B science 2 project 1

PROJECT 1:
LIGHTING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION AND DESIGN
TUTOR : MR.SANJEH
GROUP MEMBERS:
CHEW WOAN CHYIN
CHUAH WEI HONG
KRISTINE YONG
PHANG JUNE EE
TOH CHEE CHENG
YAP ZHI JUN
YAP ZHONG LIN
0310797
0310900
0311954
0311954
0311122
0310738
0310557

Content
1. Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objective 1
1.2 Site Introduction 2
1.3 Architectural drawings 3-5
2. Lighting
2.1 Literature Review 6-8
2.1.1 Existence & Luminance
2.1.2 Illuminance
2.1.3 Calculation of Illuminance
2.1.4 Lumen Method
2.1.5 Calculation for Lumen Method
2.1.6 Daylight Factors and distribution
2.1.7 Lighting Standard MS 1525 (2007)
2.2 Precedent studies 9-16
2.2.1 Introduction of Seagram Building
2.2.2 Architectural Drawing
2.2.3 Design Strategies
2.2.4 Materiality
2.2.5 Performance and Analysis
2.3 Research Methodology of Lighting Analysis 17-20
2.3.1 Measuring Devices
2.3.2 Procedure
2.3.3 Data Collection Method
2.3.4 Limitation and Constraint
2.4 Identification of Existing Condition 21-32
2.4.1 Lighting Design Strategies
2.4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions
2.4.3 Light Reflectance of Materials

2.5 Lighting Analysis 33-68
2.5.1 Zoning of Space
2.5.2 Data of Lighting
2.5.2.1 Lux Reading
2.5.2.2 Interpretation of Data
2.5.3 Lux Contour Diagram
2.5.3.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram
2.5.3.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram
2.5.4 Calculation
2.5.4.1 Daylight Factor, DF
2.5.4.2 Illuminance Level and Number of Light Fitting Required
3. Acoustic
3.1 Literature Review 69-70
3.2 Precedent Studies 71-76
3.2.1 Introduction to Cisco Meraki
3.2.2 Architectural Drawings
3.2.4 Materiality
3.3 Research Methodology of Acoustic Analysis 77-79
3.3.2 Procedure
3.4 Identification of Existing Condition 80-94
3.4.1 Existing acoustic
3.4.1.1 External Noise Source
3.4.1.2 Internal Noise Source
3.4.2 Materials

3.5 Acoustic Analysis 95-143
3.5.2 Data of Acoustic
3.5.3 Interpretation of Data
3.5.4 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram
3.5.5 Calculation
3.5.5.1 Reverberation Time, RT
3.5.5.2 General Sound Pressure Level, SPL
3.5.5.3 Sound Reduction Index, SRI
3.5.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Data
4.0 Conclusion 144
5.0 References 145

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1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aim and Objectives
This report contains the details of the study conducted on Emkay Group, Wisma
Mustapha Kamal with regards to the lighting and acoustical performances. The
report is categorized into two major segments, lighting and acoustic included are
the technical data such as light contour diagrams, equations and calculation that
investigate both illuminance and noise levels in the building. All orthographic
drawings and diagrams were produced with data collected from measurement
done on site. A list of figures and tables used as well as references are provided
at the end of the report for ease of navigation.
Students are needed to conduct studies on how lighting and acoustic affects a
particular space. We are then required to choose a suitable site as a case study.
Site visits were done several times in order to measure the illuminance level and
sound level of the interior and exterior spaces using the lux meter provided. The
readings were taken and recorded during different time. Photographs were also
taken to identify different light and sound sources in the space and the
surrounding.
Once sufficient and completed data is collected, students are required to analyze
and identify the issues from the light sources, as well as the sound sources and
the effects of it on the site. Solutions are then to be provided by the students on
improving the illuminance level and acoustic level of the space, in order to achieve
better comfort. Calculations carried out on daylight factor and lumen method
calculations are required to show relationship between the existing and proposed
condition. Calculations regarding acoustic level is also to be conducted. In
addition to this, floor plans, sections, Ecotect, 3D models and other related
materials of the site is to be produced for further analysis.

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1.2 Site Introduction
Figure 1.2.1 Wisma Mustapha Kamal
The building that was chosen for the lighting and acoustic analysis is Wisma Mustapha
Kamal, which is located at Neo Cyber, Cyberjaya. It is EMKAY Group’s purpose-built
Grade A office building. This office is an 11-storey building with one level at the ground
floor for office & retail followed by four levels of car parks and six-storey office towers
resting on top of the car park level.
The building is a MSC status building and equipped with modern design and facilities.
The excellent connectivity of Cyberjaya’s transportation system to this building plus
the convenient presence of retails shops and restaurants surrounding it makes it a
strategic location for businesses to expand.
The zones that were being analysed in the building was the office that was located in
2nd floor. The zone has two sides of façade of the building, which is the south and west
side. Therefore, the data will be affected during the evening because of the sunlight
entering directly through the west façade. The location of the building is in Cyberjaya,
a well-planned city. Therefore, the acoustic level is kept at a normal level as the
surroundings of the building doesn’t much affect the zones being analysed.
Figure 1.2.2 & 1.2.3 Spaces in the office that are being analyzed

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1.3 Architectural Drawings
Figure 1.3.1 Site Plan

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Figure 1.3.2 Floor Plan 1:300 highlighted area being analysed.

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Figure 1.3.3 Specified Floor Plan 1:200
Figure 1.3.4 Section B-B
Figure 1.3.5 Section A-A

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2.1 Literature Review
What is light? Visible light is defined as only a small section / portion of electromagnetic
spectrum / radiation which produces a sensation of brightness and colour in the human
eye or visually sensitive to our eyes.
Electromagnetic spectrum / radiation is a form of energy. The spectrum of such
redaiation provides information on its energy composition. The entire spectrum of
electromagnetic radiation ranges from X – ray radiation at the high – energy short-
wave end to radio waves at the low-energy, long-wave end.
Light is a primary element in architecture and interior design. Solid volumes, enclosed
spaces, color and texture can only be appreciated fully when they are imaginatively lit.
Successful buildings are those in which the lighting of the building itself and the lighting
of the activities it contains together make up a unified design concept.
2.1.1 Existence & Luminance
Luminance is the amount of light energy emitted or reflected from an object in a
specific direction or passing through a translucent surface. Luminance is the only light
we can see. (lm/m2)
2.1.2 Illuminance
Illuminance is purely a physical measurement value irrespective of the reflectance of
the surface. An illuminance of 1 lux occurs when a luminous flux of 1 lm falls evenly
on an area of 1 m2. The measure of light intensity striking / falling a surface. The
concentration of incident luminous flux, measure in foot-candles or lux (one lumen /
m2). The light energy arriving at a real surface is the illuminance -different from
luminousflux (light energy flow rate). Flux moves through a solid angle and is still
“spreading” while illuminance is that which is arriving at or intercepted by a surface at
a given distance. It is a value that is easy to calcylate. Luminance, on the other hand,
depends on the reflection properties and the reflectance of the materials illuminated
and these variables are often not known. Lighting designers therefore use illuminance
for planning indoor lighting systems.
2.1.3 Calculation of Illuminance
Illumination calculations are based on the principle of luminous flux transfer from the
light source or sources to a surface. Normally, the transfer is through clean air and is
assumed to have no loss.
Lumen Method: E = F / A
Point Method: E = I / d 2

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2.1.4 Lumen Method
The quantity of light reaching a certain surface is usually the main consideration in
designing a lighting system. This quantity of light is specified by illuminance measured
in lux, and as this level varies across the working plane, an average figure is used.
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Lighting Guides give
values of illuminance that are suitable for various areas. The lumen method is used to
determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a given area or room.
2.1.5 Calculation for Lumen Method
where,
N = number of lamps required.
E = illuminance level required (lux)
A = area at working plane height (m2)
F = average luminous flux from each lamp (lm)
UF= utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the
room surfaces.
MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of
deterioration and dirt
2.1.6 Daylight Factors and distribution
Zone DF (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Very large with thermal
and glare problems
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Note : The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing.

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2.1.7 Lighting Standard MS 1525 (2007)
GENERAL BUILDING
AREAS
IES STANDARDS
ILLUMINATION
LEVEL
MS1525
RECOMMENDATION
PANDUAN TEKNIK
JKR
Office
General office with
mainly clerical task
and typing office
500 300-400 500
Deep Plan General
offices
750 300-400 300
Business machine and
typing
750 300-400 300
Filling Room 300 200 300
Conference Room 750 300-400 300
Lighting must provide a suitable visual environment within a particular space
conforming to the Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Energy. Sufficient
and suitable lighting should be provided to the office in order to achieve the desired
environment for the staffs to work in.

