The document analyzes the lighting performance of Bean Brothers Coffee Malaysia through on-site measurements and calculations. It divides the space into 4 zones and evaluates each zone. For Zone A, readings were highest at the bottom left corner exposed to daylight. Average lux was 142 lux during the day and 90 lux at night. Higher day readings are due to adjacency to the glass entrance doors and high reflectance materials used. Daylight factor analysis and existing lighting fixtures are also examined to understand the lighting characteristics of the space.
Richard Meier is an American architect known for his rationalist and minimalist buildings that prominently feature the color white. Some of his most notable works include the Jubilee Church in Rome, which uses a self-cleaning material and features soaring sails, and the Athenaeum in New Harmony, intended as a community center. Meier's works are influenced by architects like Le Corbusier, Mies van der Rohe, and Frank Lloyd Wright, incorporating simple forms, naturally lit interiors, and circulation elements like ramps. He is considered a leading proponent of "white architecture."
The Victoria Memorial is a large marble building in Kolkata built between 1906 and 1921 to commemorate Queen Victoria. It has an Indo-Saracenic architectural style that blends British and Mughal elements. The memorial has 25 galleries displaying artifacts and is one of the most popular tourist sites in Kolkata, receiving around 3.5 million visitors annually. Its 57-acre gardens surrounding the building are also a major attraction.
The 30 St Mary Axe building in London, also known as "The Gherkin", provides 500,000 square feet of flexible office space in its circular 40-floor design. Its unique shape minimizes wind load and maximizes natural light and ventilation. The building uses sustainable design features like operable windows, solar blinds, and natural ventilation 40% of the year to reduce energy consumption by 50%. Completed in 2003, it has become an iconic symbol of London's financial district.
Development of colonial architecture in indiaRohit Surekh
Development of Colonial architecture in India – Dutch, Portuguese, French and British architectural influences in India: merging of local architecture with various Colonial styles
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for designs such as the Hearst Tower, Millau Viaduct, and 30 St. Mary Axe. Two of his notable projects discussed are the Bund Cultural Centre in Shanghai, featuring a curtain-like bronze tube facade, and Abu Dhabi Central Market, inspired by traditional Arab markets with courtyards, alleys and ornate glass windows. Both projects aimed to blend modern design with cultural influences through the use of materials, natural light and flexible communal spaces.
This document provides an overview of the life and works of Indian architect B.V. Doshi. It discusses his education and training under Le Corbusier, as well as the founding of his own firm Vastu-Shilpa. Key projects by Doshi are highlighted, including Sangath, CEPT Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, and the Hussain-Doshi Gufa art gallery. His architectural philosophies emphasized context, materials, climatic response, and flexibility. The document covers Doshi's career, important buildings, and his influence on Indian architecture through a holistic, human-centered approach.
Acoustic Analysis on Permata Pintar Auditorium (presentation)Carmen Chan
The auditorium was designed to distribute sound evenly throughout the seating areas. Several design elements help achieve this:
1. The fan-shaped layout and minimal 16.5 degree splay angle between rows allows sound to propagate equally without flutter echoes.
2. CMU block walls and a suspended forestage canopy reflect and diffuse sound to reinforce direct sound within 30ms of delay.
3. Measurements found sound intensity levels varied minimally except for areas under the deep gallery, which experience sound shadows due to obstruction of indirect sound waves.
The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004. They have a steel and concrete structure and were designed by architect Cesar Pelli. Each tower is 88 stories and 452 meters tall. They used a combination of cast-in-place concrete, structural steel, and glass, with a central reinforced concrete core and outrigger trusses to support the weight and resist strong winds. The Petronas Towers remain an iconic landmark and prominent example of modern skyscraper design and engineering.
This document provides an overview of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems used in the Lifepoint Building located in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. It was originally an office building that was renovated into a church and community center. The main hall uses a central air conditioning system with air handling units located above the storage room to supply cool air. Split unit AC systems are used in smaller spaces. The mechanical ventilation system uses natural inlet through windows and mechanical exhaust via propeller fans in the toilets and pantry. The air conditioning and ventilation systems aim to provide a comfortable indoor environment for occupants as required by building standards and regulations.
Building science report [malaysia] finalmiranazrin
The document summarizes the passive green design features of the DiGi Technology Operations Centre in Malaysia. Key features include extensive vegetated green walls that filter air, reduce solar heat gain, and provide acoustic insulation. A low-e curtain wall system allows daylight penetration while minimizing heat transfer. While the building orientation is not ideal, strategies like glazing and overhangs help induce daylight and reduce solar heat gain on the eastern and western facades. Evapotranspiration from the green walls helps cool surrounding air for ventilation.
Architecture history of the parliament houseSAYED HARUN
The Parliament House is located on Sansad Marg in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker using indigenous materials and Indian labor. The architecture incorporates Indian traditions such as fountains, symbols, chhajjas, and jali work in marble that reference ancient Indian monuments. The circular structure is inspired by the Ashoka Chakra and Chaunsath Yogini temple. It covers nearly six acres within sandstone railings modeled after the Great Stupa of Sanchi.
SE cathedral, case study on se cathedral, example of colonial architecture of goa, literature case study on se cathedral, complete information on se cathedral
The document defines key terminology used in illumination, including luminance, illuminance, lux, lumen, candela, foot-candle, efficacy, efficiency, glare, and luminaires. Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from a surface, illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, and lux is a unit of illuminance or luminous flux per unit area. Glare can be direct from a light source or indirect from reflections, and causes visual discomfort or disability depending on its severity. Luminaires are lighting fixtures or fittings used to hold and distribute light sources.
Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect who helped define modern architecture in the 20th century. Some of his most notable works emphasized open space defined by an industrial framework of steel and glass, including the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram Building. He believed architecture should express the modern age through a unified configuration of elements supporting an overall concept with attention to details.
The Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai is a 88-story skyscraper designed in a postmodern neo-futurist style. Some key details include:
- It was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and features an octagonal reinforced concrete core and eight steel perimeter columns.
- The tower houses offices, a 5-star Grand Hyatt hotel, and an observatory on the 88th floor.
- Its structural system uses a central concrete core and outrigger trusses to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
- It has over 130 elevators serving the various zones, as well as separate air handling and fan coil units for the office and hotel HVAC systems.
The document summarizes two case studies on mosques in Kerala - the mosques in Kuttichira and the Cheraman Mosque in Kodungallur.
In Kuttichira, the unique mosque architecture was influenced by local styles and built by local artisans. Notable mosques discussed include the Muchundi Mosque, the oldest in Calicut built in the 13th century, and the four-storied Mishkal Mosque built in the 14th century.
The Cheraman Mosque in Kodungallur is believed to be the oldest mosque in India, constructed in the 7th century. It discusses the oral tradition surrounding its founding and documents historic artifacts that remain in
The Shanghai Tower project involved the construction of the second tallest building in the world at 632 meters tall. Some key aspects summarized:
- The 127-story tower incorporates sustainable design and achieved LEED Gold certification. It utilizes various green technologies to reduce its environmental impact.
- Construction began in 2008 and was completed in 2015, with the observation deck opening to visitors in 2016.
- The unique twisting form and double-skin facade allow for maximum daylighting while maintaining energy efficiency. The tower's design captures Shanghai's dynamic growth.
Museum Case Studies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum
A museum is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.[1] Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The continuing acceleration in the digitization of information, combined with the increasing capacity of digital information storage, is causing the traditional model of museums (i.e. as static "collections of collections" of three-dimensional specimens and artifacts) to expand to include virtual exhibits and high-resolution images of their collections for perusal, study, and exploration from any place with Internet.[citation needed] The city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries.[2]
432 Park Avenue is a 1,396 foot residential skyscraper in New York City located near Central Park. Construction began in 2011 and was completed in 2015. It was designed by architect Rafael Vinoly and developed by CIM Group and Macklowe Properties. Some key features include 104 luxury condominiums, a central concrete core containing elevators and mechanical systems, and a tuned mass damper at the top to help stabilize the building against lateral forces like wind.
22 Ideas for Architectural Concepts - First In Architecture.pdfGirumAlemneh1
This document provides guidance on developing architectural concepts. It discusses analyzing the site, building requirements, and building type to inform concept ideas. Specific factors are examined for each category, like views, light, function, and precedent studies. The document encourages exploring concepts through sketches and keeping an open mind during the concept development stage. Developing the concept considers site features, user needs, and building type conventions.
This document provides a literature review and case study analysis of lighting and acoustic performance in architectural design. The literature review covers the importance of natural and artificial lighting, calculation methods for daylight factor and lumen method. It also discusses architectural acoustics, sound pressure level, reverberation time, and acoustic design considerations for cafes. The case study analyzes the lighting and acoustic strategies used at the Blue Bottle Coffee Kiyosumi-Shirakawa Roastery & Cafe in Tokyo, which utilizes large windows and skylights to maximize natural light and an open floor plan to create an acoustically transparent space. Measurements and performance evaluations of the existing site are presented along with recommendations for lighting and acoustic improvements.
This document provides an introduction, literature review, methodology, case study analysis and conclusion for a student project evaluating the lighting and acoustic performance of a cafe space. The introduction outlines the aim to study how lighting and acoustics affect a space, conduct measurements of illuminance and sound levels at a selected site, analyze issues and propose solutions. The literature review covers key topics on lighting including natural/artificial sources and balance between science and art. Acoustic fundamentals such as sound pressure level and reverberation time are also reviewed. Methodology sections describe the equipment, data collection process and analysis calculations for both lighting and acoustics.
The Victoria Memorial is a large marble building in Kolkata built between 1906 and 1921 to commemorate Queen Victoria. It has an Indo-Saracenic architectural style that blends British and Mughal elements. The memorial has 25 galleries displaying artifacts and is one of the most popular tourist sites in Kolkata, receiving around 3.5 million visitors annually. Its 57-acre gardens surrounding the building are also a major attraction.
The 30 St Mary Axe building in London, also known as "The Gherkin", provides 500,000 square feet of flexible office space in its circular 40-floor design. Its unique shape minimizes wind load and maximizes natural light and ventilation. The building uses sustainable design features like operable windows, solar blinds, and natural ventilation 40% of the year to reduce energy consumption by 50%. Completed in 2003, it has become an iconic symbol of London's financial district.
Development of colonial architecture in indiaRohit Surekh
Development of Colonial architecture in India – Dutch, Portuguese, French and British architectural influences in India: merging of local architecture with various Colonial styles
Norman Foster is a renowned British architect known for designs such as the Hearst Tower, Millau Viaduct, and 30 St. Mary Axe. Two of his notable projects discussed are the Bund Cultural Centre in Shanghai, featuring a curtain-like bronze tube facade, and Abu Dhabi Central Market, inspired by traditional Arab markets with courtyards, alleys and ornate glass windows. Both projects aimed to blend modern design with cultural influences through the use of materials, natural light and flexible communal spaces.
This document provides an overview of the life and works of Indian architect B.V. Doshi. It discusses his education and training under Le Corbusier, as well as the founding of his own firm Vastu-Shilpa. Key projects by Doshi are highlighted, including Sangath, CEPT Ahmedabad, IIM Bangalore, and the Hussain-Doshi Gufa art gallery. His architectural philosophies emphasized context, materials, climatic response, and flexibility. The document covers Doshi's career, important buildings, and his influence on Indian architecture through a holistic, human-centered approach.
