Building construction ii

Skeletal Construction(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
cHEE JIA XIN (0327392)
cHIN mAN CHONG (0324509)
kAlvin bONG jIA yING (0327822)
kANG zI sHAN (0327605)
kENNETT lIM rOONG xIANG (0325031)
(TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)
Skeletal Construction
cHEE JIA XIN (0327392)
cHIN mAN CHOoNG (0324509)
kAlvin bONG jIA yING (0327822)
kANG zI sHAN (0327605)
kENNETT lIM rOONG xIANG (0325031)
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
BLD60703
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 2
BLD60703

03IntroductionTABLE
OF
CONTENTS
04
Design Considerations
Design Intention
Orthographic Drawings
Construction Process
- Floor Structure / Steel Framing & Joists
- Foundation / Concrete Pad Footing
- Flooring & Bench / Merbau Wood Decking
& Seating
- Column / I-Beam Column
- Roof Structure / Steel Framing, Beam & Joists
- Roofing / Polycarbonate (PC) Plastics Sheet- Roofing / Polycarbonate (PC) Plastics Sheet
Steel Skeleton Frame Structure -
Materiality -
Loads & Forces -
Exploded Axonometric
Construction Details
Analysis of Design
Load Test
Summary
Renderings
References
Design Development
05
06
07
09
10
25
29
15
30
32
33

01INTRODUCTION
In this project, we are tasked to design and construct a temporary
bus shelter that focuses on principle of skeleton frames and their
joints. The bus shelter required is to have a maximum height of
600mm and a maximum base of 400mm x 800mm, reflecting a
practical usage based on portability and comfort as well as
functioning to provide optimal shading from rain and sun.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
In order to assemble a strong and stable structure, we are to
understand the fundamentals of skeletal system as well as the
structural support and joint connection with one another. In
addition, to understand how structure bears different loads without
compromising structural integrity of the bus shelter as well as safety
purpose of the users. Law of static, force, stress and materiality are
essential considerations, contributing to building’s strength, stabilityessential considerations, contributing to building’s strength, stability
and stiffness.
idea sketch - initial

02DESIGN
iNTENTION
We intend to design an appropriate shelter with I-beams by
connecting them to form as a whole that meets common needs
whilst providing understanding and function of a designated bus
shelter as wel as meeting brief of structural and skeletal support to
uphold the weight acting on the bus shelter.
Derived from the shape of cube and cuboid, the bus shelter
reveals its simplicity by showing connection of beam to beamsreveals its simplicity by showing connection of beam to beams
and columns of the structure by using mainly I-beams. The
I-beams’ integrity is aimed to withstand high load
pressure, both dead and live
load as well as wind load
forces applied.
+
cube cuboid
04
idea sketch - massing

03design
considerations
05
capacity accessibility
weather resistance stability openness
circulation flow
SUNLIGHT LOAD TRANSFER air flow
RAIN
Able to accomodate 5-6
persons whilst providing
resting comfort
Wide entrance exposure allows
free movement in where pedestrians
access the area from surrounding
openings of the bus shelter
Able to resist local climate,
allowing direct sunlight and
rainfall acted on the bus
shelter to provide protection
to pedestrians
Uniform arrangement order of
structural components to resist
horizontal and vertical loads
to prevent lifting or collapsing
Provides visibility towards traffic
conditions and oncoming
vehicles as well as maximizes
optimal air flow in and out of
the structure
Selection of choice of materials
to have high strength and
durability, readily available,
and less harmful to environment
materiality

04DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
01. initial idea
06
02. initial structure 03. development
04. final design
Two elements, folding plane and
upright vertical plane conjoint
together to form a covered space
below as well as massing of the
entire bus shelter
Horizontal roof joists are added
along with the vertical columns
to distribute evenly the weight
and loads applied on it, connecting
to the single standing column.
Horizontal joists are added onto
roof joists and vertical columns
to add protection and appearance
to the bus shelter
Proper detailed columns
and beams arrangement
for efficient loads transfer
and stability of the
skeleton frames structure

05oRTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWINGS
floor plan
roof plan
Scale 1:25
Scale 1:25
B b’
B b’
A
A’
A
A’

front ELEVATION SECTION A-A’
SECTION B-B’side ELEVATION
Scale 1:30
Scale 1:30
Scale 1:30
Scale 1:30