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2.2 Precedent Studies
2.2.1 Introduction to Seagram Building, New York by Ludwig Mies van der
Rohe
The Seagram Building is a modern office tower designed by famed German architect
Mies van der Rohe, in collaboration with Philip Johnson. The Seagram Building is
positioned along the wealthy corridor of Park Avenue, between 52nd and 53rd
Streets. The building faces west-northwest. it was one of the tallest buildings along
Park Avenue at 515 feet, but now most surrounding buildings have surpassed its
height. Landmarked in 1988, the Seagram Building is also couched within a
movement, method and value system of preservation.
Figure 2.2.1.1 Exterior of Seagram Building which epitomizes elegance and the principles of
modernism.

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2.2.2 Architectural Drawing
Figure 2.2.2.1: Floor plan and elevation of Seagram Building.

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For the Seagram Building, it came up with the concept of a "Tower of light”, a
landmark for architectural lighting. The magazine Architectural Forum honoured it as
"one of the best-illuminated buildings ever constructed." The lobby is dominated by
vertical lighting. A custom-made wall-washing system highlights the unpolished light
travertine surface. Additionally, rows of down lights create a welcome mat of light
around the building, giving the building the appearance of floating.
In contrast, the upper office floors are illuminated with a luminous ceiling in the
perimeter of the building. In the late 1950s when Kelly worked on the Seagram
Building with architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, his hope was for the lighting to
appear uniform to those viewing it from the street. He wanted the building to glow
and look like a lantern. Now, the New York City Landmarks Preservation
Commission generally tends to protect a building's façade, Tobin explains that in this
case, it has designated not only the building exterior but also the luminous ceiling
that runs around the perimeter of each of the 38 floors.
Figure 2.2.3.1: The main lobby of the building is lit only with vertical light washing the walls to
create a gentle and welcoming atmosphere.

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Figure 2.2.3.4: Vacant tenant space.
For the "Four Seasons Restaurant" within the Seagram Building, this employed his
"Play of brilliants" strategy: Light reflecting metal curtains, a golden shimmering
sculpture and underwater lighting for the pool generate a highly sophisticated scene
for luxury dining. Due to the recessed fixtures, it is more concentrate on the effects of
the lighting and not the luminaries.
Figure 2.2.3.5 : Light reflecting metal curtains by apply "play of brilliants" strategy.
Figure 2.2.3.2 & 2.2.3.3: Different tenant spaces as featured in interior office design
publications.

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2.2.4 Materiality
Due to the fire law in force in 1954, at the time of concrete construction was used as
a structural material, both outside and inside.
Part of the expressive minimalist Mies van der Rohe in this work reaches its
maximum level of refinement: the "mullions of Curtain-wall" which are special I
double profiles have been added at both ends of the outer wing edges outgoing to
generate a subtle emphasis of shape.
The refinement showed that Mies on the Seagram extends to the choice of materials:
metal profiles and panels in bronze and glass light shades of pink, in the curtain wall
facade help to give this work a kind of charming New Yorker which lack the above
examples, more austere in its technological thoroughness.
Figure 2.2.4.1: Metal profiles and panels in bronze and glass light shades of pink as curtain wall
facade in Seagram Building.

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2.2.5 Performance and analysis
Aspects of the building’s shortcomings can begin to be understood via simulation.
Studies of sun radiation, wind movement, thermal bridges and daylight autonomy
begin to build the picture of the current thermal and spectral flows.
THERM was used to study the capacity of a typical mullion to conduct heat in or out
of the building. The results indicate that the mullion is highly conductive, as there are
no insulating components to the assembly.
Figure 2.2.5.1: Seagram Building plans, orange indicating bustle volume, gray indicating core area.
From left: Floors 1-4, Floors 5-10, Floors 11-38.
Figure 2.2.5.2: The capacity of a typical mullion of the Seagram Building.

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Solar radiation is another factor potentially contributing to the building’s poor energy
performance. Using Vasari, the summer months simulation found that the Park
Avenue facade receives the most solar radiation. Lower floors and the rear facades
of the building were shaded more, due to the adjacency of other buildings. A typical
floor plate was analyzed in Radiance/ DIVA for daylight autonomy figures. Upper
floors receive more daylight, understandably. However, aspects of interior design
such as partitions were not considered in this simulation. A perimeter office with
opaque partitions will alter these results dramatically.
Figure 2.2.5.3: Solar radiation of Seagram Building.
The office spaces above the lobby, furnished by Philip Johnson, have flexible floor
plans lit with luminous ceiling panels. These floors also get maximum natural lighting
with the exterior being glass panes of gray topaz that provide floor-to-ceiling
windows for the office spaces. The gray topaz glass was used for sun and heat
protection, and although there are Venetian blinds for window coverings they could
only be fixed in a limited number of positions so as to provide visual consistency
from the outside.
The images show that the skin releases a great deal of energy to the environment.
The induction units that line the perimeter are working overtime to buffer the
influence of the cold to the inside, and the single panel windows end up absorbing
and releasing a great deal of that energy. The lower right shows an image from the
lobby, which has revolving doors. Cold air creeps in through the bottom and there is
considerable thermal bridging above the revolving door unit.

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Figure 2.2.5.4: The ice water I enjoyed at the Four Seasons restaurant has a similar surface
temperature as the mullions of the windows.
Figure 2.2.5.5: The lobby’s revolving doors let in some cold air at the bottom of the entry way and
there is thermal bridging evident above the revolving door unit.

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2.3 Research Methodology
A. Digital Lux Meter
Digital lux meter is a device that is used to measure illumination. The device was
provided by Taylor’s University to allow students to record the intensity of light in the
selected site. The data recorded was at one of the office in Wisma Mustapha.
Features :
 Sensor used the exclusice photo diode & multi-
color correction filters, spectrum meet C.I.E
standard
 Sensor Cos correction factor meet standard.
 Separate LIGHT SENSOR allows user take
measurements of an optimum position.
 Precise and easy readout, wide range.
 High accuracy in measuring. Figure 2.3.1.1 : Digital Lux Meter
 Built-in low batteru indicator.
 LSI-circuit use provides high reliability and durability
 LCD display provides low power consumption.
 Compact, light-weight, and excellent operation.
 LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.
General Specifications of Model Lx-101
Display 13mm (305”) LCD.
Ranges 0-50,000 Lux. 3 Range
Zero adjustment Internal adjustment.
Over - input Indication of “1”.
Sampling time 0.4 second.
Sensor Structure The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter.
Operating Temperature 0 to 50°C ( 32 to 122°F ).
Operating Humidity Less than 80% R.H
Power Supply DC 9V battery. 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent.
Power Consumtion Approx. DC 2 mA
Dimension Main Instrument : 108x73x23 mm (4.3x2.9x0.9 inch)
Sensor probe : 82x55x7 mm (3.2x2.2x0.3 inch)
Weight 160g (0.36 LB) with batteries.
Accessories Included Instruction manual..............1 PC
Carrying case ....................1 PC
Figure 2.3.1.2 : General Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

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Electrical Specifications
Range Resolution Accuracy
2,000 Lux 1 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )
20,000 Lux 10 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )
50,000 Lux 100 Lux ± ( 5 % + 2 d )
Note : Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K temperature.
Figure 2.3.1.3 : Electrical Specifications of Digital Lux Meter.
B. Camera
Camera was used to capture photos of the site analysed.
Therefore, the existing condition of the site can be
recorded and later on being use as a reference towards
the data that is being recorded.
Figure 2.3.1.4 DSLR Camera
C. Measuring Tape
Measuring tape was being used to position the digital
lux meter at 1 meter and 1.5 meter. Besides, it was also
being use to position the data collector according to the
gridline that was being drafted on the plan.
Figure 2.3.1.5 Measuring Tape

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2.3.2 Procedure
Steps:
1. Draw out the gridline of 2x2m on the floor plan provided by the office for data
recording position.
2. Record the data using the digital lux meter by placing the device at the
intersection point of the grid line that was being drawn out.Two different data
was being recorded, one at the height on 1 meter, while another at 1.5 meter.
3. When data is being recorded, hold the device steady as to stabilize the data
being shown on the device.
4. Identify the variables that might affect the data recorded.
5. Repeat the steps at different time, as the data might change time to time,due
to different lighting condition at different time.
6. Arrange all the data being recorded and analyzed it by comparing the data
being analyzed to MS 1525.
Figure 2.3.2.1 Procedure of analyzing the data.
Identify 2x2m
grid.
Position the
device according
to the grid.
Record the data.
Identify variables.
Repeat steps for
different time.
Arrange and
analyze the data.