Acoustic Analysis on Permata Pintar Auditorium (presentation)Carmen Chan
The auditorium was designed to distribute sound evenly throughout the seating areas. Several design elements help achieve this:
1. The fan-shaped layout and minimal 16.5 degree splay angle between rows allows sound to propagate equally without flutter echoes.
2. CMU block walls and a suspended forestage canopy reflect and diffuse sound to reinforce direct sound within 30ms of delay.
3. Measurements found sound intensity levels varied minimally except for areas under the deep gallery, which experience sound shadows due to obstruction of indirect sound waves.
The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004. They have a steel and concrete structure and were designed by architect Cesar Pelli. Each tower is 88 stories and 452 meters tall. They used a combination of cast-in-place concrete, structural steel, and glass, with a central reinforced concrete core and outrigger trusses to support the weight and resist strong winds. The Petronas Towers remain an iconic landmark and prominent example of modern skyscraper design and engineering.
This document provides an overview of the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems used in the Lifepoint Building located in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. It was originally an office building that was renovated into a church and community center. The main hall uses a central air conditioning system with air handling units located above the storage room to supply cool air. Split unit AC systems are used in smaller spaces. The mechanical ventilation system uses natural inlet through windows and mechanical exhaust via propeller fans in the toilets and pantry. The air conditioning and ventilation systems aim to provide a comfortable indoor environment for occupants as required by building standards and regulations.
Building science report [malaysia] finalmiranazrin
The document summarizes the passive green design features of the DiGi Technology Operations Centre in Malaysia. Key features include extensive vegetated green walls that filter air, reduce solar heat gain, and provide acoustic insulation. A low-e curtain wall system allows daylight penetration while minimizing heat transfer. While the building orientation is not ideal, strategies like glazing and overhangs help induce daylight and reduce solar heat gain on the eastern and western facades. Evapotranspiration from the green walls helps cool surrounding air for ventilation.
Architecture history of the parliament houseSAYED HARUN
The Parliament House is located on Sansad Marg in New Delhi. It was designed by Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker using indigenous materials and Indian labor. The architecture incorporates Indian traditions such as fountains, symbols, chhajjas, and jali work in marble that reference ancient Indian monuments. The circular structure is inspired by the Ashoka Chakra and Chaunsath Yogini temple. It covers nearly six acres within sandstone railings modeled after the Great Stupa of Sanchi.
SE cathedral, case study on se cathedral, example of colonial architecture of goa, literature case study on se cathedral, complete information on se cathedral
The document defines key terminology used in illumination, including luminance, illuminance, lux, lumen, candela, foot-candle, efficacy, efficiency, glare, and luminaires. Luminance refers to the amount of light emitted from a surface, illuminance is the amount of light falling on a surface, and lux is a unit of illuminance or luminous flux per unit area. Glare can be direct from a light source or indirect from reflections, and causes visual discomfort or disability depending on its severity. Luminaires are lighting fixtures or fittings used to hold and distribute light sources.
Mies van der Rohe was a pioneering German-American architect who helped define modern architecture in the 20th century. Some of his most notable works emphasized open space defined by an industrial framework of steel and glass, including the Barcelona Pavilion, Farnsworth House, 860-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram Building. He believed architecture should express the modern age through a unified configuration of elements supporting an overall concept with attention to details.
The Jin Mao Tower in Shanghai is a 88-story skyscraper designed in a postmodern neo-futurist style. Some key details include:
- It was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and features an octagonal reinforced concrete core and eight steel perimeter columns.
- The tower houses offices, a 5-star Grand Hyatt hotel, and an observatory on the 88th floor.
- Its structural system uses a central concrete core and outrigger trusses to resist lateral loads from wind and earthquakes.
- It has over 130 elevators serving the various zones, as well as separate air handling and fan coil units for the office and hotel HVAC systems.
The document summarizes two case studies on mosques in Kerala - the mosques in Kuttichira and the Cheraman Mosque in Kodungallur.
In Kuttichira, the unique mosque architecture was influenced by local styles and built by local artisans. Notable mosques discussed include the Muchundi Mosque, the oldest in Calicut built in the 13th century, and the four-storied Mishkal Mosque built in the 14th century.
The Cheraman Mosque in Kodungallur is believed to be the oldest mosque in India, constructed in the 7th century. It discusses the oral tradition surrounding its founding and documents historic artifacts that remain in
The Shanghai Tower project involved the construction of the second tallest building in the world at 632 meters tall. Some key aspects summarized:
- The 127-story tower incorporates sustainable design and achieved LEED Gold certification. It utilizes various green technologies to reduce its environmental impact.
- Construction began in 2008 and was completed in 2015, with the observation deck opening to visitors in 2016.
- The unique twisting form and double-skin facade allow for maximum daylighting while maintaining energy efficiency. The tower's design captures Shanghai's dynamic growth.
Museum Case Studies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum
A museum is an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other objects of scientific, artistic, cultural, or historical importance and makes them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or temporary.[1] Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and specialists to serving the general public. The continuing acceleration in the digitization of information, combined with the increasing capacity of digital information storage, is causing the traditional model of museums (i.e. as static "collections of collections" of three-dimensional specimens and artifacts) to expand to include virtual exhibits and high-resolution images of their collections for perusal, study, and exploration from any place with Internet.[citation needed] The city with the largest number of museums is Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than 55,000 museums in 202 countries.[2]
432 Park Avenue is a 1,396 foot residential skyscraper in New York City located near Central Park. Construction began in 2011 and was completed in 2015. It was designed by architect Rafael Vinoly and developed by CIM Group and Macklowe Properties. Some key features include 104 luxury condominiums, a central concrete core containing elevators and mechanical systems, and a tuned mass damper at the top to help stabilize the building against lateral forces like wind.
22 Ideas for Architectural Concepts - First In Architecture.pdfGirumAlemneh1
This document provides guidance on developing architectural concepts. It discusses analyzing the site, building requirements, and building type to inform concept ideas. Specific factors are examined for each category, like views, light, function, and precedent studies. The document encourages exploring concepts through sketches and keeping an open mind during the concept development stage. Developing the concept considers site features, user needs, and building type conventions.
This document provides a literature review and case study analysis of lighting and acoustic performance in architectural design. The literature review covers the importance of natural and artificial lighting, calculation methods for daylight factor and lumen method. It also discusses architectural acoustics, sound pressure level, reverberation time, and acoustic design considerations for cafes. The case study analyzes the lighting and acoustic strategies used at the Blue Bottle Coffee Kiyosumi-Shirakawa Roastery & Cafe in Tokyo, which utilizes large windows and skylights to maximize natural light and an open floor plan to create an acoustically transparent space. Measurements and performance evaluations of the existing site are presented along with recommendations for lighting and acoustic improvements.
This document provides an introduction, literature review, methodology, case study analysis and conclusion for a student project evaluating the lighting and acoustic performance of a cafe space. The introduction outlines the aim to study how lighting and acoustics affect a space, conduct measurements of illuminance and sound levels at a selected site, analyze issues and propose solutions. The literature review covers key topics on lighting including natural/artificial sources and balance between science and art. Acoustic fundamentals such as sound pressure level and reverberation time are also reviewed. Methodology sections describe the equipment, data collection process and analysis calculations for both lighting and acoustics.
Building Science_02_Report_Integration ProjectWinnie Ang
The document provides details on the lighting design for an urban infill library project. It includes:
1) A site analysis showing sun path diagrams and how sunlight will affect different areas at different times of day. Louvered facades and overhangs are proposed to control sunlight.
2) Daylight factor calculations for a third floor young adult library and fourth floor reading room, finding the young adult area is "extremely bright" and reading room "dark".
3) Artificial lighting calculations using the lumen method to determine the number and layout of LED pendant and linear strip lights needed to meet illumination standards.
The document discusses a lighting and acoustic analysis project of Wisma Mustapha Kamal in Cyberjaya. It includes an introduction of the project aim, site details, and architectural drawings. Literature on lighting concepts such as illuminance, daylight factors and lighting standards are reviewed. The Seagram Building precedent study covers its design strategies, materials used, and performance analysis. Research methodology, identification of existing conditions and analysis of lighting and acoustic levels in the site are also presented.
This document describes a lighting analysis for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur. It analyzes the daylighting and artificial lighting for two main areas: the open library and reading space/auditorium. For both areas, it calculates the daylight factor and illuminance levels, and determines they exceed recommendations without optimizations. It then proposes using terra cotta sunscreens on the facades to improve daylighting. For artificial lighting, it selects fixture types, calculates lighting requirements, and designs layouts to meet 300 lux standards for both spaces.
This document presents a lighting analysis for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It analyzes daylighting and artificial lighting for two spaces - a study room and meeting room. For the study room, the daylight factor is calculated to be 4.513%, meeting standards. Artificial lighting uses gravity lamps that provide energy savings. For the meeting room, 23 surface mounted downlights are recommended to provide an illumination of 750 lux. Diagrams show the lighting layouts and distributions for both rooms.
This document provides lighting calculations and analyses for two spaces - a workshop and children's area - in a proposed community library project. For each space, it calculates the daylight factor and natural illumination based on window area and properties. It then proposes artificial lighting designs to supplement daylight, including fixture specifications and layouts to meet illumination standards. Diagrams show daylight distribution, artificial lighting plans and strategies to integrate both light sources through a PSALI system. The document demonstrates an understanding of integrating lighting principles into the library design to provide visual comfort for users.
This document provides details on the lighting design integration project for a community library in Kuala Lumpur. It analyzes the daylight factor of two key spaces - the computer room and human library. It then examines the artificial lighting requirements for these spaces using the lumen method and room index calculation. LED suspended ceiling lights are selected to provide supplementary lighting as needed.
This document provides details on the daylighting and artificial lighting analysis for two spaces within a building:
1. The ICT Space receives some morning daylight but requires 24 LED downlights to meet the 300 lux illumination level standard. Daylight levels are highest near the windows.
2. The enclosed Quiet Reading Space receives no daylight and requires 26 LED downlights arranged in a 13 by 2 configuration to achieve the 400 lux standard.
3. Both spaces' lighting designs were determined using the lumen method and aim to provide sufficient, comfortable illumination.
BUILDING SCIENCE II: ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING ANALYSIS OF DONUTES CAFE, SS15JoyeeLee0131
BUILDING SCIENCE II: ACOUSTICS AND LIGHTING ANALYSIS OF DONUTES CAFE, SS15
as part of the projects by architectural students in Taylor's Univeristy Lakeside Campus
The document summarizes the daylighting and artificial lighting analysis for a proposed community library located on Jalan Tar. It includes calculations of the daylight factor and illuminance levels for the main office room, finding it to have good natural lighting within requirements. Artificial lighting requirements and lumen calculations determine that 9 LED linear fixtures or 24 downlight fixtures would be needed to provide the required 300 lux illumination for the office and main collection room respectively. Floor plans indicate the suggested fixture layouts.