06exploded
axonometric
09
LEGEND:
1/ Polycarbonate Sheet Roofing
2/ Roof Joist
3/ Roof Framing
4/ Timber Seating
5/ Timber Decking
6/ Floor Joist6/ Floor Joist
7/ I-Beam Column
8/ Roof Beam
9/ I-Beam Post
10/ Ground Beam
11/ Steel Plate
12/ Girder
13/ Concrete Pad Footing13/ Concrete Pad Footing
& members of skeleton frames structure
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
9 13
2
12
10

foundation / concrete pad footing
floor structure / steel framing
01
Wooden blocks are used as
pad footing foundations to
represent concrete footings
in actual scale model.
01
Long mild steel pieces are
welded together to a way
it forms an I-beam form.
02
Wooden beam is
dimensioned accordingly
and cut into desired blocks.
02
The mild steel I-beam is cut
down to shorter size using steel
cutter chop saw to fit them as
posts, ground beams and
girders for framing to be
connected.connected.
03
All wooden blocks are later
sprayed with colored adhesive
to represent the materiality of
concrete in actual scale model,
and then prepared to be used
as foundation footings.as foundation footings.
03
All components of steel base
framing are assembled and
welded to connect them but
cleated in actual scale model.

floor structure / floor joists
column / i-beam column
01
Two long rectangular hollow
section (RHS) steels are
attached together by
welding.
01
Long mild steel pieces are
welded together following
the desired size to form
I-beam columns.
02
Double RHS steels are then
cut into intended lengths
seperately and are
later used for floor joists.
02
The mild steel I-beam columns
are joined together with the
steel skeletal framing of the
floor structure by welding to
form overall connection of
columns and beams.columns and beams.
03
All the floor joists are
connected to the skeletal
framing of the floor structure
to allow timber decking and
seating to be placed on.
03
Columns and posts of the
structure are then connected
to the steel plates by welding
and steel plates are screwed
to the pad footings.

flooring & bench / PLYWOOD decking & seating (merbau wood)
01
Plywood plank is measured
and prepared to be saw into
single plank flooring and
three timber pieces for the
bench by using hacksaw.
01
All the cut I-beam steel pieces
are organized neatly before
assembling by welding them
to represent it being cleated
in actual scale bus shelter.
02
Single plywood plank is
laser-cut to reflect each
individual timber plank on
the flooring that is represented
in actual scale bus shelter.
02
A steel roof beam is
connected in between two
of the columns while the rest
are joined together to form
a framing.
03
Flooring is then decked to the
skeletal framing of the floor
structure secured in using
cordless drill. Bench is also
assembled and secured on
top of the floor.top of the floor.
03
The roof framing is then
attached to the single
vertical column by welding
together.
roof structure / STEEL framing & beam

roof structure / roof joists
01
Double RHS steels are rest on
the roof steel frame and are
welded to it.
01
The acrylic sheet is cut into
given dimension that fits and
covers the whole structure
from above.
02
Placement of the RHS steels on
the steel frame are spanned
equally among each other.
02
The sheet is placed on top of
the roof joists and is secured
on by screwing.
03
The steel plates are screwed
into the wooden block
footings, marking the model’s
completion.
roofing / Acrylic Sheet (polycarbonate sheet)

08construction
details
15
floor structure : steel framing
& joists
The steel base framing with joists makes up the
main floor structure of the bus shelter which
functions to bear loads vertically to the ground.
It is connected with the steel posts and concrete
pad footings, allowing timber decking andpad footings, allowing timber decking and
bench to sit on it to form a unified skeleton
frames structure.
steel i-beam type A
Function:
As primary ground
beam, joining the steel
posts and concrete pad
footings in a single row.
Dimensions:Dimensions:
Length: 3625MM
steel i-beam type b/c/d
Function:
As girders to join the
front and back row of
columns, steel posts
and foundations.
Length for Type B: 1250MM
Length for Type C: 1499MM
Length for Type D: 746MM
e : RECTANGULAR HOLLOW
SECTION (RHS)
Function:
As floor beams/joists to
allow the timber decking
to connect to it.
Length: 1650MM
38MM
1.6MM
75MM
71.8MM
BACK
FRONT
A
A
B
E
E
EEEE E
C
D
D
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM

16
floor steel framing & joists dimensions
500MM
750MM
1495MM
BACK
FRONT
1650MM1250MM1000MM
500MM
4000MM
1282MM 425MM 1330.5MM 425MM
288MM
495MM

floor steel framing & Joists Connections
ANGLE BRACKET (a-i)
DOUBLE CLEATS WITH 4 BOLTS & NUTS
Function:
As joint to connect columns
and ground beam as well as
ground beams and girders
Height & Width: 50MM
Length: 70MM
Thickness: 5MM
ANGLE BRACKET
SINGLE CLEAT WITH 2 BOLTS & NUTS
Function:
As joint to connect RHS
steels to ground beams
Dimensions:
Height & Width: 60MMHeight & Width: 60MM
Length: 40MM
Thickness: 5MM
HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
Dimensions:
F: 16MM
D: 11MM
Length: 20MM
Head: 6.58MM
BACK
FRONT
17
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i

floor steel framing & Joists Connection details
BACK
FRONT
18
One surface of
steel single cleat
is rigidly welded
onto the RHS steel
CONNECTION BETWEEN FLOOR
JOIST AND Girder
connection between girder and ground beam
Another surface of steel
single cleat is bolted onto
the ground beam
Girder Girder
Top flange of the beam is coped to allow top
of the beam to be flush with the top of the girder
Ground Beam
Steel angle cleats are bolted to web of girder and beam
Coped Beam
Flange
Girder
Girder
Beam