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Figure 2.3.3.1 Diagram showing Lux Device being placed at different heights
Plans were acquired from the office. Gridlines of 2 meter interval were then applied to
the plans for data collection. The data recorded are taken on 21th September 2015 at
10a.m. and 5 p.m. Two different data were being recorded. One at the height of 1
meter and the other at the height of 1.5 meter. Two different data that was acquired
from different height was recorded at the same position of each intersection point on
the gridline. Each recording was being done in the same direction to synchronize the
result.
2.3.4 Limitation & Constraint
Human Error:
Slight difference of positioning the device might cause a huge fluctuation in the data.
Besides, the shadow being cast on the device from the person holding the device will
also affect the data. Therefore, consistency and caution is required during the data
collection in order to increase the accuracy of the data.
Device Error:
The device takes a few seconds to stabilize the reading as it is very sensitive to the
exposure of the surrounding. Sometimes, the data on the device fluctuates a lot and
the data is hard to be determined. Therefore, readings of the data had to be double
check in order to acquire data that is more accurate.

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2.4 Identification of Existing Condition
2.4.1 Lighting Design Strategies
The intention of Wisma Mustapha Kamal was to address the reduction of the usage of
energy for electrical lighting. Therefore, some critical thoughts have been put in the early
design stages for the reduction of energy usage.
It was analyzed by the orientation according to the east-west axis to optimize daylight into
the building. The huge area of windows design on the east axis façade is to penetrate
natural lighting into the building for daylighting. (Figure 2.4.1.1)
Figure 2.4.1.1 Large open office space allow daylight to penetrate in the entire space.
The large open office spaces adjacent to exterior walls and locate enclosed offices in the
center of building improved and achieved the well penetration of daylighting. Meanwhile,
the vast majority of occupants are given access to daylight and views as the private office
do not block the daylight. Daylight received directly using huge panel of fixed window with
double glazing glass. (Figure 2.4.1.2) Most of the occupants were located at the large
open office spaces whereas the private spaces such as store room, meeting room,

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support function and mechanical transportation system are placed in the middle of the
space as it is less useable compare to staff who spend most of the time at the large open
office. This is one of the strategy to have more energetic atmospheric working area to be
more pleasant.
Fabric roller blind is used as the curtain of windows which help to reduce the intensity of
daylight and resist to UV rays. It features privacy and thermal performance as the fabric
curtain will blur this focus of the view and glare control. Naked space will feel
uncomfortably chilly to an occupant. The use of interior blinds drapes raise the mean
radian temperature (MRT) of a room to improve thermal comfort.
Figure 2.4.1.2 View from Emkay Group sits on the southwest.
The lighting design was a combined effort by the architect, electrical contractor, energy
consultant, and product sales representative. The lighting is design in an equal distance
of 2 meters each. (Figure 2.4.1.3) The distance from the ground to the artificial light is 3
meters. This design strategy take in consideration for the types of lighting, the energy of
the bulb, frame for reflection and bulb finishing. Cool white bulb finish which is around
5000 Kelvins (K) has been used for office purposes. The higher the Degrees Kelvin, the
whiter the color temperature. Whiter lights appear brighter thank those of a lower Kelvin
reading, the amount of Lumens does not change and true brightness is not affected.
Besides that, Color Rendering Index (CRI) is the measure of the ability of a light source
to reproduce colors of various objects compared to an ideal light source such as natural
light. It is important in an office to have lights with high CRI, as it is suitable for working
areas because of the positive effect on wellbeing and moods and helps to promote
concentration. It does permit work, reading without getting tired or straining your eyes as

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the light is bright, even and free of glare and authentic color reproduction. Moreover, cool
lighting is an energy saving bulb which does contribute to the environment and achieved
energy efficiency to be both user and environmentally friendly. The lighting that used in
office are fluorescent lamp for the entire floor of office.
All fenestration faces either north or south and the design incorporate louvers that face
north and south. The south-facing clerestory windows are equipped with motorized
sunscreens controlled by a photosensor to block direct-beam radiation. The overhangs
shade on the first floor which shades on the ground floor to provide more shading space.
Figure 2.4.1.3 Floor plan with section

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Figure 2.4.1.4 Section A1
The above section indicates similar lighting of the open space of office which using only
one type of artificial light which is compact light. These area employ compact lightings to
provide uniform general space lighting within these space.
Figure 2.4.1.5 Section A2
These section shows the uniform distance of compact lightings that used in the open
space office. Through observation, daylighting will be penetrate mostly to the right side
where the windows is. Whereas for the middle part of the section are artificial light
almost all the time as daylight could not been capture in to the space.
Facing window

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2.4.2 Identification of Existing Conditions
Daylight
Figure 2.4.2.1 Daylighting that penetrate into the building

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Daylighting utilized as a design features in building is to create a more pleasing and
interesting atmosphere for people within, it usually provides a link upwards or sideward
to the outdoor environment while distressing the dynamic share of natural light. It’s good
that brought in daylight to a space. Although the result of daylighting is always visually
rich, but it is hard to ignore the fact that natural daylight might brought in an excessive
amount of heat in the process. But it is also impossible for architects to design without
using artificial lighting into consideration as a building shall be able to function both day
and night. Therefore material needs to be reconsider to reduce the heat gain to achieve
both thermal comfort and penetration of daylight.
Figure 2.4.2.2 Penetration of daylighting

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Artificial Lighting
Lighting Indication on Reflected Ceiling Plan
Figure 2.4.2.3 Location of the luminaries on reflected ceiling plan
Compact fluorescent light Reflector downlight trim
Open space office and storeroom Meeting room

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Artificial Light
Lighting Fixed
Type
Fluorescent Lamp
Location
Lighting
Produce
Brand
Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact Fluorescent 20w SLS20
Luminous
Flux
EM 1200 lm
Rated Color
Temperature
2700 K
Color
Rendering
Index
82Ra8
Voltage 120 V
Bulb Finish Cool White
Placement Hanging

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The entire space use the same light bulb. It is suitable to use cool white in office. The
usage of artificial lighting usually employed in a specific spaces as it is great to create
atmosphere that is constant through a period which could not achieve by daylighting.
The brightness of artificial lighting and power energy needed have to be consider in the
early stage of design as it is primary factor which will influence the quality of illumination
of the space to achieve the best performing building. The hanging method help to
reduce the distance between table and light.
Figure 2.4.2.4 The entire open space of office use compact fluorescent light

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Lighting Fixed
Type
Fluorescent Lamp
Location
Lighting
Produce
Brand
Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Reflector Downlight Trim 20w SLS20
Luminous
Flux
EM 1200 lm
Rated Color
Temperature
2700 K
Color
Rendering
Index
82Ra8
Voltage 120 V
Bulb Finish Cool White
Placement Ceiling

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Energy efficient. Downlights are low voltage doesn’t mean they use less energy. Less
power than low voltage MR16 downlights because no control gear, energy is lost during
the transformation process of 240V to 12V. The low voltage cable and lamp holder gets
hotter due to higher amperage.
Figure 2.4.2.5 Meeting room use the reflector downlight trim

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2.4.3. Light Reflectance of Material
Figure 2.4.3.1 Concrete screed floor reflect the artificial light
Interior finishes were selected to improve the quality of space by providing light reflection
and provide contrast. The floor materials that used in Emkay Group are concrete screed
and carpet. concrete screed that used widely at the open space of the office have a
reflectance of 0.7. Whereas the private spaces such as meeting room and discussion
room used carpet with reflectance of 0.15. Besides that, parquet has been used in rest
room with reflectance 0.35.
Coverage of rest area
Coverage of concrete screed floor
Coverage of private carpet

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2.5 Acoustic Analysis
Legend
Figure 2.5.1: Zoning of Space