DEGREE SEM 5 BUILDING SCIENCE PROJECT 2 INTEGRATION PROJECT jolynnTJL
The document discusses lighting analysis for two spaces - an e-learning department and a casual reading space - within a proposed community library project. For the e-learning department, daylight factor calculations show it receives natural light at a level considered "fairly lit" by standards. However, artificial lights are still needed to meet the 300-400 lux recommended for computer work. Calculations determine the number and layout of 11W LED pendant lights required. For the casual reading space, daylight provides good illumination but artificial lights are included for flexibility and visual comfort.
This document analyzes the lighting design for a community library project in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes daylight factor analyses for two specific spaces - a group reading area and lecture theater. For each space, it calculates the number of artificial lights needed using the lumen method. Diagrams show the lighting fixture layout and lighting contours achieved. The analysis found the group reading area gets good natural light but needs supplemental artificial lights, especially in interior areas. The lecture theater layout provides uniform illumination of 500 lux as required.
This document provides details on a lighting analysis project for a community library. It includes:
1. An introduction to the objectives of integrating artificial and daylighting strategies in the final design of the library located in Jalan Hang Kasturi.
2. A daylight factor analysis of a computer room and children's library, finding factors of 2.7% and 6.3% respectively, requiring some artificial lighting support.
3. An artificial lighting analysis using the lumen method to calculate the number and layout of light fixtures needed in the computer room to achieve 500 lux, determining 26 fixtures are needed.
4. Diagrams showing the proposed light fixture layout and contour for the computer room to provide balanced illumination
The document provides details of two precedent studies related to lighting and acoustic performance evaluation:
1. The first precedent study examines the lighting design of office spaces in Finland, analyzing illuminance levels, lighting controls, power consumption, and occupant satisfaction. Key findings include average illuminance levels on work planes, the use of dimming controls, and energy consumption lower than typical Finnish buildings.
2. The second precedent study evaluates acoustic privacy between a conference room and adjacent office. It identifies required speech privacy levels and recommends wall and ceiling constructions to minimize sound transfer. Intruding speech 10dB below background noise results in high satisfaction, while speech 5dB above background leads to high dissatisfaction.
This document provides details of a study evaluating the lighting performance of The Dart Bar. It includes sections on literature review, research methodology, case study details, and analysis of the existing lighting conditions. Measurement equipment including a lux meter were used to collect lighting data from the site based on a 1.5m x 1.5m grid. Various zones within the bar were analyzed to determine illumination levels and potential improvements to the lighting design. Precedent studies were also reviewed for comparison.
The document provides details on lighting analysis and proposals for two spaces (Space A and Space B) within a community library design project. For Space A, a panoramic reading area on the third floor, daylight factor calculations show very bright lighting conditions that could cause glare. Methods to control glare like louvers and blinders are proposed. Artificial lighting calculations determine 39 suspended LED lamps are needed to provide 500 lux of illumination. For Space B, pocket shops on the ground floor, artificial lighting calculations determine the number and placement of 3500 lm LED lamps needed to achieve 500 lux of illumination.
Building Science 2 - Integration Project - Community LibraryRyan Kerry Jy
This document presents the lighting analysis and design integration for a community library project. It analyzes daylighting for a makerspace workshop and artificial lighting for an R&D conference room. For the makerspace, it calculates a daylight factor of 6.65% which exceeds recommended levels, so it proposes implementing light shelves and louvres to control glare. For the conference room, it selects vintage LED filament bulbs, calculates lighting requirements using the lumen method, and designs a fitting layout to meet the 150 lux standard.
The document provides an analysis of the lighting design for two spaces (Study Area and Workshop/Multipurpose Room) in a community library located on Jalan TAR. For the Study Area, daylight factor calculations show the space achieves a 6.4% average daylight factor, exceeding the 3-6% target range and making it considered "very bright". For the Workshop/Multipurpose Room, limited exposure to daylight due to adjacent buildings means artificial lighting is needed to achieve the required illuminance levels. Lumen method calculations are provided to determine the number and placement of light fixtures needed in both spaces.
The document summarizes daylight and artificial lighting analyses for two spaces in a community library located in an east-west orientation. For the first floor magazine and newspaper area (Space A), the daylight factor was calculated to be 2.3%, indicating a fair level of natural lighting but artificial lights would be needed on overcast days. 35 recessed LED lights were designed to provide the required 200 lux. For the second floor fiction and non-fiction area (Space B), no natural lighting was sufficient so 14 pendant LED lights were designed to achieve the 300 lux requirement. The lighting designs aimed to provide adequate illumination for reading while minimizing energy usage.
Site C is located at the DBKL parking lot, just beside the Gombak River where the ROL project is currently taken place. The site analysis is done by us, a group of semester 6 architecture students from Taylor's University Lakeside Campus.
Food & Culture Project 1 : Research ProposalPatricia Kong
Food branding refers to creating a name, symbol, or design that identifies and differentiates a food product. The research objective was to study food brand identification in different areas and how surroundings can affect both the food brand and customer behavior. The summary discusses two environments - indoor food stalls located in the huge and clean Integrated Commercial Complex (ICC), and outdoor stalls in crowded and polluted spaces with tight fittings and limited walking room, which can degrade food preparation and taste due to humidity and poor air quality affecting mood.
An A4 bound report which shows a detailed explanation of the integration and calculations of day lighting, artificial lighting and its design intention (PSALI).
BUILDING STRUCTURES PROJECT 1 FETTUCCINE TRUSS BRIDGEPatricia Kong
The document summarizes the methodology, precedent study, materials testing, and progression of building and testing multiple fettuccine truss bridges as part of a student project. Key points:
1) The project required building and testing a fettuccine truss bridge to withstand the most weight using minimal materials.
2) Multiple bridges were built and tested, with improvements made based on weaknesses identified.
3) Testing included materials testing to select the strongest fettuccine brand and adhesive, as well as load testing bridges to determine maximum weight supported.
4) The 127th Street Bridge was used as a precedent study for its unique Warren truss design with vertical elements.
This document provides a case study of the building services in Ikon Connaught, including the fire protection systems, air conditioning systems, mechanical ventilation system, and mechanical transportation system. It includes an abstract, acknowledgements, list of figures, and table of contents. The case study aims to understand the importance and functions of these various building systems by extensively studying their specific components in conjunction with the building's operation.
The document is a project proposal for a case study paper on the Deck House in Janda Baik, Pahang, Malaysia. The proposal includes a concept map, summary of the topic, and annotated bibliography. The Deck House is a modern interpretation of a Malay Vernacular House that uses steel and glass. It is located on a hilltop for its open plan layout and cross ventilation like a Malay Vernacular House. Features include an east-west orientation, wide and tall envelopes, and cantilevered design to promote air flow and minimize solar radiation, blending with the natural environment. The paper will discuss how the integration of Malay Vernacular Architecture achieves thermal comfort in the modern Deck House.
This document analyzes the reinforced concrete structure of a residential building located in Miri, Sarawak. It includes architectural drawings of the roof, first, and ground floors. It also summarizes the dead and live loads on the structure based on material densities and floor uses. Structural plans and 3D models of the building are presented. Load distribution plans are developed for beam design. Tributary area plans are created for column analysis. The document then describes the structural analysis conducted on the building's beams and columns. References used in the analysis are listed at the end.
[Asian Architecture] Vernacular as an Essence in Contemporary Design : A Stud...Patricia Kong
A report comparing the style of a vernacular architecture and modern architecture and how it is integrated in Ar. Choo Gim Wah's The Deck House to achieve the suitable thermal comfort.
The design concept represents the journey of Rohingya refugees seeking shelter by traveling pathways. It shows their anxiety and fear through slanted interior walls. The entrance is mirrored to prevent incorrect entry. The final design corresponds to previous ideas about the Rohingya crisis, representing their journey through darkness and earned freedom into a spacious external environment.
The Jewish Museum in Berlin was designed by Daniel Libeskind and constructed between 1992-1999. The museum's design uses three axes - the Axis of Continuity, Axis of Exile, and Axis of Death - to represent and explore the German-Jewish history through the visitor's journey. The zigzagging structure is derived from a dislocated Star of David symbol and features voids that symbolize the continuous suffering of the Jewish people.
This document provides a comparison of the spatial organization and materials used in Tadao Ando's Azuma House and Frank Lloyd Wright's Fallingwater. It discusses how Azuma House uses a linear organization with simple geometric forms, while Fallingwater uses a clustered organization with flexible, interconnected spaces. It also analyzes the use of materials like concrete, glass, and stone between the two buildings. Azuma House primarily uses concrete for its simple, minimalist form, while Fallingwater incorporates local stone and wood to blend with the natural surroundings. Overall, the document examines how the different approaches to spatial organization and materials reflect the distinct design philosophies of Ando and Wright.
This document provides details about a charity drive event organized by students to raise money for the Spastic Children's Association of Selangor & Federal Territory. The event involved selling snacks like Pepero and Hello Panda biscuits. Sections include objectives, target market analysis, product details, pricing, promotion strategies used, sponsors who supported with donations, distribution of products from suppliers to customers at the campus booth, and green measures taken. An evaluation of sales and each member's role is also included at the end.
This document summarizes a student's literature research project on coffee culture for a class assignment. The student's concept focused on relaxation, given that drinking coffee creates a sense of indulgence and mesmerization. Their theme explored how coffee culture is widely expanding in Malaysia, with coffee consumption seen across different age groups. Research found that younger generations in particular drink coffee as a way to relax and reduce stress from schoolwork. The student's photos highlighted people drinking and socializing over coffee to represent their concept of relaxation.
Maths project brief feb 2014 project - statisticsPatricia Kong
This document outlines the requirements for a statistics project in a mathematics course. Students will work in groups to conduct a comparative survey of individuals aged 18-20 and 21-23. They must brainstorm topics and questions, conduct interviews of at least 100 people total, analyze the results, and submit a poster and report summarizing their findings. The report must include an introduction, objectives, methodology, survey forms, statistical analysis, and conclusion. Students will be assessed based on their understanding of comparative analysis, statistical knowledge and analysis skills, communication abilities, and individual contributions to the group work.
1) A survey was conducted of 100 students aged 18-23 at Taylor's University to analyze game addiction levels. Questionnaires were distributed to collect data on gaming habits and behaviors.
2) The data was analyzed using tables, charts and diagrams. It was found that most students in both age groups (18-20 and 21-23) spend 1-4 hours per gaming session and play games at home. More students in the younger age group were found to skip sleep and meals to finish gaming sessions.
3) The survey aims to apply statistical knowledge to analyze real-world data and compare game addiction between the two age groups.
English essay Compare & Contrast btwn two movie genrePatricia Kong
This document is a prewriting outline for a compare and contrast essay about the true story movies 12 Years a Slave and Milk. It outlines the essay's introduction discussing the movies' genres and main characters. It then plans to compare the genres, protagonists and antagonists, and endings of the two movies in separate paragraphs. The conclusion reflects on what was learned from writing the essay, focusing on the protagonists' dedication to overcoming challenges and fighting for justice.
