Building Construction II

1. PROJECT 1 :
RYAN SAK KAR WAI 0326525 | LINDSAY LIM SIEW CHENG 0326844 | CHEVALLY LO ZHAO SHYEN
0326497 | PEH ELLYN 0326812 | AHMAD NABIL BIN JIMI 0327780
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD60703)
SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
A TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER | TUTOR: AR EDWIN

2. STESEN BAS RLNCE
Jalan Klang Lama, Batu 8 1/2, 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor

3. INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CONSIDERATION
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
DESIGN ANALYSIS
MATERIALITY
LOAD TEST
ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
INDEX
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11

4. 01INTRODUCTION
The objective of this project is to understand and apply skeletal
construction, joints and its components, besides understanding how
skeletal construction works under the pressure of a load.
In a group of 6, we’re required to choose 2 forms to design a bus
shelter using skeletal construction by applying knowledge on forces,
construction methods and creative thinking to solve an oblique
design problem.

5. 02DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
Materials and Construction
Building materials are carefully chosen for their strength,
durability, and attainability at the same time, with minimal
impact to the environment.
Weather Resistance
The bus stop is designed to withstand Malaysia’s hot and
humid tropical climate with the choice of materials. Natural
ventilation is maximised to provide comfort to the users,
Safety
Openness of the space within the bus stop provides visibility
in and out of the structure, allowing users to see oncoming
vehicles from a distance. Human ergonomics and
anthropometry are taken into consideration when designing
the bus stop to provide convenience to the users.
Maintenance
Types of joints used are easily assembled and disassembled
to allow ease of maintenance when structural components
are needed to be repaired or replaced. This also provides
convenience when a change in bus route occurred which
requires reallocation.
Stability
The skeletal structures are designed to resist external forces
such as wind load, live load and dead load.

6. 03DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT

7. Design of the bus stop have been improvised and changed in order to achieve better stability and buildability of the
structure.
0 1 0 30 2 0 4
The thickness of the columns
have been increased from
10mm to 20mm for better
support.
The joist for the roof and timber
decking have changed into a
20mm x 30mm rectangle
instead of a 20mm x 20mm
square to increase the tensile
strength of the joist.
Roof rise using different
height have been added to
create a slope in order to
accommodate the Malaysia’s
climate.
The height of the concrete
foundation footings have been
increased to 80mm for better
stability.
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT3.0

8. 04CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS

9. Planning & design
Detailed drawings with accurate scaled
measurement is done using sketchup
software:
Foundation
Foundation footings are concrete casted
around the steel foundations.
Foundation
Ground beam is are screwed onto the
footing with a steel plate in between.
Assembling materials
Both RHS and SHS are cut to the
specific sizes required for the
superstructure of the bus stop.
Measuring
Measuring tape and ruler are used
to measure the length of the steel
needed to cut or modify.
.
Marking
White marker and welder’s chalk are
used to mark the points need to cut or
drill.
Drilling
Drills and driver bits of various
sizes are used to bore holes for
fastening RHS and SHS to form the
superstructure.
.
Connections
Both cordless screwdriver and hand
screwdriver are used to connect screws
and L-brackets to the steel structures.
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

10. Connections
Spanner is used for better grip to tighten
nuts and bolts connections.
Timber preparation
Timber are cut and assembled according
to the required measurements.
Timber preparation
The timbers are then sanded to
smoothen surface and strengthening the
edges by removing any rough edges.
Coating
A layer of shellac is coated on the
timber structures for extra
protection.
Connections
L-brackets are drilled into the timber
structure and tightened with nuts and
bolts.
Connections
Timber seating is screwed directly to the
steel framing with a screwdriver.
Roofing
Polycarbonate roof sheet is screwed onto
the roof structure after being spray painted
for the extra coating of protection.
Finishing and Beautification
Steel structures are spray painted for
aesthetic purpose as well as an extra
coating to protect the steel.
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16

11. POLYCARBONATE ROOF
Screw
ROOF RISER
L-Bracket
ROOF JOIST
L-Bracket
COLUMNS
L-Bracket, Nuts and bolts
TIMBER SEATING
Nuts and bolts
TIMBER DECKING
L-Bracket and Screws
FLOOR STRUCTURE FRAME
Welding and L-Brackets
PAD FOUNDATION -
Steel Bearing Plate, Nuts and bolts
05CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS

