1. AZEERAH MUBARAKH ALI 0328906 GAVIN TIO KANG HUI 0333373 NG ZIEN LOON 0328565 LOI CHI WUN 0328652 PRISCILLA HUONG YUNN 0332599
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II BLD 60703
OCTOBER 2018 REPORT
SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER
4. Skeletal construction distributes lateral force to
columns or walls through beams and transfers it
vertically down to the foundation and then to the
supporting soil beneath it.
01.1 /
SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
In a group of 5 and in the scale of
1:5, we are to construct a
temporary bus shelter which can
accomodate 5-6 people with a
maximum height of 600mm and a
maximum base of 400mm x
800mm. The bus shelter
demonstrates an understanding of
the issues of strength, stiffness
and stability of structures including
modes of structural system, forces,
stress and strain and laws of
static. It will be tested on its ability
to take load applied in a specified
duration.
6. 02.1 /
CLIMATE CONSIDERATIONS
02.2 /
USER-FRIENDLY CONSIDERATIONS
MAINTENANCE
The shelter can be maintained easily
with use of timber joints as they can
provide ease in removing and
assembling parts for replacement.
RESISTANCE TO WEATHER
The openings and sliding panels
reduces lateral wind forces, along with
the ribbed metal roof directs water
evenly.
“COOL” ROOF DESIGN
The natural metallic finish of the roof, is made cool by
painting a reflective coating on the metal roof. It can
increase its solar reflectance and thermal emittance,
allowing it to achieve cool roof status.
COMFORTABILITY
The bus shelter is naturally ventilated
for cooling. There is space for users to
stand in order to accommodate more
people in the bus shelter.
VISIBILITY & SAFETY
The use of polycarbonate allows the coach operator to
see inside of bus shelter and vise-versa. It is also a
crime prevention as the public and user are not
secluded thus allowing complete visual and
surveillance on the bus shelter.
7. CONCRETE FOUNDATION
Concrete properties have high
compressive strength thus
making it most suitable as the
foundation.
TIMBER STRUCTURES
The custom-made structure is
remarkably strong and durable
although it is lightweight form
of construction.
METAL ROOF
Metal roofs can sustain wind
gusts up to 140 miles per
hour, will not corrode or crack,
and may be impact-resistant.
POLYCARBONATE
Polycarbonate is high-impact
resistant, thus making it
durable,, shatterproof, and
energy efficient
02.3 /
MATERIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Image 1 Image 3
Image 2 Image 4 Polycarbonate
9. 3. EXTENDED ROOF STRUCTURE
Roof is cantilevered at both sides with
different pitch to create Saltbox Roof which is
suitable for tropical climate.
1. CUBOID & PRISM
Cuboid as the base provides better stability.
Prism with pitch on top weighs down the
pressure to the bottom. Wide base strengthen
the structure and able to accomodate more
user.
2. WOOD SKELETAL FRAMING SYSTEM
Wood framing system (post, beam and joints)
is used as the skeletal structure of the bus
shelter.
03.1 /
DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
4 SLIDING PANEL & LOUVERS
Louvers filter direct sunlight while allowing
sufficient natural light and ventilation to the
shelter. Sliding panels with polycarbonate
control internal ventilation, protect user from
rain, and allow visual permeability at the same
time.
5. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATION
Reinforced concrete foundation are added to
anchor the bus shelter. Therefore, structure will
be able to withstand higher load and have
higher compressive strength.
16. 05.1 /
PRE-CONSTRUCTION
1. Digital scaled model of bus shelter is
made in SketchUp software
2. Dimensions are exported and listed to
mark on the wood and customize
different components of the shelter.
3. Woods needed for construction are
prepared and cut according to the
markings.
05.2 /
FOUNDATION
4. Wooden blocks are connected to
ground beam as the pad footing for the
bus shelter.
5. The wooden foundation is being spray
painted to represent reinforced concrete
pad footing foundation.
17. 05.3 /
FLOOR
6. Floor joist is attached to the bottom
plate with 60mm spacing which
represent 300mm in real scale.
7. Timber decking is screwed to the floor
joist in perpendicular direction.
05.4 /
COLUMNS
8. Half lap with tenon joint is used to
connect bottom plate to the column.
18. 05.5 /
SLIDING PANEL
05.6 /
SEATING
12. Support for the seating are attached
to the column and the decking.
9. Frame for sliding panel is fit between
columns and beam.
10. Polycarbonates are inserted into the
sliding sash and fixed sash as glazing.
11. Sliding sash is fixed into the frame.
13. Seat decking is nailed to the support.
19. 05.7 /
LOUVERS
05.8 /
ROOF
15. Roof beam and top plate are
attached to column using half lap joint.