The document is a report submitted by a group of social psychology students. It includes an introduction, methodology, discussion, and appendices regarding a video project on social psychology concepts. The video depicts scenarios in a supermarket that exemplify classical conditioning, social perception, persuasion, and other concepts. It discusses how the scenarios were planned and filmed to illustrate customers' product choices being influenced by prior experiences, opinions of others, and persuasive marketing tactics. Appendices include production photos, outtakes from filming, and the script.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
3. 3
2.5 Existing Lighting Conditions 28
2.5.2 Existing Light Fixtures
2.5.2 Materials
2.6 Lighting Data Analysis 34
2.6.1 Daytime Lux Reading
ZONE A
ZONE B
ZONE C
2.6.2 Night time Lux Reading
ZONE A
ZONE B
ZONE C
2.6.3 Observation & Discussion
2.7 Lighting Calculation Analysis 38
2.7.1 Daylight Factor Analysis
ZONE A
ZONE B
ZONE C
2.7.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis
ZONE A
ZONE B
ZONE C
2.8 Conclusion 48
4. 4
3.0 ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 49
3.1 Literature Review 50
3.1.1 Architectural Acoustic
3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
3.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT)
3.1.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
3.2 Precedent Studies 53
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Conclusion
3.3 Research Methodology 55
3.3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment
Digital Sound Meter
Camera
Measuring Tape
3.3.2 Methodology
3.3.3 Data Collection Procedures
3.4 Case Study 58
3.5 Existing Noise Sources 58
3.5.1 External Noise
Site Context
Vehicles
3.5.2 Internal Noise
Human Activities
Speakers
Electrical Appliances
5. 5
3.5.3 Location of Noise Sources
3.6 Materials and Properties 65
3.6.1 Furniture Material
3.6.2 Wall Material
3.6.3 Ceiling Material
3.6.4 Floor Material
3.7 Acoustic Tabulation Analysis 65
3.7.1 Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
ZONE A
ZONE B&C
Analysis
3.7.2 Reverberation Time (RT)
ZONE A (PEAK)
ZONE A (NON PEAK)
ZONE B (PEAK)
ZONE B (NON PEAK)
Analysis
3.7.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
ZONE A , WALL A
ZONE A , WALL B
ZONE B & C , WALL C
ZONE B & C , WALL D
3.7.3 Analysis
3.8 Conclusion 88
4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 89
7. 7
1.1 Aim & Objective
The project aims to educate students on the study of lighting and acoustics and its
relevance to architectural design. Lighting is an essential aspect of the design of space
as it illuminates the entire space, as well as adding aesthetic values and creates the mood
and ambiance of space. The success of the lighting of a building is measured by the
standard required amount of lighting used in a space, and it is also recognised as a main
element that ensure the quality of space.
Acoustic design is about the propagation of sound and how it interacts with the
surfaces and objects within a space.
This project is designed to expose students to the methods of designing the proper
lighting and acoustic systems in a building through observing the conditions of the existing
lighting and acoustic system through case studies, and critically analysing these
components to further understand the study.
1.2 Site
1.2.1 Introduction
Our chosen site for this project is Something Fishy- a restaurant/cafe located along
Jalan SS15, Subang Jaya. Co-owned by two young Malaysian, this cafe has been
operating since of late 2014, and has become a popular hotspot along the street, mainly
due to its late operating hours and a variety of food options. This specific site has been
chosen as our case study primarily because of its high human density, and unique lighting
choices.
10. 10
Figure 1.2.2.2 : Section
The café consists of a basic shop lot floor plan. The space continues all the way from
front to back, with minimum partitions and sections. The café opens both front and back
and it has a height of 3500 mm
12. 12
2.1 Literature Review
2.1.1 Lighting in Architecture
Lighting is an extremely important element in architecture as it provides illuminance which
deals with the safety and comfort of the occupants. Sun is the prime source of daylight
and the spaces should be designed to provide light according to the occupants’ function
and should prevent lighting problems such as glare. There are different types of artificial
lighting which is also dependent on occupants’ function.
2.1.2 Natural and Artificial Lighting Factor
It is essential to understand the limitations and opportunities in using both natural light
and artificial light and their capabilities in order to apply it into architecture to achieve
maximum performance of a building. The lighting factor may also change depending on
the typology of a building. For instance, vast exposure to natural light in museums and
galleries may cause damage to the artifacts.
2.1.3 Daylight Factor
Daylight factor is the ratio of the light level inside the structure to the light level outside
the structure, possible from an unobstructed hemisphere in the sky. It is done to obtain
the sufficient natural light needed for the occupants to carry out their activities.
Daylight Factor, DF = Indoor Illuminance, Ei / Outdoor Illuminance, Eo x 100%
Where, Ei = Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working planes
Eo = Simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an
unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky.
13. 13
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very bright >6 Large (including thermal and glare problem)
Bright 3–6 Good
Average 1 -3 Fair
Dark 0–1 Poor
Table 2.1.3.1 : Daylight factor and distribution
2.1.4 Lumen Method
Lumen method is used to determine the number of lamps which should be installed in a
given space if they are to be mounted in a regular pattern. For the calculation of lumen
method, lumen of each lamp used and the size of the room are needed in addition with
the details of the lamp and room surface.
The number of lamps can be calculated by the formula below:
N = E x A / F x UF x MF
Where by:
N = Number of lamps required.
E = Illuminance level required (lux).
A = Area at working plane height (m2)
F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF = Utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and
the room surfaces.
MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output
because deterioration and dirt.
14. 14
In order to find the utilization factor, room index is needed in addition with the reflectance
suraface value.
Room Index, RI, is the ratio of room plan area to half wall area between the working and
luminaire planes. Room Index can be calculated by:
RI = L x W / Hm x (L + W)
Where by:
L = Length of room.
W = Width of room.
Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and
the luminaire.
15. 15
2.2 Precedent Study
2.2.1 Introduction
Place: England (London)
Building Type: Residential Home
Contact: Geoff Beardsley & Partners (UK) LLP
Figure 2.2.1.1 : Site location showing the red mask “as existing”
The assessment was undertaken to see the effects of the neighboring property at 101
Ditton Rd, if the 1st floor extension at 99 Ditton Rd, goes ahead as proposed. It looks at
the impact of all direct and indirect sunlight during daytime when considering the impact
of new development on existing property.
The results were then compared with the acceptability criteria by BRE
Table 2.2.1.1 Summary criteria from BRE report to assess the impact of the proposed developments
Parameter BRE Report
Reference
Criteria Acceptability
Criteria
Daylight Section 2.2 Any part of the new
building measured in
a vertical section
perpendicular to a
main window wall
subtends an angle of
less than 25° to the
horizontal
Any part of the new
building measured in
a vertical section
perpendicular to a
main window wall
subtends an angle of
less than 25° to the
horizontal
Vertical Sky
component
Reduction from
existing not more
than 20%. Its former
value if VSC is less
than 27%
16. 16
Figure 2.2.1.2 : Massing “as existing” at 99 Ditton Rd, in solid blue and adjoining buildings in white
Figure 2.2.1.3 : Massing “As existing” at Ditton Rd in solid blue with the proposed 1st floor extension
2.2.2 Daylighting
The daylight factors were measured in the existing property at 101 Ditton Road on 21
March 2015. Table xxx shows the spreadsheets for the calculation of the average daylight
factor
17. 17
Table 2.2.2.1 : Spreadsheet for the calculation of average daylight factor
Daylight Factors in the existing property were calculated with the proposed 1st floor
extension. They were then compared with the existing daylight factors of the property to
analyze the percentage of reduction.
Window Adjoining
Property
Existing
Conditions
%
Proposed
1st
Floor
Extension
%
Minimum
VSC to
Achieve
Compliance
%
Difference
%
(Maximum
+20%)
Complies
with BRE
guidelines
1 101 Ditton Rd 62.2 60.6 49.76 2.57% YES
2 101 Ditton Rd 20.6 20.4 16.48 0.97% YES
3 101 Ditton Rd 18.1 18.1 14.48 0.00% YES
4 101 Ditton Rd 17.3 16.8 13.84 2.89% YES
5 101 Ditton Rd 40.9 38.6 32.72 5.62% YES
6 101 Ditton Rd 10.2 10 8.16 0.79% YES
7 101 Ditton Rd 12.6 12.5 10.08 0.79% YES
8 101 Ditton Rd 12.4 11.7 9.92 5.65% YES
Table 2.2.2.2 : Daylight factor in windows and skylight at 101 Ditton Rd – Proposed 1st
floor
extension at 101 Ditton Rd.
If the vertical sky component is greater than 27% then enough skylight should still be
reaching the window of the existing building. Any reduction below this level should be
kept to a minimum. If the vertical sky component, with the new development in place, is
both less than 27% and less than 0.8 times its former value, then occupants of the existing
building will notice the reduction in the amount of skylight. The area lit by the window is
likely to appear gloomier, and electric lighting will be needed more of the time.
As shown in Table 02, the adjoining property at 101 Ditton Rd does not notice a reduction
in current daylight levels if the proposed 1ST Floor extension at 99 Ditton Rd goes ahead
as proposed.
18. 18
All of the potentially affected windows show an acceptable reduction in daylight levels in
comparison with the existing conditions. The daylight difference to neighbours vary from
0% reduction (window # 3 at 101 Ditton Rd) to maximum 5.65% (window # 8 at 101 Ditton
Rd). As these daylight reduction is less than 20%, the proposed development complies
well within the BRE guidelines for daylight access.
Shadow development . Shadow development “Proposed
“as existing” – plan view first floor extension” plan view
Shadow development “As existing” Shadow development “as
- Perspective view proposed 1st
floor extension” - perspective
2.2.3 Conclusion
Natural Light is a very important factor in architecture and it can be affected by a lot of
things. Adjoining Buildings are one of the factors that could affect the natural light being
penetrated into a building. Therefore, it is important to consider the whole context when
designing reducing the negative impact of any proposed building. The assessment
undertaken demonstrates that the existing property at 101 Ditton Rd, would not notice a
reduction in Daylight and sunlight levels if the proposed 1st floor extension at 99 Ditton Rd
takes place as proposed.
19. 19
2.3 Research Methodology
2.3.1 Primary Literature Review
The research is done on a specific building chosen and study the lighting performance in
the space which is applied to the case study. With the readings done which gives us
better understanding on how the lighting performance in the site works. The readings are
taken in both indoor and outdoor space to evaluate the artificial and natural during the
day and night.
2.3.2 - Lighting Measuring Equipment
Digital Handheld Light Meter
Source: http://www.omega.com/pptst/HHLM1337.html
A handheld meter with a large display screen for easy viewing of the light levels readings.
It can measure at a wide range of either LUX or foot-candles. The applications which
includes both indoor light and outdoor work area of lighting, the monitoring and verification
to measure illuminance and the performance of the light in the space. It is run by a battery.
21. 21
Laptop
Source: http://www.mrrental.com.au/media/computers-office/v5-431p-05_-copy.jpg?sfvrsn=0
The laptop is used to draw the indication of grids in the floor plan and section of the space
after the measurements of the café is taken.
2.3.3 Data Collection Method
Methodology
1.0 The site is chosen for the research due to the suitable light source, windows and
enclosed space.
2.0 Research and experiment conducted with permission from the site owners
3.0 The entire research is held at 1.5m by 1.5m grid throughout the whole space
together with technical drawings produced.
4.0 The light level is experimented from the indoor and outdoor space.
5.0 The light level is compared among each readings taken from every grid.
6.0 Calculation and analysis is conducted with conclusion with the recorded readings.
22. 22
Data Collection Procedure
1. The grid lines within 1.5m by 1.5m were drawn in order to obtain correct data
collection.