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2.5.2 Data of Lighting
2.5.2.1 Lux Reading
Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Tabulated data of illuminance at 10am
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A (1m) 1700 500 134 65 48 32 26 35 18 20 80 94 87 92 89
(1.5m) 971 330 99 64 60 35 38 24 25 18 85 99 101 97 92
B (1m) 886 372 200 122 69 40 39 41 111 109 103 79 83 86 92
(1.5m) 331 272 145 111 70 36 42 30 138 139 110 93 88 89 95
C (1m) 213 200 165 125 110 59 51 50 110 118 95 96 97 85 87
(1.5m) 218 180 139 147 123 49 42 40 137 128 115 105 110 95 87
D (1m) 704 336 165 193 144 137 68 60 105 99 80 78 89 92 93
(1.5m) 550 319 187 213 130 176 68 50 103 101 85 82 94 97 94
E (1m) 594 283 200 220 157 170 78 70 98 87 85 85 89 91 81
(1.5m) 413 244 216 185 200 190 88 59 85 93 90 86 92 99 90
F (1m) 214 231 200 161 175 140 70 80 83 78 83 83 88 89 85
(1.5m) 232 213 200 152 145 160 74 62 83 84 88 92 93 91 87
G (1m) 330 310 170 139 109 160 109 111 105 133 127 127 200 180 120
(1.5m) 338 333 160 142 162 140 120 95 100 109 120 140 180 150 140
H (1m) 1570 838 227 191 205 265 140 176 158 230 230 230 280 255 266
(1.5m) 1041 787 264 179 180 200 133 147 145 180 188 130 276 255 249
I (1m) 1744 1950 1890 260 308 1000 355 322 142 245 245 750 1230 300 255
(1.5m) 1430 1450 1560 290 280 750 350 289 146 237 450 240 100 235 280
J (1m) 1680 1995 1970 350 349 1120 378 398 243 303 306 812 1350 320 298
(1.5m) 1510 1560 1620 319 305 798 378 301 178 265 479 278 115 275 390

35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A (1m) 1409 476 129 57 45 32 26 35 18 19 89 90 88 91 79
(1.5m) 910 280 99 64 60 35 38 22 29 25 95 96 83 96 84
B (1m) 799 365 189 118 67 40 39 47 110 103 107 79 94 93 101
(1.5m) 329 264 145 111 70 38 45 26 129 137 109 82 99 89 107
C (1m) 224 189 163 115 105 59 51 52 99 113 89 83 86 96 97
(1.5m) 199 140 139 147 123 49 37 36 137 128 115 87 89 97 93
D (1m) 609 379 159 187 138 135 64 60 105 106 92 91 81 87 89
(1.5m) 492 301 187 213 130 176 68 50 103 102 93 97 96 95 90
E (1m) 567 267 187 215 154 178 73 72 92 97 101 90 80 77 98
(1.5m) 396 238 216 185 198 187 98 55 78 103 89 84 86 79 89
F (1m) 209 213 190 158 173 148 70 80 86 84 89 79 92 93 96
(1.5m) 221 209 200 147 139 153 86 64 79 85 84 104 96 91 92
G (1m) 356 270 168 136 99 162 103 104 105 133 127 135 180 180 120
(1.5m) 323 297 160 142 162 146 120 92 109 97 119 139 180 142 137
H (1m) 1378 760 226 189 194 273 134 179 158 230 230 130 257 249 221
(1.5m) 979 685 264 179 180 187 137 147 129 165 176 127 276 276 247
I (1m) 1645 1780 1800 259 280 967 327 337 142 157 715 200 1160 287 235
(1.5m) 806 1380 1400 290 280 750 350 276 139 157 398 220 70 278 254
J (1m) 1710 1820 1850 300 305 980 389 357 189 210 759 225 1280 315 249
(1.5m) 840 1423 1467 328 307 860 378 299 169 182 412 278 99 295 287
Figure 2.5.2.1.1 Tabulated data of illuminance at 5pm
The lux reading table above indicates the lux level of the Emkay Group’s office located
in Wisma Mustapha at 10 a.m and 5 p.m. Generally, natural lighting comes from
walkway 2 and walkway 3, which is the south and west façade of the building. (Located
at A 1,2 – I 1,2 and I – J, 1 – 15 ) Therefore, the lux reading at this zone will be higher
than other zone as it is affected by the daylight factor. Although natural lighting is well
received by the spaces in the office, but it is not enough to enlighten the whole space.
Therefore, artificial lightings are needed to enlighten the spaces in the office.

36
2.5.2.2 Interpretation of Data
Morning
In the morning (10a.m.), due to the
location of the space that we analysed
within the building, natural lighting doesn’t
enter to the space directly. Diffused
sunlight is well received by the space of
the office because of the material of the
façade of the building which is glass.
However, natural lighting only enlighten
walkway 2 and walkway 3 and gets
dimmer as it gets into the interior space of
the office. Therefore, artificial lighting is
being used to lighten the interior spaces.
Evening
In the evening (5p.m.), due to the location
of the space that we analysed within the
building, natural lighting enters directly to
the space. The north and south façade of
the office receives well in terms of the
natural lighting. Due to the direct sunlight
towards the space, curtains are being used
to screen off direct sunlight.
Figure 2.5.2.2.1 Sun path diagram at 10am
Figure 2.5.2.2.2 Sun path diagram at 12pm
Figure 2.5.2.2.3 Sun path diagram at 3pm

37
2.5.3 Lux Contour Diagram
2.5.3.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram
Figure 2.5.3.1.1 Daylight Factor Lux Diagram
Based on the analysis, Walkway 1 has a DF of 1.81%. According to the calculation, walkway 1 has an
average DF. Therefore, the lights along this zone is switched off during daytime. Walkway 2 has a DF
of 0.173%. It has a very poor DF and needs artificial lighting to help enlighten the space. Walkway 3
has a DF of 2.382%. Similar to Walkway 1, it has an average DF because the building façade is located
along the zone. Therefore, artificial lightings are not required during the daytime. Office Space 1 has a
DF of 0.458%. It is quite poor in DF and requires an amount of artificial lighting to help enlighten the
space up. Office Space 2 has a DF of 0.339%. Due to the location of the space, sunlight get dimmed
away as it enters. Therefore, it has a poor DF. Office Space 3 has a DF of 0.6%. It has a poor DF
although located near to the façade of the building. Private office 1 has a DF of 0.05%. As it is a private
space and it’s a space that is more enclosed, therefore it has a poor DF. Private office 2,3 and the
Conference Room shares the same DF of 0.27%. These are the spaces that are more privatize and
enclosed. Rest Area has a DF of 0.45%. Due to the reason of being screened off by a big projector
screen.

38
2.5.3.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram
Figure 2.5.3.1.2 Artificial Light Lux Diagram
Walkway 1 and 3 has a poor illuminance of artificial lighting as the lights over the zones are being
switched off during the daytime. Walkway 2 has a stronger illuminance of artificial lighting as the
zones serves as a walkway in the office. Office Space 1 and 2 has an average percentage of
illuminance as artificial lightings are being fairly distributed at the area. Office Space 3 has a poorer
illuminance as compared to the office space 1 and 2 as the zone beside it has the artificial lights
offed. Private office 1,2,3,4 and Conference room shares almost the same illuminance as they are
private areas and only certain lightings are being switched on sometimes. The Rest Area also has a
poor illuminance of artificial lighting as it is located near to walkway 3 which the artificial lightings are
being switched off during the daytime.

39
2.5.4 Calculation
2.5.4.1 Daylight Factor, DF
Date: 21st September 2015
Time: 10.00 am
Weather: Clear Sky
Zone
Daylight
Level in
Malayisa,
Eo (lux)
Average lux
reading based
on collected
data, Ei (lux)
Daylight factor, DF
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
580
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=580 / 32000 x 100%
=1.81%
55.6
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=55.6 / 32000 x 100%
=0.173%
32000
762.2
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=762.2 / 32000 x 100%
=2.382%
146.78
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=146.78 / 32000 x
100%
=0.458 %
108.66
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=108.66 / 32000 x
100%
=0.339 %
Walkway 1
Walkway 2
Walkway 3
Office Space 1
Office Space 2

40
Zone
Daylight
Level in
Malayisa, Eo
(lux)
Average lux
reading based
on collected
data, Ei (lux)
Daylight factor, DF
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
192.8
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=192.8 / 32000 x 100%
=0.6 %
19
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=19 / 32000 x 100%
=0.05 %
86.5
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=86.5 / 32000 x 100%
=0.27 %
32000
87.4
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=87.4 / 32000 x 100%
=0.27 %
88.5
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=88.5 / 32000 x 100%
=0.27 %
145.25
DF
= (Ei / Eo) x 100 %
=145.25 / 32000 x 100%
=0.45 %
Office Space 3
Private Office 1
Private Office 2
Private Office 3
Conference
Room
Rest Area

41
2.5.4 Calculation
2.5.4.2 Illuminance Level and Number of Light Fitting Required
Figure 2.5.4.2.1: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 1
Figure 2.5.4.2.1a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 1
PICTURE LIGHT TYPE UNIT LIGHT DISTRIBUTION TYPE OF LUMINAIRE
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
9 Accent Lighting
Position of Artificial Light.