BACK
FRONT
SIDE ELEVATION SECTION
19
PAD FOOTING TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
500MM
Height: 400MM
PAD FOOTING TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
400MM
Height: 400MM
ANCHOR BOLT WASHER
Dimensions:
WD: 30MM
ND: 28.5MM
Steel post
Anchor Bolt
Steel base plate
CONNECTION BETWEEN STEEL PLATE AND PAD FOOTING
WH: 6MM
NH: 2.2MM
D: 19.05MM
steel plate TYPE b
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
300MM
Thickness: 5MM
A
A
B
B BB
B
B
B
A
A
Height
LengthWidth
FOUNDATION : CONCRETE PAD FOOTINGS
Height
LengthWidth
steel plate TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width & Length:
400MM
Thickness: 5MM
Concrete
pad footing

20
FLOORING & BENCH : MERBAU WOOD DECKING & SEATING
Merbau wood planks
Dimensions:
Width: 250MM
Length: 3500MM
Thickness: 25MM
CONNECTION BETWEEN TIMBER PLANK AND FLOOR JOIST
CONNECTION BETWEEN TIMBER seating and timber PLANK
self TAPPING SCREW
Dimensions:
D1: 11MM
D2: 15MM
L: 40MM
H: 7MM
Self Tapping
Screw
Timber Plank
Floor Joist
Timber planks are laid above the
floor joists to create a finished look
for the timber decking. Each timber
plank is secured to the floor joists
underneath using self-tapping
screw, providing a flat and safe
surface for pedestrian’s use as wellsurface for pedestrian’s use as well
as stabilizing the floor system.
ANGLE BRACKET
DOUBLE CLEATS WITH 4 BOLTS & NUTS
Dimensions:
Height & Width: 50MM
Length: 70MM
Thickness: 5MM
Floor Joist
Merbau wood planks TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width: 450MM Length: 2350MM
Thickness: 30MM
Merbau wood planks TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width: 800MM Length: 2350MM
Thickness: 20MM
A
A
B
B B
DECKING
SEATING
Timber
Decking
Timber
Seating
HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
Dimensions:
F: 16MM
D: 11MM
Length: 20MM
Head: 6.58MM

21
COLUMN : I-BEAM STEEL POST & COLUMN
C: steel i-beam post
Function:
Connects concrete pad
footings with girders
Dimensions:
Length: 50MM
STEEL I-BEAM COLUMN TYPE A
Function:
footings with roof framing
Dimensions:
Length: 2800MM
STEEL I-BEAM COLUMN TYPE b
Function:
footings with roof framing
Dimensions:
Length: 2725MM
150MM
150MM
130MM
7MM
10MM
250MM
250MM
230MM
7MM
10MM
250MM
250MM
230MM
7MM
10MM
A
A
B
B
B
B
BACK
FRONT

22
ROOF STRUCTURE : STEEL FRAMING & JOISTS DIMENSIONS
250MM
750MM
BACK
FRONT
1650MM1250MM
839MM
3750MM
1500MM

ROOFing : POLYCARBONATE SHEET
sheet TYPE A
Dimensions:
Width: 964MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
Self Driving
Screw
Single Cleat
Angle Bracket
Bolts and Nuts
RHS Steel
connection between polycarbonate sheets and roof joists
sheet TYPE B
Dimensions:
Width: 840MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
sheet TYPE C
Dimensions:
Width: 1106MM
Length: 1750MM
Thickness: 15MM
SELF DRILLING SCREW
Dimensions:
D1: 4.5MM
D2: 5.5MM
Length: 32MM
Head: 5MM
24
A B B C