2. Specify the obstacles such as extended beams, which will affect the light source,
i.e low readings.
3. Analyze the differences between the recorded readings between waist and eye
level and come out with a conclusion if there is indifference in the readings.
4. Ensure no obstacle between the meter device while recording to prevent
shadows from affecting the readings
5. Ensure the meter position is balanced when handheld during the recording of the
readings.
Ground level
2.3.4 Limitations
There are some obstacles that will affect the light readings such as human shadows,
furniture and building components such as beams that can be seen in the value of the
readings. Therefore, caution to be made when indicating the nearby objects to the light
source that cause the slight indifference between the readings in some area to be either
too high or too low.
There is also limitation that caused by natural factors such as the weather, for example
rain that will affect the lighting condition in the space.
23. 23
2.4 Case Study
2.4.1 Introduction
Located in SS15, a place well known for various types of food, Something Fishy is one of
the shops that serves Thai food alongside with Little Bali café and Vanilla the Milk Cream
Café. This place is usually where most young adults and adults goes to for after work or
class.
The building itself is located in a row of shop lot of the same height and the road is usually
packed with cars during lunch and dinner hours. This site has very minimal sun shading
similarly to its neighbouring site due to the orientation of the sun path (refer to 2.4.2 for
more information).
2.4.2 Natural Light
Figure 2.4.2.1 : The exterior of Something Fishy
During the day time, the natural light penetrates the restaurant through the glass panels
at the entrance. The entrance of the building, due to the glass panels have great quality
of light penetrating into the building and the high reflective surface make it more visible.
However the absence of natural light makes it dark towards the back of the restaurant.
24. 24
2.4.3 Sun Path Analysis diagram
Figure 2.4.3.1 :
2nd November 2016, 10am
(Created using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)
Figure 2.4.3.2:
2nd November 2016, 12pm(noon)
(Created using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)
Figure 2.4.3.3 :
2nd November 2016, 6pm
(Created using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)
25. 25
2.4.4 Artificial Light
Figure 2.4.4.1 : overhang lights
Figure 2.4.4.2 : wall mounted light
Figure 2.4.4.3 : eatery area during night time
The enclosed area of the restaurant has most of the artificial lighting with some
overhanged and wall mounted artificial lighting. The artificial lighting in the restaurant
gives it a very dim condition comfortable enough for eating.
27. 27
Figure 2.4.5.2 : Floor plan with designated intersection points
The area is divided into three zones which are labelled as zone A, zone B and zone C.
Zone A is the counter area where the counter and the entrance to the kitchen is located.
Zone B is the dining area where most of the users are normally presence and zone C is the
shaded outdoor smoking area. There is a total of two intersection points in zone A, 24 in
zone B and 8 in zone C. Altogether, there are a total of 34 intersection point in this building.
29. 29
Figure 2.5.2 : Light placement with indication on section
2.5.1 Existing Light Features:
Description +
Pictures:
Dimensi
on
(w x l):
Lamp
Watta
ge
C
RI
Colour
temperatur
e, K
Colour
Designati
on
Lume
ns,
LM
Rat
ed
Life,
Hrs
Ca
p -
Ba
se
1. Coney Island
A19 Vintage
Bulb
60mm x
110mm
40W 95 2200k Warm
white
160 200
0
E2
6
2. Green
Creative A19
Bulb
60mm x
110mm
60W 92 2700k Warm
white
800 250
0
E2
6
30. 30
3. Heavy Duty
10 – Socket
Vintage Light
Strand
457.2m
m x
609.6m
m
40W 95 2200k Warm
white
160 200
0
E2
6
Table 2.5.1.1 : Light Specification
2.5.2 Materials
Figure 2.5.2.1 : Material placement with indication on section
31. 31
1. CEILING
Indicato
r
Materials Colour Reflectance Surface
1 Concrete ceiling with purple paint
finish
Purple 24
Semi -
rough
Table 2.5.2.2 : Ceiling material
2. WALL
Indicato
r
Materials Colour Reflectance Surface
1 Timber panels
Orange -
brown
42 Smooth
32. 32
2 Glass
Transparent 100 Smooth
3 Concrete wall painted with cyan
paint finish
Cyan 38 Smooth
Table 2.5.2.3 Wall material
3. FURNITURES
Indicator Materials Colour Reflectance Surface
1 Timber based partition
Dark brown 19 Smooth
33. 33
2 Timber made table and chairs
Light brown 55 Smooth
Table 2.5.2.4 : Furniture material
4. FLOOR
Indicator Material Colour Reflectance Surface
1 White tiles
White 75 Semi - rough
2 Raw concrete
Dark grey 18 Semi - rough
Table 2.5.2.5 : Floor material
34. 34
2.6 Light Data Analysis
2.6.1 Daytime Lux Reading
Figure 2.6.1.1 : Floor Plan
35. 35
Figure 2.6.1.2 :
Daytime Light contour plan (2nd November 2016: 10a.m.)
(Created using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)
Due to the type and design of the building the daylight contour plan remains same mostly
throughout the day. As shown from the above contour plan, the walk-in eatery area receives
most of the daylight as it is open to the street without any barriers. Therefore, the artificial
lights in that area are switched off during daytime. However, almost no daylight reaches
the interior of the restaurant and needs artificial light to light up the place.
36. 36
2.6.2 Night Time Lux Reading
Figure 2.6.1.3 : Floor Plan with indication of artificial lights
37. 37
Figure 2.6.1.4 :
Night time contour plan (2nd November 2016: 6p.m.)
(Created using Autodesk Ecotect Analysis)
Most of the lights are placed nearby the seats and tables which eventually makes it suitable
for eating restaurant. Lights of different lumens are used within the restaurant to provide
different intensities for the areas.
38. 38
2.7 Lighting Calculation Analysis
2.7.1 Daylight Factor Analysis
ZONE A (COUNTER AREA)
Time Weather
Luminance
at 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at
1.5m (1x)
Average
(1x)
10 a.m. – 12
p.m.
Clear
Sky
64 – 136 100 lux 43 – 122 82.5 lux
Table 2.7.1.1 : Lux reading at Zone A
Average lux reading 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
1m 100
1.5m 82.5
Average lux value = 91.25 lux (91 lux)
Table 2.7.1.2 : Average lux value at Zone A
Luminance level Example
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
110,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000 – 2000 lux Typical over cast day, midday
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient
illumination)
< 200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset/sunrise
Table 2.7.1.3 Daylight intensity at different condition
39. 39
Date and time 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
Average lux reading (E internal, Ei) 91 lux
Daylight factor calculation formula
E𝑖
D = ×100%
E 𝑜
Standard direct sunlight (E external, Eo) 20, 000 lux
Calculation
D = ×100%
= 0.46%
Table 2.7.1.4 : Calculation for daylight factor in Zone A
Daylight factor, DF (%) Distribution
> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem
3 – 6 Bright
1 – 3 Average
0 – 1 Dark
Table 2.7.1.5 : Daylight factor, DF
The daylight factor at Zone A which is the counter area is rather low. The
calculation shown in table x.x shown that it has a daylight factor of 0.46 and it is located
in the dark range of the daylight factor table provide in MS 1525. This is due to the lack
of opening as it is a shop lot with a linear entry and neighbouring building. Although it is
relatively dark in zone A, but it helps to keep the indoor temperature low and also help
reduce direct sun exposure into the space.
40. 40
ZONE B (DINING AREA)
Time Weather
Luminance
at 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at
1.5m (1x)
Average
(1x)
10 a.m. – 12
p.m.
Clear
Sky
126 – 380 253 lux 128 – 283 205.5 lux
Table 2.7.1.6 : Lux reading at Zone B
Average lux reading 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
1m 253
1.5m 205.5
Average lux value = 229.25 lux (229 lux)
Table 2.7.1.7 : Average lux value at Zone B
Luminance level Example
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
110,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000 – 2000 lux Typical over cast day, midday
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient
illumination)
< 200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset/sunrise
Table 2.7.1.8 : Daylight intensity at different condition
41. 41
Date and time 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
Average lux reading (E internal, Ei) 229 lux
Daylight factor calculation formula
E𝑖
D = ×100%
E 𝑜
Standard direct sunlight (E external, Eo) 20, 000 lux
Calculation
D = ×100%
= 1.15%
Table 2.7.1.9 : Calculation for daylight factor in Zone B
Daylight factor, DF (%) Distribution
> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem
3 – 6 Bright
1 – 3 Average
0 – 1 Dark
Table 2.7.2.0 Daylight factor, DF
The daylight factor at the dining area, which is zone B, has a moderately high result
as compared to zone A. The calculation shown is 1.15% which puts zone B in the average
range in the MS 1525 table. The presence of the glass around the area had led a huge
amount of lux to enter into the interior space. This in result could help integrate energy
saving during the day, as a few amounts of artificial lights are needed. However, this can
cause a few disadvantages. Firstly, is the sun glare which is unavoidable as the
reflectance of the exterior material surface alongside the glass allows it to enter. It is
advisable that a sun shading device is needed such as thin layer of curtain or a colour
tinted glass to be used for this building.
42. 42
ZONE C (SMOKING AREA)
Time Weather
Luminance
at 1m (1x)
Average
(1x)
Luminance
at
1.5m (1x)
Average
(1x)
10 a.m. – 12
p.m.
Clear
Sky
299 – 465 382 lux 113 – 341 227 lux
Table 2.7.2.1 Lux reading at Zone C
Average lux reading 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
1m 382
1.5m 227
Average lux value = 304.5 lux
Table 2.7.2.2 Average lux value at Zone C
Luminance level Example
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
110,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday
1000 – 2000 lux Typical over cast day, midday
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient
illumination)
< 200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 lux Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunset/sunrise
Table 2.7.2.3 Daylight intensity at different condition
43. 43
Date and time 10 a.m. – 12 p.m.
Average lux reading (E internal, Ei) 304.5 lux
Daylight factor calculation formula
E𝑖
D = ×100%
E 𝑜
Standard direct sunlight (E external, Eo) 20, 000 lux
Calculation
D = ×100%
= 1.52%
Table 2.7.2.4 : Calculation for daylight factor in Zone C
Daylight factor, DF (%) Distribution
> 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem
3 – 6 Bright
1 – 3 Average
0 – 1 Dark
Table 2.7.2.5 : Daylight factor, DF
The daylight factor for zone C is considerably higher than the other zones. The
calculation shown that it has a total of 1.52% in result which also puts it in the average
range similarly to zone B in the MS 1525 table. This is due to the reason that it is a partially
open space which is located near the entrance of the shop. Thus, this allows a huge
amount of lux to brighten up the place during the daytime.