42
Dimension of room (L x W) (m) 17 x 2
Total Floor Area / A(m2
) 34
Type of lighting fixture
Philips Alto CFL Light Bulb Compact
Fluorescent 20w SLS20
Number of lighting fixture / N 9
Lumen of lighting fixture / F (lm) 1200
Height of luminaire (m) 3.0
Height of work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height / H (hm) 2.2
Reflection factors
Ceiling : Concrete Screed (0.7)
Wall: Concrete (0.5)
Floor: Concrete Screed (0.2)
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
(𝑳 + 𝑾)𝒙 𝑯
𝑅𝑙 =
17 𝑥 2
(17+2)𝑥 2.2
= 0.81
Utilisation factor / UF
(based on given utilisation factor table)
0.47
Maintenance factor / MF
MF = LLMF x LSF X LMF X RS
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
Standard Illuminance (lux) 50
Illuminance level / E (lux)
𝑬 =
𝑵 𝒙 𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
𝑨
𝑬 =
(9 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)
𝟑𝟒
= 61.21

43
Figure 2.5.4.2.2a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 2.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
14 Accent Lighting

44
Dimension of room (L x W) (m) 11.6 x 3.3
) 38.28
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
11.6 𝑥 3.3
(11.6+3.3)𝑥 2.2
= 1.17
0.47
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(14 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)
𝟑𝟖.𝟐𝟖
= 84.57

45
Figure 2.5.4.2.3a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Walkway 3.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
13 Accent Lighting

46
) 60
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
30 𝑥 2
(30+2)𝑥 2.2
= 0.85
0.35
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(13 x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)
𝟔𝟎
= 37.31

47
Discussion for Walkway 1, 2, and 3
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Walkway 1, 2, and 3 is 50 lux.
Illuminance for Walkway 1 is 61.21 lux and for Walkway 2 is 84.57 lux which meets
the standard requirement.
However, illuminance for Walkway 3 is 37.31 lux which does not meet the standard
requirement.
Therefore, to meet the requirement, additional number of Fluorescent Light is required
to make up the insufficient illuminance.
Calculation as below:
𝑁 =
E x A
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
𝑁 =
(50 − 37.31) x 60
(1200 𝑥 0.35 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
761.4
172.2
N = 4.42 (4)
Hence, additional of four (4) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required to meet the
standard illuminance for Walkway 3.
Besides, not only Fluorescent Light, more variety of light fixture for example LED light
with higher volt (Philips MASTER LED tube PERF 12W 840 T8 C 1200mm) is also
suggested to add at the Walkway 3 to make up the insufficient illuminance.
Figure 2.5.3.2.3b: Photo of Philips MASTER LED tube PERF 12W 840 T8 C 1200mm.
As Walkway 1 located beside the window where daylight can provide good light during
working hour. Only night time especially Overtime, more light fixtures should add on to
meet the standard of illuminance according to MS1525.

48
Figure 2.5.4.2.4: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 1
Figure 2.5.4.2.4a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 1.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
60 Accent Lighting

49
) 170
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
17 𝑥 10
(17+10)𝑥 2.2
= 2.86
0.55
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(60 x 1200 x 0.55 x 0.41)
𝟏𝟕𝟎
= 95.51

50
Figure 2.5.4.2.5: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 2.
Figure 2.5.4.2.5a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office space 2.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
6 Accent Lighting

51
) 18.4
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
4.6 𝑥 4.0
(4.6 + 4.0)𝑥 2.2
= 0.97
0.47
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(6 x 1200 x 0.47 x 0.41)
𝟏𝟖.𝟒
= 75.4

52
Figure 2.5.4.2.6: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office Space 3.
Figure 2.5.4.2.6a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Office Space 3.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
13 Accent Lighting

53
) 49.82
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
9.4 𝑥 5.3
(9.4+5.3)𝑥 2.2
= 1.54
0.51
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(13x 1200 x 1.54 x 0.41)
𝟒𝟗.𝟖𝟐
= 197.7

54
Discussion for Office Space 1, 2 and 3
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Office Space 1, 2, and 3 is 160 lux.
Illuminance for Office Space 1 is 95.51 lux which does not meet the standard
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(160 − 95.51) x 170
(1200 𝑥 0.55 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
10963.3
270.6
N = 40.51 (41)
Illuminance for Office Space 2 is 75.4 lux which does not meet the standard
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(160 − 75.4) x 18.4
(1200 𝑥 0.47 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
1556.64
231.24
N = 6.7 (7)
However, Illuminance for Office Space 3 is 197.7 lux which meets the standard
requirement.
Therefore, for Office Space 1 and 2 to meet the requirement, additional number of
Fluorescent Light is required to make up the insufficient illuminance.
Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Office Space, for Office Space 1, additional
of forty one (41) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required while Office Space 2,
additional of seven (7) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.

55
Figure 2.5.4.2.7: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Private Office 1.
Figure 2.5.4.2.7a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Private Office 1.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
6 Accent Lighting

56
) 17.28
Reflection factors
Floor: Carpet (0.15)
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
4.8 𝑥 3.6
(4.8+3.6)𝑥 2.7
= 0.76
0.35
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(6x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)
𝟏𝟕.𝟐𝟖
= 59.79

57
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
6 Accent Lighting

58
) 17.2
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
4.3 𝑥 4.0
(4.3+4.0)𝑥 2.7
= 0.35
0.47
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(6x 1200 x 0.35 x 0.41)
𝟏𝟕.𝟐
= 60.07

59
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
15 Accent Lighting

60
) 62.04
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
9.4 𝑥 6.6
(9.4+6.6)𝑥 2.7
= 1.44
0.51
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(15x 1200 x 0.51 x 0.41)
𝟔𝟐.𝟎𝟒
= 60.67

61
Discussion for Private Office 1, 2 and 3
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Private Office 1, 2, and 3 is 240 lux.
Illuminance for Private Office 1 is 59.79 lux which does not meet the standard
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(240 − 59.79) x 17.28
(1200 𝑥 0.35 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
3114
172.2
N = 18.08 (18)
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(240 − 60.07) x 17.2
(1200 𝑥 0.47 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
3094.8
231.24
N = 13.38 (13)
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(240 − 60.67) x 62.04
(1200 𝑥 0.51 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
11125.6
250.92
N = 44.34 (44)

62
Therefore, for Private Office 1, 2 and 3 to meet the requirement, additional number of
Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Private Office, for Private Office 1, additional
of eighteen (18) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required while Private Office 2,
additional of thirteen (13) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required, lastly for Private
Office 3, additional of forty four (44) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.
In Private Offices, the usage and activities going on in that space is different than open
office space where in private office, activities of reading, writing, typing, computer work
and etc are having in that space. So the Standard illuminance in Private office is higher.
In this office building, they use same lighting fixture in both Private office and office space.
To enhance worker working performance, working environment with standard quality
should achieve.
To overcome this problem, additional number of Fluorescent Light is one of the method.
Besides that, use of higher voltage of Fluorescent Light can increase the illuminance of
Private Office. Use of lighter floor, wall and ceiling material also helpful to act as better
reflector. Also, reduce the mounting height by lowered the light fixtures is one of the way
too.

63
Figure 2.5.4.2.10: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Conference Room.
Figure 2.5.4.2.10a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Conference Room.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
20 Accent Lighting

64
) 52.64
Reflection factors
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
9.4 𝑥 5.6
(9.4+5.6)𝑥 2.7
= 1.3
0.51
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(20x 1200 x 0.51 x 0.41)
𝟓𝟐.𝟔𝟒
= 95.33

65
Discussion for Conference Room
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Conference Room is 300 lux.
Illuminance for Conference Room is 95.33 lux which does not meet the standard
requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(300 − 95.33) x 52.64
(1200 𝑥 0.51 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
10773.8
250.92
N = 42.94 (43)
Therefore, for Conference Room to meet the requirement, additional number of
Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Conference Room, additional of forty three
(43) numbers of Fluorescent Light are required.
Besides, for Conference Room, I suggested the use of Sharp “Square” type LED Lighting
with average illuminance of 567 lux is more suitable for conference room.
Figure 2.5.4.2.10a: Light Fixture Sharp “Square” type LED Lighting

66
Figure 2.5.4.2.11: Floor plan 1 : 250 showing zoning of Rest Area.
Figure 2.5.4.2.11a: Section 1 : 250 showing zoning of Rest Area.
Philips Alto CFL
Light Bulb
Compact
Fluorescent 20w
SLS20
17 Accent Lighting

67
) 42.4
Reflection factors
Floor: Parquet (0.35)
Room index / RI (K)
𝑹𝒍 =
𝑳 𝒙 𝑾
𝑅𝑙 =
5.3 𝑥 8.0
(5.3+8.0)𝑥 2.2
= 1.45
0.49
MF = 0.85 x 0.85 x 0.61 x 0.95
= 0.41
𝑬 =
𝑨
𝑬 =
(17x 1200 x 0.49 x 0.41)
𝟒𝟐.𝟒
= 96.66

68
Discussion for Rest Area
According to MS1525, standard illuminance for Rest Area is 150 lux.
Illuminance for Rest Area is 96.66 lux which does not meet the standard requirement.
𝑁 =
E x A
𝑁 =
(150 − 96.66) x 42.4
(1200 𝑥 0.49 𝑥 0.41)
𝑁 =
2261.6
241.08
N = 9.38 (9)
Therefore, for Rest Area to meet the requirement, additional number of Fluorescent Light
is required to make up the insufficient illuminance.
Hence, to meet the standard illuminance for Rest Area, additional of nine (9) numbers of
Fluorescent Light are required.