12. BASE STRUCTURE5.1
A B
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
BASE STRUCTURE A: JOIST
LENGTH: 1800 mm
WIDTH: 125 mm
THICKNESS: 60 mm
B, C: BEAM
LENGTH: B:1800 mm, C: 4000mm
WIDTH: 200 mm
THICKNESS: 100 mm
C
The base structure is made of RHS (rectangular hollow
section) for the beams and SHS (square hollow section) for the
joists. The joist is used to as horizontal structure member for
extra support for the timber decking and structural columns
MATERIALITY
JOIST BEAM

13. LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH: 60mm
THICKNESS: 6mm
BASE STRUCTURE5.1
CONNECTION
The beams and joist are connected through L-brackets and
screws. The structure is connected to the foundation through a
steel plate and screw and is then connected to the columns
through L-brackets and screws.
HEX HEAD BOLT
A: 11mm
B: 16mm
LENGTH: 20mm
HEAD: 70mm
A B
MATERIALITY
ANGLE BRACKET
RHS STRUCTURE
ANGLE BRACKET

14. PAD FOOTING
WIDTH & LENGTH: 500mm
HEIGHT: 600mm
ANCHOR BOLT WASHER
LENGTH: 600mm
WASHER DIAMETER: 30mm
NUT DIAMETER: 28mm
ANCHOR BOLT DIAMETER:
19mm
Anchor
Bolt
10mm
Bearing
Plate
Bearing plates are required to distribute the load
imposed by the beam above so that resultant unit
bearing pressure does not exceed allowable unit stress
for the supporting material.
CONCRETE PAD FOOTING DETAIL STEEL BEAM & FOUNDATION CONNECTION
FOUNDATION AND FOOTING5.2
STEEL RHS BEAM
STEEL SHS FLOOR JOIST
BEARING PLATE
CONCRETE PAD FOOTING
H
L W
MATERIALITY
D=Nut
D=AnchorBolt
L
D=Washer
BEARING PLATE
ANCHOR BOLT
WASHER
L, W
THICKNESS
BEARING PLATES
LENGTH & WIDTH: 200mm
DIAMETER: 28mm
CONNECTIONS

15. TIMBER DECKINGSKELETAL STRUCTURE5.3
DIMENSION OF
SKELETAL STRUCTURE

16. HEX HEAD SCREW
HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
TIMBER DECKINGSTEEL SKELETAL STRUCTURE5.3.1
MATERIALITY
SQUARE HOLLOW STEEL
(SHS)
W
H
W: 100 mm
H: 100 mm
ANGLE BRACKETHEX HEAD BOLT SCREW
DIAMETER: 11mm
HEAD : 16mm
LENGTH: 20mm
D H
LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH: 100mm x
130mm x 55mm
THICKNESS: 6mm
D H
L L
DIAMETER: 20mm
HEAD : 40mm
LENGTH: 200mm
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
STEEL STRUCTURE
RHS STRUCTURE
HEX HEAD
BOLT & NUT
ANGLE BRACKET
Skeletal structure of the bu stop is constructed by RHS (rectangular hollow
section) and SHS (square hollow section steel). The columns are connected to
the beam via hex head screw as well as hex head bolt and nuts. Hex head bolt
and nuts are used as it is convenient for maintenance works.

17. SHS STRUCTURE
TIMBER DECKINGK-BRACING STRUCTURE5.3.1
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
K-BRACING STRUCTURE
ANGLE BRACKET
T-PLATE
GUSSET PLATE B
MATERIALITY
K bracing is used for stabilizing the roof structure and distributing the
loads. The K-bracing utilizes three different joints to connect to the
main columns which include angle bracket, gusset plate and T-plate.
GUSSET PLATE B
L
W
T
LENGTH: 150mm
WIDTH : 100mm
THICKNESS: 15mm
ANGLE BRACKET
LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH:
130MM x 55mm x 55mm
THICKNESS: 15mm
GUSSET PLATE A
GUSSET PLATE A
W
L
T
LENGTH: 185mm
WIDTH : 100mm
THICKNESS: 15mm
T-PLATE
L
W
T
LENGTH: 150mm
WIDTH : 100mm
THICKNESS: 15mm
HEX HEAD BOLT SCREW
DIAMETER: 11mm
HEAD : 16mm
LENGTH: 20mm
D
H
L