44. 44
2.7.2 Artificial Lighting Analysis
ZONE A (COUNTER AREA)
Room dimension (m) 4.23 × 3.00
Floor area (m²) 12.69
Standard illuminance (lux) 200
Type of lighting fixture A19 E26 Bulb (60 W) A19 E26 Bulb (40W)
Number of lighting fixture 2 9
Lumen of lighting fixture, F
(Lm)
800 160
Height of work level (m) meja 0.70 0.70
Height of luminaire (m) light to
ground 2.80
3.00
Mounting height (m) 2.10 2.30
Reflection factors
Ceiling: 24.0
Wall: 38.0
Floor: 75.0
Ceiling: 24.0
Wall: 38.0
Floor: 75.0
Room index, RI (K) formula
𝐿 ×𝑊
𝑅𝐼 = 𝐻
× (𝐿 + 𝑊)
Room index, RI (K)
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 0.86
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 0.76
Utilization factor, UF 0.43 0.43
Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 0.8
Illuminance level, E (lux)
formula
𝑁 × 𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 ×𝑀𝐹
𝐸 =
𝐴
Illuminance level, E (lux)
𝐸 =
12.69
= 43.37
𝐸 =
=
39.04
Illuminance level required (lux)
300 – 43.37 = 256.63
*according to MS 1525, the
area lacks of 256.63 lux*
300 – 39.04 = 260.96
*according to MS 1525,
the area lacks of 260.96
lux*
Number of light required
formula
𝐸 ×𝐴
𝑁 =
𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
45. 45
Number of light required
𝑁 =
N =
13.8 (14)
14 – 2 = 12 lamps
*in order to achieve
MS1525 standards, zone A
requires 12
more lamps*
𝑁 =
N =
69.2 (70)
70 – 9 = 61 lamps
*in order to achieve
MS1525 standards, zone
A requires 61 more
lamps*
ZONE B (DINING AREA)
Room dimension (m) 7.5 × 6.4
Floor area (m²) 48
Standard illuminance (lux) 200
Type of lighting fixture A19 E26 Bulb (60 W) A19 E26 Bulb (40W)
Number of lighting fixture 6 15
Lumen of lighting fixture, F
(Lm)
800 160
Height of work level (m) meja 0.70 0.70
Height of luminaire (m) light to
ground 2.80
3.00
Mounting height (m) 2.10 2.30
Reflection factors
Ceiling: 24.0
Wall: 38.0
Floor: 75.0
Ceiling: 24.0
Wall: 38.0
Floor: 75.0
Room index, RI (K) formula
𝐿 ×𝑊
𝑅𝐼 = 𝐻
× (𝐿 + 𝑊)
Room index, RI (K)
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 1.64
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 1.50
Utilization factor, UF 0.57 0.57
Maintenance factor, MF 0.8 0.8
Illuminance level, E (lux)
formula
𝑁 × 𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 ×𝑀𝐹
𝐸 =
𝐴
Illuminance level, E (lux)
𝐸 =
=
45.6
𝐸 =
=
22.8
46. 46
Illuminance level required (lux)
300 – 45.6 = 254.4
*according to MS 1525, the
area lacks of 254.4 lux*
300 – 22.8 = 277.2
*according to MS 1525,
the area lacks of 277.2
lux*
Number of light required
formula
𝐸 ×𝐴
𝑁 =
𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
Number of light required
𝑁 =
N =
39.4 (39)
39 – 6 = 33 lamps
*in order to achieve MS1525
standards, zone A requires
33
more lamps*
𝑁 =
N =
197.3 (197)
197 – 15 = 182 lamps
*in order to achieve
MS1525 standards, zone
A requires 182 more
lamps*
ZONE C (SMOKING AREA)
Room dimension (m) (4 × 2.5) + (5.4 × 2)
Floor area (m²) 20.8
Standard illuminance (lux) 200
Type of lighting fixture E26 Socket Light (40W)
Number of lighting fixture 20
Lumen of lighting fixture, F (Lm) 160
Height of work level (m) meja 0.70
Height of luminaire (m) light to ground 2.80
Mounting height (m) 2.10
Reflection factors
Ceiling: 24.0
Wall: 38.0
Floor: 18.0
Room index, RI (K) formula
𝐿 ×𝑊
𝑅𝐼 = 𝐻
× (𝐿 + 𝑊)
47. 47
Room index, RI (K)
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 0.7
𝑅𝐼 =
2.
= 0.69 (0.7)
Average Room Index, RI (K)
0.
= 0.7
Utilization factor, UF 0.43
Maintenance factor, MF 0.8
Illuminance level, E (lux) formula
𝑁 × 𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 ×𝑀𝐹
𝐸 =
𝐴
Illuminance level, E (lux)
𝐸 =
20.8 =
52.92
Illuminance level required (lux)
300 – 52.92 = 247.07
*according to MS 1525, the area lacks of 247.07
lux*
Number of light required formula
𝐸 ×𝐴
𝑁 =
𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
Number of light required
𝑁 =
N = 113.4 (113)
113 – 20 = 93 lamps
*in order to achieve MS1525 standards, zone A
requires 93 more lamps*
48. 48
2.8 Conclusion
Relatively, the natural lighting in Something Fishy SS15 is good based on the
daylight factor calculation which ranges mostly around average. The sufficient of
daylighting is mostly influence by the provided openings. This became the necessary
component for the shop in order to create a certain mood or atmosphere based on its
theme.
Aside from that, based on our observation, we have found out that Something
Fishy has few lights in the dining area and at the counter area. It is observed that these
three zones have different values of illumination during the day and also at night. During
the day, the light from the sun enters the building through the glass materials in the dining
area without the need of using any artificial light. As of night time however, all three areas
are lighted up with low artificial lightings. However due to the low lumens value that each
bulb of the artificial lighting has, there is not enough light to fully brighten up the space in
the building as required by MS 1525 standard. This can be improved by adding more
lights into the building. As the required number of lights calculated may seem to be too
much to be fitted into the building, another option that can be recommended is to replace
the existing lights in the building with much stronger ones. Hence, it can provide better
visualization for the occupants.
In conclusion, the quality of lighting of the building especially in the dining and
counter area is insufficient during the day. These spaces need to improve by adding more
openings or change the colour of the surface to a much brighter colour instead of a dark
colour so that it would help in reflecting the light ray rather than absorbing it.
50. 50
3.1 Literature Review
3.1.1 Architectural Acoustic
Acoustics is the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids and solids. Which are
categorized under the topic such as vibration, ultrasound, infrasound and sound.
Architectural acoustic also known as room or building acoustic is the science and
engineering of achieving optimum sound levels within a building. The aim is to provide a
building with a desired sound levels that is optimum for all around spaces within the
building whilst also eliminating or reducing any sound that interrupts with the ongoing
activities, this is also known as noise.
3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound pressure level is actually a ratio of the absolute, sound pressure and a reference
level. Level this is usually the threshold of hearing from the lowest intensity sound that
can be heard by most people. Sound pressure level is usually measured in decibels (dB),
because of the incredibly broad range of intensity levels we could hear. Below are the
typical sound levels which ranges from an optimum and extreme level of pressure to be
heard.
Sources at 1 m Sound
Pressure
Lp re 20 µPa
*
Rifle 200 Pa 140 dB
Threshold of pain 20 Pa 120 dB
Pneumatic hammer 2 Pa 100 dB
6 dB = double the
Pa
1 Pa 94 dB
Street traffic 0.2 Pa 80 dB
Talking 0.02 Pa 60 dB
Library 0.002 Pa 40 dB
TV Studio 0.0002 Pa 20 dB
Threshold of
hearing
0.00002 Pa 0 dB
51. 51
Calculation for sound pressure level (SPL)
3.1.3 Reverberation Time (RT)
Reverberation is the collection of reflected sounds from the surface of an enclosure such
as rooms where the sound source is turned off. Reverberation time however is defined
as the length of time required for a sound to decay 60 decibels from its initial level.
Calculation for reverberation time (RT)
Where : RT – reverberation time (sec)
V – volume of the room
A – total absorption of room surfaces
52. 52
3.1.4 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
Sound reduction index or transmission loss of a partition measures the number of
decibels lost when a sound of a given frequency is transmitted through the partition.
Calculation for sound reduction index (SRI)
53. 53
3.2 Precedent Studies
3.2.1 Introduction
Cork School of Music, Union Quay
Figure X.X.X : Façade of the Cork School of Music Figure X.X.X : Curtis Auditorium inside the
building
The Cork School of Music which is under its main facility the Cork Institute of Technology
is located in the centre of Cork City, Ireland. It was founded in the year 1878 and became
a school of Cork Institute of Technology in 1993. It is operating from a five – floor music
centre which was built on the site of the former premises with an area approaching
13,000m2. Opened in 2007, the school of music was designed by Murray O’Laoire and
Buro Happold.
The main goal of this building is to cater for the students and staff which enrolls in the
field of music and drama. Suitable spaces to execute these studies must be in par and
follow the requirements of an optimum acoustics space. The Cork School of Music
facilitates different spaces which are according to their specific functions. Spaces such
as the Curtis auditorium, stack theatre, recording suite (control room), recording suite (live
room), teaching studios, ground floor concourse and library are located in this school to
be used for their daily routine.
Variable acoustic elements could be found in the Curtis auditorium to provide for a more flexible
activities ranging from a small ensemble rehearsal through a performance of a 500 – seat
audience. Features such as movable ceiling that can be raised higher and lower to allow for the
changes of volume to be taken by up to 40% are included. As well as diffusing panels and variable
wall panels delivering flexible acoustic element.
54. 54
Space Fabric Sound
Insulation
External Noise
Intrusion Limit
Mechanical
Services Noise
Level Limit
Mid-Frequency
Reverberation Time
Rehearsal Hall R’w 70dB LA10 20 dB NR 20 1.2s to 1.8s
Black Box Theatre R’w 65 dB LA10 20 dB NR 25 0.8s
Movement Room R’w 55 dB LA10 30 dB NR 30 1.2s
Tuition Rooms R’w 70 dB LA10 25 dB NR 25 1.0s
Percussion Studio R’w 70 dB LA10 25 dB NR 25 0.7s
Double Bass Studio R’w 70 dB LA10 25 dB NR 25 1.0s
Organ Room R’w 70 dB LA10 25 dB NR 25 1.0s
Lecture Theatres R’w 55 dB LA10 25 dB NR 30 0.8s
Music/IT Labs R’w 45 dB LA10 30 dB NR 35 0.8s
Electronic Music
Centre
R’w 55 dB LA10 30 dB NR 30 0.8s
Recording Studio
Live room
Control Room
-Edit Suite
R’w 70 dB
R’w 65 dB
R’w 65 dB
LA10 15 dB
LA10 20 dB
LA10 20 dB
NR 15
NR 20
NR 20
1.0s
0.4s
0.4s
Offices R’w 35 dB LA10 35 dB NR 38 n/a
Boardroom R’w 45 dB LA10 35 dB NR 30 n/a
Figure 3.2.1.1 Technical overview of the spaces in the Cork School of Music
3.2.2 Conclusion
To conclude building such as Cork School of Music which host spaces that need an
optimum acoustics and suitable sound proofing needed to be taking into consideration
such as the material used. A lot in these spaces utilize the building material as well as the
finishing material to enable for decent sound levels such as the fabric sound insulation
which is used a lot to maintain the echo and any sound leaking. Thus wall panels and
finishing material have an effect on controlling the sound level coming from and out of the
spaces.
55. 55
3.3 Research Methodology
3.3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment
Sound Level Meter
A hand held equipment with a microphone that responds to
the changes in air pressure caused by sound waves.
Specification
Manufacturer LUTRON Lighting
Model SL – 4023 SD
Dimension/Weight 245 x 68 x 45 mm / 489 g – battery
Range 30 – 130 Db
Linearity + 1.5 Db
Digital Camera
Used to record and document source of noise such as human
activities, mechanical devices, etc. Also used to capture
materials and texture that affects the acoustics of the space.