69
3.1 Literature Review
3.1.1 Architectural Acoustics
This is a study on how to design buildings and other spaces that have pleasing
sound quality with safe sound levels. It is the total effect of sound, especially as
produced in an enclosed space and the scientific study of sound, especially of its
generation, transmission, and reception. In architecture design, acoustic is concern
with control of sound in spaces and preserve and enhance desired sound. The
acoustic mood created in the spaces can be affected by the buffer from the building
exterior and the building interior design, as to achieving good quality.
3.1.2 Sound Pressure Level
Sound pressure level (SPL) can be used for acoustic system design. It is the
average sound level at a space caused by a sound wave, which can easily be
measured by a microphone. It is also a logarithmic measure of the effective sound
pressure of a sound relative to a reference value, that is calculated in decibels (dB).
Sound pressure formula given below:
SPL = 10 log ( P )
Po
Where, log is the common logarithm P = Sound pressure2
Po = Standard reference pressure of 20 microPascals
3.1.3 Reverberation Time
Reverberation is when a sound is created or signal is reflected causing large
number of reflection to build up to a level loader then direct sound. Reflected
sounds MASK direct sound. Late arriving reflections lend to SMEAR the direct
sound signal. The length of reverberation time is highly considerate in the
architectural design of spaces which requires specific timing to achieve optimum
performance for the related activity.
Reverberation time is affected by the size of the space and the amount of
reflective or absorptive surfaces within the space and also the use of the room.
Spaces with absorptive surfaces will absorb the sound and stop it from reflecting
back into the space, which would create a shorter reverberation time. Whereas
reflective surfaces will reflect sound and increase reverberation time. As for sizes,
larger spaces have longer reverberation time as compared to smaller spaces
which have shorter reverberation time.

70
Reverberation time formulas as follow:
RT = 0.161V
A
Where, RT = Reverberation time (s)
V = Room volume (m3)
A = Absorption coefficient
3.1.4 Issues of Acoustic System Design
It is essential to obtain acoustic comfort to a certain level of satisfaction amongst
users within the space. The two main aspects that contributes to acoustic comfort
are indoor and outdoor noise. Spatial acoustic may contribute to the productivity in
a particular space which depends on the function and type of users occupying the
space. This can be seen in spaces that require music setting, where proper sound
isolation helps create a musical space. Improper acoustic design may backfire if not
implemented properly as noise is an increasing public health problem. It can result
in following health effects such as hearing loss, sleep disturbances and
performance reduction. Therefore, proper acoustical design should be of
importance to ensure comfort in spaces occupied by users for prolonged hours.
3.1.5 Acoustical Comfort for Office
Good office acoustics is a key contributor to work performance and well-being in the
workplace. The ability to find quiet times and places is essential to support complex
knowledge work, while the ability to have planned or spontaneous interactions
without disturbing others is necessary for team work and relationship development.
Having speech privacy is necessary for confidential interactions and work processes.
“Acoustical comfort” is achieved when the workplace provides appropriate acoustical
support for interaction, confidentiality, and work.

71
3.2 Precedent Studies
3.2.1 Introduction Cisco Meraki, San Francisco by O+A Studio
Studio O+A created the interior for Cisco's primary San Francisco workplace, after
the company acquired WiFi firm Meraki in November 2012 and needed more space.
Located in the city's Mission Bay neighbourhood and overlooking the waterfront, the
110,000-square-foot office is split over two floors. It was designed to maximise
daylight and provide communal areas based on feedback the designers received
from staff.
At the outset, O+A surveyed Meraki’s employees to find out what they liked about
their old, much smaller headquarters. A consensus emerged for natural light, plenty
of collaboration space, and preservation of the company’s tightly knit culture. The
size of the new space and the prominence of its floor‐to‐ceiling windows made
collaboration and natural light relatively easy to incorporate. O+A’s design offers a
variety of meeting spaces—formal and informal, indoor and outdoor—many of them
bathed in the crystal line light of San Francisco Bay. The scale and the light support
a rich palette of colours and design elements: a wide staircase with integrated
stadium seating at its base, a meeting room with hanging till and sia plants, and an
outdoor deck offering views of the baseball park and Bay Bridge.
Figure 3.2.1.1: Interior of Cisco Meraki, San Francisco.

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3.2.2 Architectural Drawings
Figure 3.2.2.1: Fourth Floor Plan

73
Maintaining Meraki’s cosy ambience in the hangar-‐sized complex proved more
challenging. O+A’s solution was to create a medley of small gathering spaces within
the large footprint. Sunken seating brings intimacy to horizontal common areas while
preserving broad sightlines. Yurts, cabanas, and phone rooms offer varying levels of
enclosure. Throughout the office, colleagues can sit down and talk in informal lounge
spaces.
For Meraki’s 110,000-square-foot office in San Francisco, O+A used clear sight lines and
collaborative spaces to create a feeling of intimacy. They are very interested in exploring
how to create a space without using walls which may feels like a room. It’s set up like one.
And, acoustically, it works better than you would think, because the sound gets captured in
that felted ceiling, which is more than two inches thick.
Figure 3.2.3.1: Open plan of Cisco Meraki which has better acoustic as the sound reflected by more
than two inches thick ceiling.

74
There’s also a music room—a sort of total upgrade to the idea of work-as-campus—
with a piano and lots of unidentifiable instruments. Of course, there needs to be a
way of blocking all of that guitar, lute, and tabla sound from getting in the ears of
people busily trying to design and produce routers and manage the non ephemeral
parts of an ephemeral storage system. So sliding doors and acoustic curtains and a
thick, plush, pink carpet absorb the noise of the necessary breaks—necessary
because people are working such insane hours.
Figure 3.2.3.2: The music room at Cisco's 110,000-square-foot offices in San Francisco.
O+A used clear sight lines and collaborative spaces to create a feeling of intimacy.
They are exploring how you create a space without using walls which feels like a
room. It’s set up like one. And, acoustically, it works better than you would think,
because the sound gets captured in that felted ceiling, which is more than two inches
thick.
Figure 3.2.3.3: The Tectum ceiling panels (above) appear to be largely aesthetic. They make a
beautiful pattern, but it’s not a random one. By offsetting those vertical baffles, creating a series of
sound barriers, so they’re actually doing double duty.”

75
3.2.4 Materiality
In order to improve the sound insulation, O+A Studio decided to use felt fabric as the
materials of the canopied cabana. Felt fabric is perhaps one of the most unique and
versatile industrial fabrics available. Its many properties are unrivalled by any other
single material. It is also lightly resilient, retaining its strength and unique properties
for decades. Thus, the felt fabric is an excellent sound insulator and also has superb
vibration damping qualities.
Figure 3.2.4.1: A felt canopied cabana inside the Giant Pixel offices in San Francisco. Since it is an
open-office fanatics, but it’s too simple to say a space is just open plan, because at the same time
they are creating ‘other’ spaces that mix with open-plan work areas.
A good example is the “yurts” they designed, with a layer of gray felt that insulates
for sound, a layer of smoked acrylic that allows some visual transparency but not so

76
much that there’s the let’s-all-be-watched fishbowl effect, and another of white fibre
glass that lets through light but not a single specific peep into what the yurt’s
inhabitants are doing. The company had original Mongolian fabric yurts in its first
office, but when there’s only fabric which there’s no acoustic separation at all. So this
time they built them—ten split among three different types—for variations on visual
and acoustic privacy. They’re not scattered here and there randomly, but are
centrally located so that if and when you want to have a very quick non confidential
meeting, you can pop into one of these and it’s very adjacent to work areas.
Figure 3.2.4.2: The firm also designed three types of meeting “yurts." In each of the different
typologies, they get a little more private and insulated, depending on the kind of conversation you
want to have. The material is acoustic cotton ceiling, aids in sound absorption.