14. Timber planks are nailed to the
columns with spacing to act as louvers.
16. King post are used to support the
ridge board, a column is placed beneath
the king post to transfer the load down
to the foundation.
17. Rafters are laid accordingly using
birdsmouth joint to create pitch for the
roof.
20. 05.8 /
ROOF
05.9 /
FINISHES
20. Sand paper is used to smoothen the
rough surfaces.
18. Strut are connected to king post and
rafter in include directory to prevent
sagging of rafters.
21. Varnish is painted and aerosol clear
coat is sprayed over the shelter to
enhance waterproofing feature of the
shelter.
19. Purlin are laid perpendicularly to the
rafter for the attachment of metal
decking.
22. CONCRETE PAD FOOTING
The bus shelter consists of six concrete pad footings. They are
used to support the ground beam. They take concentrated loads
from a single point load such as the structural columns which are
vertically above them and then spreads to the bearing strata of
soil underneath. Since the bus shelter is made up of post and
beam structure, pad footing is the most economic and ideal
option for the skeletal structure.
CONCRETE GROUND BEAM
It is a rectangular structure that is connected to the pad footings
through rebar. It is used to anchor each of the concrete pad
footings below in their respective position as well as providing a
stronger base structure for the timber floor frame .
Height : 250mm
Length : 450mm
Width : 450mm
Length : 3800mm
Width : 1800mm
Figure 6.1.3.
Head Diameter : 22mm
Body Diameter : 12mm
Body Length : 50mm
Thickness : 10mm
Length : 150mm
Width : 20mm
Figure 6.1.1.
Figure 6.1.2.
REBAR
Rebar is made up of high tensile steel bars of 6mm diameter.
Steel bars from pad footings are extended into the concrete
ground beam to reinforce the connection between them.
Concrete
Pad
Footing
Concrete
Ground
Beam
Timber
Base
Frame
Galvanised
U-bracket
Galvanised
Screw
1325mm
Figure 6.1.4.
Figure 6.1.5.
Figure 6.1.6. Figure 6.1.7.
06.1 /
FOUNDATION
23. Height : 150mm
Length : 3400mm
Width : 50mm
SKELETAL TIMBER BASE FRAME
Four main timber beams and five floor joists are connected together forming the
base frame of bus shelter. It serves as a primary supporting structure with the aid
of columns to the other components of the bus shelter such as wall panels, roof
structure, seats, etc. Weight of the seat and living load is transferred to the ground
beams through the floor joists and eventually to the six concrete pad footings.
Height : 150mm
Width : 150mm
Length : 3700mm
& 1700mm
TIMBER FLOOR BEAM
It acts as the main
connection between
columns and concrete
frame and the
horizontal support that
holds the floor joists.
TIMBER FLOOR JOIST
Five timber floor joists
are arranged at 250mm
interval. They are to
distribute load evenly
throughout the entire
skeletal base frame
system.
Thickness : 10mm
Length : 100mm
Width : 75mm
06.2 /
TIMBER BASE FRAME
Figure 6.2.1. Figure 6.2.2. Figure 6.2.3.
Figure 6.2.4. Figure 6.2.5. Figure 6.2.6.
Galvanised
Joist
Hanger
Galvanised
Screw
Figure 6.2.7.
24. TIMBER DECKING PLAN (Hide few
decking to show structure below)
1. To label separation
dimension
2. To show materiality (zoom
in then show merbau
decking material)
06.3 /
TIMBER FLOOR DECKING
TIMBER FLOOR DECKING
The timber planks are placed over the timber floor joists perpendicularly to ensure
even distribution of forces exerted on it. Being the complement to the skeletal base
frame, it provides additional strength to support the mobile living loads.
Figure 6.3.1.
Figure 6.3.3.
Length : 1700 mm
Width : 140 mm
Thickness : 20 mm
MERBAU WOOD
Being the uppermost layer of the skeletal base structure, it
would undergo significant abrasion compared to other layers.
Merbau wood is chosen as the material for timber decking. It is
known for its low rate of expansion and shrinkage and hence
being rated as first class for ground-use timber. Also, due to the
fact that timber decking would be exposed to sunlight, merbau
wood is able to retain its colour much longer than any other
types of wood.
Concrete
Pad
Footing
Concrete
Ground
Beam
Timber
Base
Frame
Merbau
Decking
Galvanised
Screw
Twenty-one pieces of
rectangular timber
decking are arranged
accordingly with a
gap of 25mm in
between. It is to
enhance the bus
shelter sustainability
by taking into
account the thermal
expansion and
contraction of each
timber decking. They
are attached to the
base frame by
screwing them at
three points for each
decking : both edges
on the floor beams
and on the middle
floor joist and hence
resulting in a firm
attachment.