Measuring Tape
Used to measure the 1.5m x 1.5m grid lines of the site and
the sound level sources from ground level.
56. 56
3.3.2 Methodology
1. Preliminary studies were conducted to choose the suitable enclosed space as our
case study.
2. Approval from the management of the site is obtained and meetings are arranged to
conduct studies.
3. The entire site was measured using a 1.5m x 1.5m grid line and technical drawings
were produced to aid studies.
4. Tasks among members were distributed to ease research process on site.
5. Noise level during peak and non-peak hours were recorded using the sound level
meter.
6. Sources of noise such as human activities, mechanical devices, etc are recorded
using the digital camera.
7. Types of textures and materials are recorded using the digital camera.
8. Compile and tabulate the data collected.
9. Calculation and analysis are carried out and a conclusion was driven from the study.
3.3.3 Data Collection Procedure
1. A grid line of 1.5m x 1.5m were drawn and plotted on the floor plan to determine the
point of data collection
2. Measurements and recordings are taken at the points of intersection of the grid lines
at 1m above ground level.
3. Sources of noise are observed and recorded that affects the reading.
4. Steps 2-3 are repeated at all of the intersection points.
5. Recordings are repeated at two times ; peak hours (12.00 am) and non-peak hours
(7.00 pm)
6. Analyze the difference between the recordings of these two time period.
Figure 3.3.3.1 : Noise is recorded 1.5 m from ground level
57. 57
Figure 3.3.3.2 : Floor plan with designated intersection points
The area is divided into three zones which are labelled as zone A, zone B and zone C.
Zone A is the counter area where the counter and the entrance to the kitchen is located.
Zone B is the dining area where most of the users are normally presence and zone C is the
shaded outdoor smoking area. There is a total of two intersection points in zone A, 24 in
zone B and 8 in zone C. Altogether, there are a total of 34 intersection point in this building.
58. 58
3.4 Case Study
Figure 3.4.1 : Site Location
Something Fishy is located alongside numerous other cafes and restaurants that results
in it being a popular hotspot. It is situated along a row of shoplots which houses multiple
types of commercial activities – mostly eateries.
3.5 Existing Noise Sources
As the café is positioned at a prime location, noise sources can be detected mainly from
the surrounding cafes in the neighbourhood, as most of it facilitates outdoor seating
areas. Besides that, the traffic in front of the café is also usually congested therefore
causing a moderate amount of noise coming into the café
59. 59
3.5.1 External Noise
Neighboring Cafes
Surrounding the site is a highly concentrated group of active cafes and restaurants.
Outdoor seating areas, speakers of music blasting and LCD screens causes noise from
human activities.
Traffic
Traffic in front of the site is usually highly congested, as it is one of the main access roads
to a number of colleges located nearby. Rush hours are usually between 7-9 am, 12 pm
and 6-8 pm.
60. 60
3.5.2 Internal Noise
Human Activities
Figure 3.5.2.1 : human activities
The main noise sources of the human activities are from conversations, laughter and
socializing. As most of the customers of the café comes in groups, the source of noises
are high especially during peak hours. Noise sources mainly come from Zone A, and B.
Speakers
Figure 3.5.2.2 : wall mounted speaker
Music is constantly blasting from the speakers throughout the café. Speakers are
positioned both indoors and outdoors.
61. 61
Fans
Figure 3.5.2.3 : stand alone fan
Additional portable fans are needed to ventilate and cool the space down as it allows
smoking indoors. The noise from the fan is quite noticeable as it is positioned near the
seating areas.
62. 62
3.5.3 Location of Noise Source
Figure 3.5.3.1 : Location of noise sources mapped out on plan
63. 63
The speakers at the café acts as one of the primary noise source as it is positioned
throughout the building. With the music constantly blasting, the entire café can experience
the noise coming from it. Besides that, human activities is also one of its main sources.
The nature of the café attracts people in groups/crowds hence resulting in constant high
occupancy rate, which contributes to a higher noise level at certain periods of the day.
Table 3.5.3.2 : Noise sources and specifications
Source Specification Unit
1. Vent Product name KDK 30AQM8
Wall Mount
Ventilation Fan
1
Weight 3 kg
Dimension 6.5 x 39 x 51
Motor Rating 240 V / 50 Hz
Noise Level 45 Db
Placement Wall
2. Fan Product name KDK KX405
Stand Fan
2
Weight 8.3 kg
Dimension 49 x 31 x 58
Noise Level < 60 dB
Placement
Floor
3. Speaker Product name Sony Wireless
Speaker SRS-
ZR5
4
Weight 2.3 kg
Dimension 15 x 15 x 21
Frequency
Range
20 - 20k Hz
Power
Consumption
30 W (AC)
Placement Wall
64. 64
3.6 Material and Properties
ZONE A ( COUNTER AREA )
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Absorption
Coefficient
Area(m2)
500Hz 2000Hz 12.80
Wall Brick White Rough 0.03 0.04 32.14
Floor Tiles Plaster White Smooth 0.80 0.65 12.80
Door Timber White Smooth 0.15 0.10 1.89
Ceiling Concrete Black Smooth 0.05 0.05 12.80
Counter Table Timber Brown Matte 0.22 0.38 1.65
Occupants 0.46 0.51
ZONE B ( DINING AREA )
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Absorption
Coefficient
Area(m2
)
500Hz 2000Hz 48.60
Wall Brick White Smooth 0.03 0.04 64.61
Glass Clear Smooth 0.10 0.05 9.46
Floor Tiles Plaster White Smooth 0.80 0.65 48.60
Door Glass Clear Smooth 0.10 0.07 1.89
Ceiling Concrete Black Smooth 0.05 0.05 48.60
Dining Table Timber Brown Matte 0.15 0.10 11.46
Chair Timber Brown Matte 0.10 0.12 5.46
Occupants 0.46 0.51
ZONE C ( SMOKING AREA )
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Absorption
Coefficient
Area(m2
)
500Hz 2000Hz 19.91
Wall Brick White Smooth 0.03 0.04 25.31
Glass Clear Smooth 0.10 0.05 9.46
Floor Tiles Plaster White Smooth 0.80 0.65 19.91
Door Glass Clear Smooth 0.10 0.07 1.89
Ceiling Concrete Black Smooth 0.05 0.05 19.91
Dining Table Timber Brown Matte 0.15 0.10 2.02
Chair Timber Brown Matte 0.10 0.12 0.90
Occupants 0.46 0.51
65. 65
Highest reading as it is situated
outside and is exposed to external
noise sources
Highest reading as it is positioned
near the speaker, and is a spot
reserved for large group of people
Lowest reading as it is quite
isolated from the main eatery
area
3.7 Acoustic Tabulation Data
Acoustic Readings
Figure 3.7.1.1 : Acoustic reading during peak hour
66. 66
Lowest reading as it is quite
isolated from the main eatery
area
Highest reading due to a relatively
high number of people
Highest reading as it is exposed to
external noise sources
Figure 3.7.1.2 Acoustic reading during non-peak hour
68. 68
3.7.1 Sound Intensity Level Calculation
ZONE A (COUNTER AREA)
PEAK HOUR
Peak Hour : 11 pm - 1 am
Highest
readings:
95.0 , 93.2 ,
92.8
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
95.0= 10log10 I A 93.2= 10log10 I B 92.8= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -
12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
9.5 = log I A 9.32 = log I B 9.28 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 9.5 = I A 10 9.32 = I B 10 9.28 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A =
10 9.5 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I B =
10 9.32 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I A =
10 9.28 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
= 3.16 x 10 -3
= 2.09 x 10 -3
= 1.91 x 10 -3
Total I =
(3.16 x 10 -3 ) + ( 2.09 x 10 -3 ) + (
1.91 x 10 -3 )
= 7.16 x 10 -3
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 7.16 x
10 -3
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 7.16 x
10 9
= 98.55 dBs (2d.p)
69. 69
NON PEAK HOUR
Unpeak Hour : 6 pm - 8 pm
Highest
readings:
87.3 , 86.7 ,
86.6
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
87.3= 10log10 I A 86.7= 10log10 I B 86.6= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
8.73 = log I A 8.67 = log I B 8.66 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 8.73 = I A 10 8.67 = I B 10 8.66 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A =
10 8.73 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I B =
10 8.67 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I A =
10 8.66 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
= 5.37 x 10 -4
= 4.68 x 10 -4
= 4.57 x 10 -4
Total I =
(5.37 x 10 -4 ) + ( 4.68 x 10 -4 ) + (
4.57 x 10 -4 )
= 14.617 x 10 -4
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -12
=
10log 14.617
x 10 -4
1 x 10 -12
=
10log (
1461700000)
= 91.65 dBs (2d.p)
The difference in the sound intensity level between the peak and non - peak period of zone A is
98.55dBs - 91.65dBs = 6.90dBs.
70. 70
ZONE B (DINING AREA)
PEAK HOUR
Peak Hour : 11 pm - 1 am
Highest
readings:
98.5 , 96.8 ,
96.7
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
98.5= 10log10 I A 96.8= 10log10 I B 96.7= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -
12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
9.85 = log I A 9.68 = log I B 9.67 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 9.85 = I A 10 9.68 = I B 10 9.67 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A = 10 9.85 x ( 1 x 10 -12) I B =
10 9.68 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I A =
10 9.67 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
= 7.08 x 10 -3
= 4.79 x 10 -3
= 4.68 x 10 -3
Total I =
(7.08 x 10 -3 ) + ( 4.79 x 10 -3 ) + (
4.68x 10 -3 )
= 16.55 x 10 -3
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 16.55
x 10 -3
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 16.55
x 10 9
= 102.19 dBs (2d.p)
71. 71
NON PEAK HOUR
Unpeak Hour : 6 pm - 8 pm
Highest
readings:
87.9 , 87.1 ,
86.7
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
87.9= 10log10 I A 87.1= 10log10 I B 86.7= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
8.79 = log I A 8.71 = log I B 8.67 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 8.79 = I A 10 8.71 = I B 10 8.67 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A =
10 8.79 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
I B =
10 8.71 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
I A =
10 8.67 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
= 6.17 x 10 -4
= 5.13 x 10 -4
= 4.68 x 10 -4
Total I =
(6.17 x 10 -4 ) + ( 5.13 x 10 -4 ) + (
4.68 x 10 -4 )
= 15.98 x 10 -4
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -12
=
10log 15.98 x
10 -4
1 x 10 -12
=
10log 15.98 x
10 8
= 92.04 dBs (2d.p)
The difference in the sound intensity level between the peak and non - peak period of zone B is
102.19dBs - 92.04dBs = 10.15dBs.