18. TIMBER DECKINGTIMBER SKELETAL STRUCTURE5.3.1
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
TIMBER STRUCTURE
METAL PLATE
MATERIALITY
LENGTH:750mm WIDTH : 90mm
THICKNESS: 13mm X:135mm
L
W
T
HEX HEAD BOLT SCREW
DIAMETER: 11mm
HEAD : 16mm
LENGTH: 20mm
D H
L
TIMBER
(A) (B)
TIMBER A
LENGTH: 90mm
WIDTH: 90mm
TIMBER B
LENGTH: 50mm
WIDTH: 90mm
L L
W
A
A
A
B
B
Timber is screwed on
the metal plate
Metal plate with screw holes
Metal plate is
screwed on the beam
x x x x

19. TIMBER DECKINGTIMBER DECKING5.2.3
SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE:
TIMBER DECKING STRUCTURE
TIMBER DECK
STEEL JOIST
4000 mm
2000 mm
350 mm

20. MATERIALITY
CONNECTIONPERSPECTIVE VIEW:
TIMBER DECKING STRUCTURE
The timber planks are placed above the steels joints as a supplementary
support for users to step on. It is carefully measure by strips and placed
horizontally to fit the base structure. Self tapping screws are used to attach
the timber planks on to the steel joist of three points: left edge, middle, and
right edge. This is to secure the timber planks tightly to avoid any
detachment while in use.
TIMBER PLANKS
TYPE: Balau wood
LENGTH: 4000 mm
WIDTH: 2000 mm
THICKNESS: 15 mm
SELF TAPPING SCREWS
A: 10 mm
B: 5 mm
LENGTH: 50 mm
HEAD: 10 mm
BA
SELF TAPPING SCREW
STEEL BASE
TIMBER PLANKS
TIMBER DECKINGTIMBER DECKING5.2.3

21. MATERIALITY
CONNECTION
SEAT DECKING
TIMBER STRIPS
TYPE: Balau
LENGTH: 1600 (LFT), 1700 (RHT)
mm
WIDTH: 50 mm
THICKNESS: 30 mm
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
TIMBER SEATING STRUCTURE
A
A
The timber strips are placed perpendicular to the H columns by the side, this
timber strips serve to provide users comfortable backrest on the bench. The
timber strips are attached to the steel columns by using an L bracket and
self tapping screws to secure it tightly.
SELF
TAPPING
SCREW
STEEL
COLUMN
TIMBER
STRIPS
L BRACKET
LENGTH: 3400 mm
WIDTH: 390 mm
THICKNESS: 30 mm
5.2.4

22. MATERIALITY
CONNECTION
TIMBER STRIPS
TYPE: Balau
LENGTH: 3400 mm
WIDTH: 390 mm
THICKNESS: 30 mm
SELF TAPPING SCREWS
A: 10 mm
B: 5 mm
LENGTH: 50 mm
HEAD: 10 mm
BA
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
TIMBER SEATING STRUCTURE
B
B
The timber strips are placed parallel to the steel joist for a comfortable finish to
a bench. It is secured by using self tapping screw, attaching it to the 3 points:
left edge, middle, and right edge. This helps to secure the timber strip strongly
to the steel joist avoiding any detachment while in use.
SELF
TAPPING
SCREW
TIMBER
STRIPS
STEEL
STRUCTURE
SEAT DECKING5.2.4

23. MATERIALITY
EXPLODED ISOMETRIC VIEW:
ROOF STRUCTURE
ROOF STRUCTURE5.2.5
GLAZING BARS
TYPE: Aluminium
LENGTH: 2250 mm
WIDTH: 58 mm
THICKNESS: 15 mm
TIMBER RISERS
TYPE: Balau
LENGTH: 4000 mm
WIDTH: 60 mm
THICKNESS: Varies
STEEL STRUCTURE
TYPE: Steel
LENGTH: 4000 mm
WIDTH: 1900 mm
THICKNESS: 200 mm
GREY POLYCARBONATE
TYPE: Solid
LENGTH: 4200 mm
WIDTH: 2250 mm
THICKNESS: 25 mm