77
3.3 Research Methodology of Acoustic Analysis
a) Sound Level Meter
b) Measuring Tape
The tape is used to measure a constant height of the
position of the sound meter, which is at 1m. The height is
taken on one person as reference to obtain an accurate
reading.
c) Camera
The camera is used to record pictures on the sources
of sound in the cafe and its surrounding.
Standard
References
IEC 804 and IEC 651
Grade of Accuracy Not assigned
Quantities displayed Lp, Lp Max, Leq
Display: LCD /
Display resolution
1 dB
Frequency weighting:
A/Time weighting (Lp)
Fast
Time integration (Leq) Free or user defined
Measurement range 30-120dB/ Range: 30-90 & 60-
120
Linearity ± 1.5dB
Overload From (± 1.5dB maximum)
93dB and 123 dB Peak
Dimensions/Weight 160 x 64 x 22 mm/150g without
battery
Battery/ battery life Alkaline 6LR61) / min 30h
(20°C)Environment :
Relative humidity
Storage < 95% / measurement
< 90%
Temperature Storage < 55°C / 0°C <
measurement < 50°C
CE marking Comply with: EN 50061-1 and
EN 50062-1

78
3.3.2 Procedure
1.) Identification of area for sound source were noted based on gridlines of 2.0m
x 2.0m produced.
2.) Data was obtained by using sound level meter. The device is placed on
each point according to the guidelines at a height of 1m.
3.) Measurement is then recorded by indicating sound level in each point
based on gridlines. Variablesaffecting the site is also noted.
4.) Steps 1 to 3 is repeated for morning, afternoon and night time as there
might be different sound condition.
5.) Tabulation and calculation of the data collected and determine the acoustic
quality according to Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
(CIBSE) standard.
Readings are recorded at two different time which is 10am and 5pm
respectively. In order to acquire the accurate reading. The sound level meter is
placed at the same height of 1m for each point in order to obtain an accurate
and reading. This is done to ensure the consistency of the measurements
taken. The readings were recorded on a plotted plan with 1m x 1.5m gridlines,
while facing the same direction to obtain the best result. During the recordings,
the person in charge of taking the measurement must not make noise as it
could affect the readings. Both ground floor plan and first floor plan were
measured at different times.
Figure 3.3.3.1 : The readings are taken on 1.5m high.
.

79
Human Limitations:
The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive to the surrounding with
ranging of recording between data difference of approximately 0.2-0.3 of
stabilization. Thus, the data recorded is based on the time when hold button
was pressed. When operating the sound level meter, the device might have
been pointed towards the wrong path of sound source, hence causing the
readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.
Sound Source Stability:
During working period, sound from printer area has high influences to the
surrounding sound level. On the other hand, during non-working hour which is
5pm, the vehicles sound from the site surrounding varies from the site
surrounding varies from time to time, that might also the influencing the data to
be varies depending on the traffic conditions.

80
3.4 Identification of Existing Condition
3.4.1 Existing acoustic
Wisma Mustapha Kamal is basically located beside commercial shop lots and surrounded
by the main road and also highway as shown in Figure 3.4.1.1. Thus, the external noise
such as traffic is the main critical issue to the building. However, Emkay office has some
strategies to overcome the issues.
Figure 3.4.1.1: External Sound Sources around Wisma Mustapha Kamal
Noise Source Location
Traffic Comes from the side and rear of the site
Neighbouring Human Noise Comes from the front of the site
Human Activities Sound Source
Traffic Sound Source

81
3.4.1.1 External Noise Source and Site Study
Traffic Sound
The EMKAY Group office that situated at Wisma Mustapha Kamal is located in Cyberjaya
thus the site surrounding has an advantage of a quiet and peaceful surroundings. The
Wisma is surrounded by roads and highway, with a relative low density of vehicular
noises. Besides that, the traffic noise from the roads and highway will be reduce as the
height of the office from the ground floor is far enough to act as a noise buffer. The trees
along the highway also act as a noise buffer that filter and reduce the traffic noise.
Figure 3.4.1.1.1: Viewing out from the office space towards the far away traffic.
Moreover, the sound of the traffic that reaches the level of the office will also be insulated
by the tempered glass that use as the main material for the façade design. Tempered -
glass is a very good sound insulation material as it has a certain thickness at the same
time it reflects the sound waves very well.

82
Therefore, the sounds generated by the traffic surrounded the Wisma are generally at the
minimal levels. The sound does not have much effects on the office space and it is
shown in the following diagram.
Figure 3.4.1.1.2: Section showing the relationship between the roads and the site.

83
External Human Noise
Apart from vehicular sounds, there are other sound which produced by the neighbouring
shop lots. The shop lots at the other side of the Wisma is a crowded place on peak hour
such as meal time. Human activities around that area produce noises such as low
volume of chitchat in restaurants and many more. There is also other shops that providing
services such as car repair services which produce more noises.
The height of the office from the ground floor is far enough to act as a noise buffer for
the external human noise from the shop lots. The tempered glass used as the façade
also help to reduce the sound that produced by human activities to a lower level.
Figure 3.4.1.1.3: Viewing out from the office space towards the shop lots.
Therefore, the sounds generated by the traffic surrounded the Wisma are generally
at the minimal levels. The sound does not have much effects on the office space and it
is shown in the following diagram.

84
Therefore, the sounds generated by the human activities surrounding the Wisma
are generally at the minimal levels too. The sound does not have much effects on the
office space and it is shown in the following diagram.
Figure 3.4.1.1.4: Section showing the relationship between the shop lots and the site.
As a conclusion, the external noises around Wisma Mustapha Kamal would not affect
the users inside of the office as they are all under human acoustic comfort level.

85
3.4.2.2 Internal Noise Source
The spaces in the office segregated into a few zones. The internal noise is basically
produced by the devices used and also the human activities. The main source of noise in
the office space of EMKAY is human noise, as the employee inside are always
communicate with each other and discussing on their work.
Sources Categories Noise Sources Location
Office Equipment Phones All over the office
Printing Machine At the edge of the office
Air Circulators Air Conditioners All over the office
Human Activities Employees All over the office
Cleaners All over the office, only at certain time

86
Office Equipment
Phone Ringing Noise
The phones are located all over the office. The phone ringing sounds and discussion
conversation with client through phone produced by the employees is impossible to avoid
in an office. But the sounds had become an acoustic issue to the other employees in the
office. When the employee is not at their seat during phone rings, the noise from the
ringing phone will affect the focusing of other employees while doing their work.
Figure 3.4.2.2.1: Employees talking to the client on the phone.
The partitions that separate the employees are not high enough to reduce the spread of
sound in the space. Besides that, the material of the partitions which made of
plasterboard, are not sound absorbing materials. The wall, ceiling and floor are all
concrete that reflects sound very well and that caused the ringing sound to spread to the
entire office.
Figure 3.4.2.2.2: Floor plan showing the phone location

87
Sound Created by Printing Machine
The printing sound from the printing machine can be heard by the employees who seat
near the printing machine in the office. When the machines are printing documents, it
created sounds of buttons and printings. It distracts the attention of the employees while
working.
Figure 3.4.2.2.3: Printing machines created sound while printing documents.
Although the sound is noticeable when the printing machine are operating especially
when it is printing a lot of documents, the sound have yet significant enough to induce
an acoustic disturbance.
Figure 3.4.2.2.4: Floor plan showing the location of the printers

88
Air Circulators
Air conditioners are used to regulate the air inside an enclosed space and to control the
air temperature of the room. The air conditioners are located all over the office to maintain
thermal comfort for the employees inside.
Figure 3.4.2.2.5: Air-conditioner noise
The air flowing noises create by Air-Conditioner system affected the surrounding in a
minimum level. It would not affect the workers but still need to be concerned for the user
experience.

89
Human Activities
Sound from Employees
The concentration of human activities are shown in the figure below, mainly at the resting
area and workstation. The most prominent sound is generated in the resting area where
the employees can gather around when they are tired.
The secondary sound contributor is the work station area. The employees produce noises
while discussing with each other, searching for documents on the table and other
activities.
Figure 3.4.2.2.6: Floor plan showing concentric human activities.
Figure 3.4.2.2.7: Employees chatting Figure 3.4.2.2.8: Employees searching for documents

90
Cleaner Sound
The cleaners clean the office twice per day. While cleaning the office, they produced
furniture moving noise and cleaning noises. Those would distract the employees around
from their work.
The cleaners clean the office twice per day, and only consume a very short period with
very little sound produced. Thus, it would not affect the performance of the employees
surrounding them.
Figure 3.4.2.2.9: Cleaners cleaning near a worker.