09ANALYSIS
OF DESIGN
steel skeleton frame
construction
Steel skeleton frame structure is a
nakedly exposed steel structure
which consists of vertical and
horizontal members (column and
beam) to support the floors, roofs
and walls which are attached to
the frame.the frame.
I-beam columns and I-beam
posts make up the vertical
members of the structure
upholding the weights and
loads that are under
compressive force.
Ground beams, girders,
floor joists, steel roof framing
and roof joists make up the
horizontal members of the
structure bearing the loads
which act perpendicularly
to their lengthto their length.
VERTICAL MEMBERS
HORIZONTAL MEMBERS

materiality
Hardwood used in a wide range
of applications; from construction
to indoor and outdoor furniture.
Characteristics of Material Chosen:
Strong and tough amorphous
thermoplastic, and some grades
are optically transparent. They
are easily worked, molded, and
thermoformed which suit the
aspect for overhead coverings
while allowing sunlight to enterwhile allowing sunlight to enter
the space below.
Reliable, sturdy and economical
steel which is easy to manipulate
to reform it as another use as well
as to provide stability of the
construction.
- Fire and Heat Resistance
- Aesthetic Appearance (Attractive
Modern Look)
- Easy to Maintain
- High Tensile Strength
- Lightweight
- Durable
- Light Transmission
- Energy saving
- Resist heat and sunlight
- Waterproof
- Durable
- Economical
- Natural Insulator (Heat Resistance)
- Fast and Efficient to Build With
- Low Maintenance
- Weather Resistance
POLYCARBONATE (PC) PLASTICS
MERBAU WOOD
STAINLESS STEEL
Most suitable use for footings
that supports building and
effectively bears load forces
vertically to the ground.
- Durable
- Heat and Water Resistance
- Ductile
- Non-Permeable
CONCRETE

28
External loads factor such as live loads and static loads also act on the structure itself.
LOADS & FORCES
External loads
LIVE LOADSSTATIC LOADS (DEAD LOADS)
Constant forces of the structure’s permanent elements
and components acted on the it for a long duration of time.
Moveable loads like pedestrians, wind and rainwater add
different intensity of weights/loads onto the structure,
therefore varying at different time.
Precipitation / Wind Load
Human
Load Distribution
Load
Distribution
Load
Distribution

12SUMMARY
This project task opens us up onto the essential and critical
exploration of joints, connections, beams, and columns. The
project scale gives us the opportunity to explore and
construct an efficient bus shelter that has structural anecdotes
and skeletal structure that is practical.
Moreover, a good design is also based on the type of choices
on materials. Materiality plays a part in determining the overallon materials. Materiality plays a part in determining the overall
strength and feasibility of the structure stability. Solid materials
like steel used, make great way of designing aspects of
withstanding weight and show bare connectivity with one
another. Also, type of joints contributed in properly holding all
elements in place and how the bus shelter stands.
We learnt the characteristics and procedures of construction
process and also able to construct a bus stand that meetsprocess and also able to construct a bus stand that meets
purpose of a functionable bus shelter which provide use and
comfort to users at a small scale.
32

13REFERENCES
INTERNET SOURCES
BOOKS
1. Blanc, A., McEvoy, M. & Plank, R. (1993). Architecture and Construction in Steel. E & FN SPON.
2. Ching, F.D.K. (2014). Building Construction Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons.
3. Chudley, R., Greeno, R., & Hurst, M. (2011). Construction Technology. Harlow: Pearson Education.
4. Lyons, Arthur. (2004). Materials for Architects and Builders (2nd Edition). Oxford Press.
5. Newman, A. (2015). Metal Buildings Systems – Design and Specifications. McGraw-Hill Education.
1. “Polycarbonate Sheets, Multiwall & Roofing Materials.” Edited by Lucid design
Corp, Tuflite, Lucid Design, Jan. 2016, retrieved from www.tuflite.com/ blog/types-
polycarbonate-roofing-sheets/.
2. steel, w. ,2017. Roofing. [online] westman steel. Retrieved from: http://Westman
Steel [PDF]. (n.d.) Canada: Westmansteel.com.
3. eDrawing – DTI Installation via Turning The nut, March. 2015. Retrieved from
http://www.appliedbolting.com/resources-edrawing-dti-installation-via-turning-the-nut.htmlhttp://www.appliedbolting.com/resources-edrawing-dti-installation-via-turning-the-nut.html
4. Steel Architecture, April 27, 2015, edited by Dallas Puckett DAAP, UC. Retrieved from
http://ming3d.com/DAAP/ARCH4002sp2015/?author=4
5. Pitched metal roof with flat ceiling - CR002, 2016. Retrived from http://www.dctech.com.au/
pitched-metal-roof-with-flat-ceiling/
6. Wood Identication. (2016) Retrieved from http://info.frim.gov.my/woodid/
Properties_detail.cfm?Name=Balau
7.7. FRIM. (2015). Properties and Uses. Retrieved October 12, 2017, from https://info.frim.gov.my/
woodid/Properties_detail.cfm?Name=Balau
8. Portal frames. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.steelconstuction.info/Portal_frames

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