24. ROOF PLAN
SELF TAPPING SCREWS
A: 10 mm
B: 5 mm
LENGTH: 50 mm
HEAD: 10 mm
BA
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
ROOF STRUCTURE
ROOF STRUCTURE5.2.5
CONNECTION
Polycarbonate is placed above the steel structure to protect occupants from
any climatic changes. It is tilted according to the height of the risers for
drainage of water and easy maintenances. Above the polycarbonate lies 4
aluminium glazing bars that helps attach the polycarbonate securely to the
risers, self tapping screws are again used to ensure the attachment process.
4200 mm
2250 mm
POLYCARBONATE
STEEL STRUCTURE
SELF TAPPING SCREWS
GLAZING BAR
LENGTH OF GLAZING BAR:

25. PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
ROOF STRUCTURE
ROOF STRUCTURE5.2.5
ROOF STRUCTURE
STEEL STRUCTURE
SELF TAPPING SCREWS
L-BRACKET
CONNECTION
The roof structure frame and ceiling joist are used to support the polycarbonate
roof and stabilise the whole structure. The roof frame uses RHS (rectangular
hollow section) and is connected through L-bracket with self tapping screws.
The roof structure is then connected to the columns through L-brackets and
screws.
L-BRACKET

26. ROOF RISER
A: 25mm
B: 41mm
C: 58mm
D: 74mm
ROOF STRUCTURE5.2.5
PERSPECTIVE VIEW:
ROOF STRUCTURE
BA C D
LENGTH : 4000 mm
WIDTH : 30 mm
HEIGHT :
CONNECTION
Roof riser is placed above the roof structure to create a slope for the the
polycarbonate roof. The roof is tilted in order to accommodate the Malaysia’s
tropical climate as well as to simplify maintenance works. The riser connects the
polycarbonate roof to the steel structure with the help of self tapping screw.

27. 06DESIGN ANALYSIS

28. HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES VERTICAL STRUCTURES
Horizontal structures are designed to
support loads that act vertically on them.
Vertical structures are mainly designed to
support compression forces from the
horizontal beams.
RHS Roof Beam
RHS Roof Joist
RHS Bracing
RHS Beam
RHS Floor Beam
RHS Floor Joist
Timber Columns
RHS Columns
HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL STRUCTURES6.0

29. 2°
RAIN
The bus stop is designed to suit
Malaysia’s tropical climate by tilting to
roof backwards at a 2° angle to
ensure the efficiency of rainwater
drainage and protect the users from
rain.
VENTILATION
The skeletal structure of the bus
stop maximises natural ventilation
and allows smooth air flow in and
out of the bus stop, providing
thermal comfort to the users.
SUNLIGHT
Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic
polymer that is resistant to extreme
temperature. It also allows sunlight to
penetrate through the structure but
blocks out UV rays. This allows diffused
sunlight to penetrate into the interior of
the bus stop
CORROSION
Anti-corrosion painting treatments
are applied on the steel to prevent
corrosion. The coating acts as a
barrier that prevent the contact
between corrosive chemical
compounds with the structure.
NON-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS6.1

30. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS6.2
PLAN VIEW OF STEEL BASE FRAME AXONOMETRIC: DIRECTION OF LOAD
6.2.1 FLOOR SYSTEM : TWO WAY SYSTEM
In the two way floor system, the timber decking is supported on all four sides of the slab. The main reinforcement of the slab is provided by both direction of the
two way floor system. The ratio of the longer span to shorter span is equal/less than 2.
lx =
ly=
4000
2000
2
lx
ly
=
Formula:

31. LEFT ELEVATION RIGHT ELEVATION
6.2.2 STATIC LOAD (DEAD LOAD)
Dead load is the weight of the permanent structures of the bus stop,
such as the roof structure acting on the structure. The force acting on
the structure is constant, and is transferred to the vertical columns and
k-bracing, then to the floor and foundatIon of the bus stop.
6.2.3 IMPOSED LOAD (LIVE LOAD)
Live loads are acted by non-permanent objects such as human and
precipitation on the roof. The intensity of the force acting on the bus
stop depends on the number and weight of an object.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS6.2