72. 72
ZONE C (SMOKING AREA)
PEAK HOUR
Peak Hour : 11 pm - 1 am
Highest
readings:
99.2 , 98.8 ,
98.3
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
99.2= 10log10 I A 98.8= 10log10 I B 98.3= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -
12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
9.92 = log I A 9.88 = log I B 9.83 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 9.92 = I A 10 9.88 = I B 10 9.83 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A = 10 9.92 x ( 1 x 10 -12) I B =
10 9.88 x ( 1 x
10 -12)
I A =
10 9.83 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
= 8.32 x 10 -3
= 7.59 x 10 -3
= 6.76 x 10 -3
Total I =
(8.32 x 10 -3 ) + ( 7.59 x 10 -3 ) + (
6.76x 10 -3 )
= 22.67 x 10 -3
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 22.67
x 10 -3
1 x 10 -
12
=
10log 22.67
x 10 9
= 103.55 dBs (2d.p)
73. 73
NON PEAK HOUR
Unpeak Hour : 6 pm - 8 pm
Highest
readings:
82.5 , 83.0 ,
83.0
SIL A = 10log10 I A SIL B = 10log10 I B SIL C = 10log10 I C
I O I O I O
82.5= 10log10 I A 83.0= 10log10 I B 83.0= 10log10 I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
8.25 = log I A 8.30 = log I B 8.30 = log I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
10 8.25 = I A 10 8.30 = I B 10 8.30 = I C
1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12 1 x 10 -12
I A =
10 8.25 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
I B =
10 8.30 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
I A =
10 8.30 x ( 1 x 10
-12)
= 1.78 x 10 -4
= 2.0 x 10 -4
= 2.0 x 10 -4
Total I =
(1.78 x 10 -4 ) + ( 2.0 x 10 -4 ) + ( 2.0 x
10 -4 )
= 5.77 x 10 -4
SIL = 10log I
I O
= 10log I
1 x 10 -12
=
10log 5.77 x
10 -4
1 x 10 -12
=
10log 5.77 x
10 8
= 87.62 dBs (2d.p)
The difference in the sound intensity level between the peak and non - peak period of zone C is
103.55dBs - 87.62dBs = 15.93dBs.
77. 77
Reverberation Time
500Hz 2000Hz
RT = 0.16 x V RT = 0.16 x V
Absorp coeff Absorp coeff
RT = 0.16 x 69.69
RT = 0.16 x
69.69
19.85 19.22
RT = 0.5617s RT = 0.5801s
NON – PEAK HOUR
Components
Absorption Coefficient
Area(m2)
Sound Absorption
500Hz 2000Hz 500Hz 2000Hz
Wall 0.03 0.04 25.31 0.76 1.01
0.10 0.05 9.46 0.95 0.47
Floor Tiles 0.80 0.65 19.91 15.93 12.94
Door 0.10 0.07 1.89 0.19 0.13
Ceiling 0.05 0.05 19.91 1.00 1.00
Dining Table 0.15 0.10 2.02 0.30 0.20
Chair 0.10 0.12 0.90 0.09 0.11
Occupants 0.46 0.51 16.00 7.36 8.16
TOTAL 26.57 24.02
Reverberation Time
500Hz 2000Hz
RT = 0.16 x V RT = 0.16 x V
Absorp coeff Absorp coeff
RT = 0.16 x 69.69 RT = 0.16 x69.69
19.85 19.22
RT = 0.5617s RT = 0.5801s
78. 78
From the calculation of the reverberation time, it can be concluded that the café has a
shorter reverberation time than the suggested amount, which is 0.7-0.8s. This is most
probably due to the enclosed spaces that is present in the café. The entire space is
enclosed within four walls, which causes sound to travel faster within the space.
The café is also not equipped with materials of good sound absorption. The floor tiles are
cemented and the ceiling causes high reflection of noise.
Although the furniture are made of timber, it is still not sufficient to reduce the amount of
noise reflection. Carpet / timber flooring can be added to increase sound absorption.
79. 79
3.7.3 Sound Reduction Index
ZONE A (COUNTER AREA)
Transmission Coefficient 500 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
42= 10log10 1 20= 10log10 1
wall door
4.2= log 1 2.0= log 1
wall door
10 4.2 = 1 10 2 = 1
wall door
wall = 6.309 x 10 -5
wall = 1.0 x 10 -2
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2)
A1+A2
= (6.309 x 10 -5 x 32.14 ) + ( 1.0 x 10 -2 x 1.89 )
32.14 +
1.89
= ( 2.0277 x 10 -3 ) + ( 0.0189 )
34.03
= 2.09277 x 10 -2
34
= 6.14977 x 10 -4
= 6.15 x 10 -4
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
6.15 x 10 -4
= 32.11 dBs (2dp)
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Area(m2)
Sound Reduction
Index
500Hz 2000Hz
Wall Brick White Rough 32.14 42.00 63.00
Door Timber White Smooth 1.89 20.00 22.00
80. 80
Transmission Coefficient 2000 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
63= 10log10 1 22= 10log10 1
wall door
6.3= log 1 2.2= log 1
wall door
10 6.3 = 1 10 2.2 = 1
wall door
wall = 5.012 x 10 -7
wall = 6.3095 x 10 -3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2)
A1+A2
= (5.012 x 10 -7 x 32.14 ) + ( 6.3095 x 10 -3 x 1.89 )
32.14 +
1.89
= ( 1.61085 x 10 -5 ) + ( 0.011924955 )
34.03
= 0.011941063
34.03
= 3.50898 x 10 -4
= 3.51 x 10 -4
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
3.51 x 10 -4
= 34.55 dBs (2dp)
81. 81
ZONE B (DINING AREA)
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Area(m2)
Sound Reduction
Index
500Hz 2000Hz
Wall Brick White Smooth 64.61 42.00 63.00
Glass Clear Smooth 9.46 22.00 25.00
Door Glass Clear Smooth 1.89 18.00 20.00
Transmission Coefficient 500 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
42= 10log10 1 18= 10log10 1
wall door
4.2= log 1 1.8 = log 1
wall door
10 4.2 = 1 10 1.8 = 1
wall door
wall = 6.309 x 10 -5
door = 1.584 x 10 -2
SRI wall = 10log10
22= 10log10 1
wall
2.2= log 1
wall
10 2.2 = 1
wall
wall = 6.3095 x 10 -3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2) + (T3A3)
A1+A2 + A3
= (6.309 x 10 -5 x 64.61 ) +(6.3095 x 10 -3 x 9.46 ) + ( 1.58 x 10 -2 x 1.89 )
64.61 + 9.46 +
1.89
= (4.076x 10 -3) +(5.9687 x 10 -2 ) + ( 2.99376 x 10 -2)
75.96
82. 82
= 0.0937006
75.96
= 1.23355 x 10 -3
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
1.23355 x 10 -3
= 29.09 dBs (2dp)
Transmission Coefficient 2000 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
63= 10log10 1 20= 10log10 1
wall door
6.3= log 1 2.0= log 1
wall door
10 6.3 = 1 10 2 = 1
wall door
wall = 5.012 x 10 -7
wall = 0.01
SRI wall = 10log10
25= 10log10 1
wall
2.5= log 1
wall
10 2.5 = 1
wall
wall = 3.16227 x 10 -3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2) + (T3A3)
A1+A2 + A3
= (5.012x 10 -7 x 64.61 ) +(3.16227 x 10 -3 x 9.46 ) + ( 0.01 x 1.89 )
64.61 + 9.46 +
1.89
= (3.23825x 10 -5) +(0.029915 ) + ( 0.0189)
75.96
83. 83
= 6.43067 x 10 -4
= 6.43 x 10 -4
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
6.43067 x 10 -4
= 31.92 dBs (2dp)
ZONE C (SMOKING AREA)
Components Materials Colour
Surface
Finishes
Area(m2)
Sound Reduction
Index
500Hz 2000Hz
Wall Brick White Smooth 25.31 42.00 63.00
Glass Clear Smooth 9.46 22.00 25.00
Door Glass Clear Smooth 1.89 18.00 20.00
Transmission Coefficient 500 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
42= 10log10 1 18= 10log10 1
wall door
4.2= log 1 1.8 = log 1
wall door
10 4.2 = 1 10 1.8 = 1
wall door
wall = 6.309 x 10 -5
door = 1.584 x 10 -2
SRI wall = 10log10
22= 10log10 1
wall
2.2= log 1
wall
10 2.2 = 1
wall
wall = 6.3095 x 10 -3
84. 84
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2) + (T3A3)
A1+A2 + A3
= (6.309 x 10 -5 x 25.31 ) +(6.3095 x 10 -3 x 9.46 ) + ( 1.58 x 10 -2 x 1.89 )
25.31 + 9.46 +
1.89
= (1.5968079x 10 -3) +(5.9687 x 10 -2 ) + ( 2.99376 x 10 -2)
36.66
= 2.488208999 x 10 -3
= 2.488 x 10 -3
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
2.488 x 10 -3
= 26.04 dBs (2dp)
Transmission Coefficient 2000 Hz
SRI wall = 10log10 SRI Door = 10log10
63= 10log10 1 20= 10log10 1
wall door
6.3= log 1 2.0= log 1
wall door
10 6.3 = 1 10 2 = 1
wall door
wall = 5.012 x 10 -7
wall = 0.01
SRI wall = 10log10
25= 10log10 1
wall
2.5= log 1
wall
10 2.5 = 1
wall
85. 85
wall = 3.16227 x 10 -3
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
TAV = ( T1A1) + (T2A2) + (T3A3)
A1+A2 + A3
= (5.012x 10 -7 x 25.31 ) +(3.16227 x 10 -3 x 9.46 ) + ( 0.01 x 1.89 )
25.31 + 9.46 +
1.89
= (1.26853x 10 -5) +(0.029915 ) + ( 0.0189)
36.66
= 0.048062685
36.66
= 1.311 x 10 -3
SRI = 10log10 1
TAV
= 10log10 1
1.311 x 10 -3
= 28.82 dBs (2dp)
86. 86
Reflective Ray Diagram
ZONE A & B
Figure 3.7.3.1 : Reflective ray diagram at zone A & B
The diagram shows the reflective rays originating from the noise source, which is
the speaker and the fan. The red dot indicates the exact position of the speakers
and the fan. As it is positioned at both ends of the café, the rays indicate that there
is a relatively even distribution of noise throughout the space. The noise coming
from the fan is not prominent as it is overpowered by the speakers.
87. 87
ZONE C
Figure 3.7.3.2 : Reflective ray diagram at zone C
The diagram shows the reflective rays originating from the noise source, which is
the speakers and fan. The red dot indicates the exact position of the appliances.
The speakers are positioned within close proximity of one another, thus creating a
greater reflection of sound at the bottom corner of the area. The area affected will
become a lot louder in comparison to the top right of the area. Noises coming from
external sources will also affect the area.
88. 88
3.8 Conclusion
Based on the analysis conducted, it can be said that the noise level of the
café is evenly distributed through all three zones. First and foremost, this is mainly
due to the special layout of the café. Minimum partitions and open floor plan allows
sound to travel freely within the space, with minimum restrictions. Besides that, the
small area of the space affects the amount of noise that travels within the space.
The high number of occupants and the high use of appliances contributes to the
relatively loud area. The position of appliances within the space allows an even
distribution of noise throughout the café. Speakers are placed around the area so
music travels thoroughly.
However, one of the issues in relation to acoustics is its short reverberation
time. The café uses materials of low absorption that causes noise to bounce back
within the space. The close position of the furniture makes matters even worse, as
there are very little quiet spots in the café.
The café may take into consideration of replacing some of its materials into
that of higher absorption rate in order to reduce reflection of noise. Besides that,
spacing out the furniture may also help in reducing the amount of noise in the area.
90. 90
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