91
Equipment Specification
Product Name Bizhub 283
Quantity 2
Weight 74kg
Power Consumption 1.5kW
Sound Pressure Level 27dB - 34dB
Dimension 623x794x700mm
Placement Near the corner
Product Name Panasonic KX-TS208W
Quantity 33
Dimension 250x150x70 mm
Placement Office Tables
Product Name Bizhub 283
Quantity 2
Weight 74kg
Power Consumption 1.5kW
Sound Pressure Level 27dB - 34dB
Dimension 623x794x700mm
Placement Near the corner

92
3.4.2 Materials
TYPE MATERIAL ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT LOCATION
125 HZ 500 HZ 2000 HZ
Wall Smooth Unpainted Concrete
0.01 0.02 0,02 Workspace 1
Workspace 2
Rest Area
Wall
Partition Wall 0,15 0,07 0.04 Workspace 2
Floor Parquet 0.04 0,07 0,06 Rest Area
Floor Carpet on Concrete 0,02 0,14 0,60 Private Office 1
Private Office 2
Private Office 3
Conference
Room

93
Window Double-Glazing Glass 0,15 0,03 0,02 Walkway 2
Walkway 3
Workstation Translucent Workstation 0,03 0,03 0,05 Workspace 1
Workspace 2
Workstation
Plasterboard 0,08 0,05 0,02 Workspace 1
Workspace 2
Furniture Bean Bag (PU Leather) 0,40 0,58 0,58 Rest Area

94
Furniture Mesh Chair 0,50 0,45 0,60 Rest Area
Furniture Cloth-Upholstered Seats 0.44 0,77 0,82 Workspace 1
Workspace 2
Curtain Fabric Roller Blind 0,05 0.25 0.30 Walkway 2
Walkway 3

95
3.5 Acoustic Analysis
Legend
Figure 3.5.1: Zoning of Space

96
3.5.2 Data of Acoustic
3.5.2.1 Noise Level Data (dB) Collected at Morning 10am,
Non-peak Period on 21st of September 2015
Figure 3.5.2.1: Noise level data for non-peak period
Figure 3.5.2.2: Noise level data for peak period
3.5.2.2 Noise Level Data (dB) Collected at Evening 5pm,
Peak Period on 21st of September 2015

97
3.5.3 Interpretation of Data
Based on the readings we have collected, several observation are made and
discussions are stated correspondent with the observations. The average noise level
during peak hour is slightly higher compared to the data collected during non-peak
hour.
During 10am, which is one hour after the job starting in the morning at 9am. It was
relatively quiet as compared to 5pm because, early in the morning, employees are
preparing themselves to start the working day, there are seldom phone calls receive
in the morning, only at 11am, the office environment start warming up. At B/3-6 to
D/3-6 and G/2-9 to H/2-9, there are higher reading recorded as sound is mainly diffuse
to the centre of the office as there are minimal of partitions in the office.
During 5pm, which is the peak hour, the reading recorded is relatively higher as
employees are ready to go home in excited mode, there are more discussion and
chatting happen during that time. More people wander around the office socializing
with their colleagues.
The private offices are not affected by the flow and activities of employees in the office.
The noise level remains in between 50 – 54 dB, probably due to its constant occupant
and equipment in the private office, and the glass door are mostly closed to prevent
the diffusion of sound.

98
3.5.4 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram
3.5.4.1 Walkway 1
3.5.4.2 Walkway 3
Figure 3.5.4.1: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Printer)
Figure 3.5.4.2: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Printer)
Noise from printer transmit
to the surrounding, furthest
to 6m.
Noise from printer transmit
to the surrounding, furthest
to 6m.

99
3.5.4.3 Office Space 1
Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Speaker 1)
Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Speaker 2)
Noise from the radio and
speaker will spread to the
other zone up to 8m.
other zone up to 8m.

100
Figure 3.5.4.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (Radio)
Figure 3.5.4.6: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram (air conditioning)
other zone straight in front
of office space 2.
Noise from the air condition
diffuser transfer throughout
the space.

142
3.5.5 Analysis and Evaluation of Data
The reverberation time of Emkay’s private office space is much higher than the
standard, the ideal range for private offices’ reverberation time should be 0.6s to 0.8s.
The reverberation time for private office in 125 Hz, 500 Hz and 2000 Hz of absorption
coefficient has exist the standard comfort reverberation. Reverberation time has exist
the standard comfort reverberation because of limited building materials and design
strategies that serve the sound absorption features. As compared to the precedent
study, Cisco Meraki by O+A Studio had done a good job in effort of reducing noise in
private office space, such as having acoustic curtain, thick carpet to absorb the noise
of the necessary breaks. They also have creatively explore to create a space without
wall which acoustically works better, because the sound gets captured in the more
than 2 inches thick suspended ceiling. Furthermore, Cisco Meraki used Tectum ceiling
panel that appear as aesthetically and also act as sound barrier.
Whilst, Emkay’s private office only uses clear tempered glass and bare concrete
flooring with painted partition wall without rock wool as sound insulation. Thus, noise
from the open plan office has diffuse into the private office space. Office workspace
with open concept causes noise to reflect freely in the space.
The transmission of sound is poor due to its nature of an open concept office, with its
rest area, office space, private office space interconnected and open to each other. In
that case, sound is usually diffuse to the centre of the office. On the other hand, the
reflection of sound inside the office should not poses as a problem as it has equally
wide length and width, with minimum number of corners, while the building materials
deployed are mostly in raw and unfinished texture.
Apart from that, it can be summarized that the noise control in the office is insufficient,
based on the study and calculations for acoustic during peak and non-peak hours. A
lot of design strategies could be done in order to control the sound transmission,
Function as an office, the noise is mainly generate from the electrical appliances used
in the office, such as, phones, monitor, CPU, air condition and printers. Whilst in the
private office room, only minimum of sound were made from discreet conversations.
In a conclusion, several facets of the design could be modified in order to improve the
acoustical quality of space in the office. Notably in the painting of walls and floors,
such as, having carpets flooring or parquets flooring instead of bare concrete floor.
Changing the finishing of furniture and cabinet top to a rougher one. The finishing of
some cabinet could be switch to a softer surface compare to the present aluminium
ones to have a better material absorption coefficient. Besides, having ceiling as an
acoustical barrier can also help to reduce the sound produced by mechanical and
electrical system. Lastly, having more rest area that kept a distance to the office
working area in order to provide a dedicated space for employees to chat and carry
recreational activities there for refreshment.

143
Comparison of Design Features between Cisco Meraki and Emkay Office
Cisco Meraki Emkay Office
Capture sound in 2 inches thick ceiling. Use parquet flooring as sound absorption feature.
Soft material better sound absorption.
Sound reflectance material, tempered glass and
painted partition wall.
Tectum ceiling panel as sound barrier. Open ceiling concept with rough concrete slab.

144
4.0 Conclusion
In a nutshell, we would conclude that lighting and acoustic performance lighting and acoustic
performance evaluation and design project is a challenging task as it requires a lot of analysis
through comparison, literature review then came out with an analysis report. It is a worth
learning skills that is very useful to architecture students, as it helps in enhancing the interior
spatial experience during th design stage.
Throughout this assignment, we had gain the knowledge of the calculations method for both
lighting and acoustics as well as data interpretation using software such as Ecotect Analysis
by Autodesk as ease for analysis to be done.
Identification of the existing condition of the site also stand a very important role in
designing a building and deciding the lighting fixture to use. With the balance of artificial
lighting and natural light.

145
5.0 Reference
Schiler, M. (1992). Simplified Design of Building Lighting. New York: John Wiley
& Sons.
Auliciems, A. & Szokolay, S.V. 1997. Thermal Comfort. Brisbane: The
University of Queensland Printery.
Cavanough, William J. & Wikes, Joseph A. 1998. Architectural Acoustics:
Principles and Practice. New York, Wiley and Sons.
Madan, M., Johnson, J. & Jorge, R. 1999. Architectural Acoustics: Principles
and Design. USA, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
McMullan, R. 1998. Environmental Science in Buildings. 4th. ed. Basingstoke:
McMillan.
Olgyay, V. 1963. Design with Climate. Princeton, New Jersey. Princeton
University Press.
Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S. 2000. Mechanical and Electrical
Equipment for Buildings. New York. John Wiley.
Szokolay, S.V. 2004. Introduction to Architectural Science: The Basis of
Sustainable Design. Oxford. Architectural Press.
McMullan, R. 1991. Noise Control in Buildings. Oxford. BSP Professional Books.

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