32. 6.2.4 WIND LOAD
The load bearing columns and k-bracing, together with the foundation
firmly anchors the bus stop to the ground to prevent lateral load.
The skeletal structure of the bus stop allows wind to flow through it freely to
prevent the occurence of shear load.
The low pitch polycarbonate roof prevents uplift load.
Shear Load
Shear Load
Lateral Load
K-bracing
Timber Column
Concrete Pad Footing
Steel Base Frame
2°
Uplift Low Pitch
Polycarbonate
Roof
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS6.2

33. 07MATERIALITY

34. SUSTAINABILITY
Polycarbonate sheet has lower carbon
emissions than other materials which is
environmentally friendly.
TIMBER
Timber decking is used for the floors as
well as the seating areas and part of the
column. Timber is used due to its strength,
durability and biodegradable feature
making it suitable for temporary structures.
It has a long-life span that can withstand
various climatic temperature which is
appropriate in Malaysia’s tropical climate.
STEEL STRUCTURE
Steel is one of the main material
component used for building structure.
It is used as the main beams and
columns because it can withstand
extreme forces and harsh weather
conditions. It is very strong and highly
durable due to it’s resistant to rusting
and are not affected by termites and
insects like timber.
POLYCARBONATE ROOFING
The roof is made out of a solid
polycarbonate sheet, it is a lightweight
material that can withstand force and are
unbreakable due to its high tensile strength.
Polycarbonate sheets are resistant to heat
and rain, which enables them to have a long
life span. In Malaysia’s harsh climate, the
material doesn’t cause any discolouration
and can provide protection and comfort by
blocking UV rays.
SUSTAINABILITY
Timber is an environmentally friendly
material as it a naturally renewable
material as well as it embodies low energy
during processing and production.
SUSTAINABILITY
Steel is a material that is recyclable
without the loss it’s properties. It is a
good investment because steel can
be used multiple times with a
consistent level of quality.

35. SUSTAINABILITY
Concrete’s sustainability to the environment
appears from the start of production to the
stages of demolition. It’s long lasting feature
and its capability to be recycled and reused
for other purposes allows the material to be
used conventionally.
CONCRETE FOUNDATION
6 concrete pad foundations are being used to
carry and spread the loads to the ground
from the superstructure. Concrete is used
due to its high durability and strength to
sustain heavy loads.
Concrete also allows the flexibility of size and
design to be casted based on the force and
load it carries.
JOINTS
The joints that are used for this model
are all steel brackets and plates to
connect different components
together. Steel joints are used
because it is known to withstand
forces and is strong.
ALUMINIUM GLAZING BARS
Aluminium glazing bars are used to secure
the polycarbonate roofing in place.
Aluminium is used dues to its lightweight
material that can be easily transported and
its resistant to corrosion.
SUSTAINABILITY
Aluminium can be recycled without losing
it’s inherent properties. Through the
process of recycling, it uses only 5% of the
original energy input whilst avoiding
emitting greenhouse gases.
SUSTAINABILITY
Steel is a material that is recyclable
without the loss it’s properties. It is a
good investment because steel can
be used multiple times with a
consistent level of quality.

36. 08LOAD TEST

37. Test 1 : 3 kg
Results : Successfully withstand the load
Test 3 : 9 kg
Results : Successfully withstand the load
Test 2 : 6 kg
Results : Successfully withstand the load
Test 4 : 15 kg
Results : Successfully withstand the load
Loads of different weight were added on the bus stop to test its ability to carry weight.
Through observation, the structure remain upright and stable while forces are acted and applied on it.
LOAD TEST8.0

38. 09ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWINGS

39. FLOOR PLAN
SCALE 1:20
ROOF PLAN
SCALE 1:20

40. LEFT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:20
FRONT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:20

41. BACK ELEVATION
SCALE 1:20
RIGHT ELEVATION
SCALE 1:20

42. 10CONCLUSION
The bus stop is built to accommodate 4 to 8 users, with considerations of safety, weather, comfort level and sustainability aspects.
The structure is mostly built with RHS (rectangular hollow structural section) and SHS (square hollow structural section). Timber is also used for seating, floor
decking as well as structural support column.
In order to meet the requirements to ensure the buildability of the bus stop, designs are improvised and finalized after researching and understanding the building
constructions through tutorials and lectures.
Loads of all types are also taken into consideration in order to ensure the structure is able to withstand forces.
In a nutshell, all joints and structures plays important part to ensure the efficiency in terms of stability and strength.

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