Figure 6.3.4.
Figure 6.3.2.
25. Load from the
columns is
transferred to the pad
footing below. The
load is then spread
out by pad footing
into the ground. Line
of action of the
weight of the
columns coincide
with the centre of
gravity of pad
footings, which
hence results in the
absence of net
moment along it.
TENON JOINT
Columns are joined to the timber ground
beams with tenon joint. A tenon joint is made
by slotting a small protruding part of a timber
into a fitting aperture without any aid of bolt or
screw. Bolted or screwed joints would apply
pressure over a small area which tends to
weaken the structure.
Height : 150mm
Width : 150mm
Length : 1750mm
& 2050mm
06.4 /
TIMBER COLUMNS
TIMBER COLUMN
Timber column is the vertical structure member of the bus shelter to
transmit compressive load of the roof and lateral forces of ceiling beams
and ground beams down to the foundation
Weight from
ceiling
structure itself
Forces exerted
by wind from
all direction
Figure 6.4.1.
Figure 6.4.2.
Figure 6.4.3.
Figure 6.4.4.
Figure 6.4.5. Line of action of the weight of column
26. ROOF STRUCTURE
The roof structure of the bus shelter is designed to be light, practical and
functional. It is a low slope roof which is tilted at two different angle entirely
supported by five columns whereby two of them are longer than the other three.
RAFTER
Rafter is used to support the roof
associated loads. It is the only
slating structural component of
the roof structure. Each of the
rafters is extended from the
ridge to the roof beam. By sitting
on the roof beam, the rafter
demonstrates an efficient mean
of spreading the load exerted by
roof structure down through the
wall without creating pressure
points where each rafter meets
the wall
Dimension of the rafter
is relatively smaller
compared to the roof
beam so that the overall
roof structure is lighter
in weight.
Considering the bus shelter as a light skeletal timber construction,, rafters
are connected to the roof beam with birdsmouth joint. Angles on both sides
are carefully calculated with hypotenuse theorem and appropriate
indentation is made on the rafter while maintaining its structural integrity.
TOE-NAILING
Toe-nailing
method is
used to fasten
the joint
whereby
timber is fixed
together by
slanted
application.
06.5 /
TIMBER ROOF FRAME
Thickness : 100mm
Width : 50mm
Length : 1500mm
& 1050mm
Figure 6.5.1.
Figure 6.5.3. Figure 6.5.4.
Figure 6.5.2.
Metal Corrugated
Roofing Sheet
Purlins
Ridge
Rafter
Roof Beam
King Post
Roof Strut
27. KING POST
The combination of rafter, purlin, king post, ceiling beam
and strut forms a king post roof truss. King post receive
load from the ridge at the end of the rafter which prevents
the wall from spreading out due to thrust. It acts as a
central vertical post for the roof structure, working in
tension to support the roof beam below from a truss
above.
06.5 /
TIMBER ROOF FRAME
Thickness : 50mm
Width : 50mm
Length : 390mm &
725mm
Thickness : 100mm
Width : 100mm
Length : 547mm
ROOF BEAM
The roof beam provides lateral support to the columns
and acts as the base for the roof structure. It holds all
the five columns in their respective position
T-HALVING JOINT
T-halving joint is chosen to connect the roof beam and
column. Both opposing forces from adjacent beams
which are angled at 90° are being eased off. Hence, there
is no net moment about the column.
Thickness : 150mm
Width : 50mm
Length : 3700mm
& 1700mm
Figure 6.5.4.
ROOF STRUT
The roof strut is an integral part of load bearing for roof
structure, designed to resist longitudinal compression.
Load from purlins and rafters are transferred to the ceiling
beam at an angle of 45 degree.
Figure 6.5.6. Component of King Post Roof Truss
Figure 6.5.2. Figure 6.5.3.Figure 6.5.1.
45°30°
Figure 6.5.5.
Roof Beam
Strut
King Post
Column
Ridge
Purlin
28. RIDGE
The ridge is the horizontal beam at the apex of the
roof. It ensures high ends of all the rafters meet in a
straight line and stay static. It is an add-on to the
overall lateral stability.
PURLIN
Purlin acts as the secondary structural support to the
roof structure. Being supported by the rafters below,
purlins allow the bus shelter to span wider in the
direction parallel to them.
NOTCH JOINT
Notch joint is used to connect purlins to the rafters. Equal
amount of material is removed from both to create
identical groove. The resulting thickness of the joint is
same as that of the thicker component, the rafter. As such,
both components are prevented from moving without
materially weakening them.
METAL CORRUGATED ROOFING SHEET
The metal sheet spans between the purlins and is
used as a diaphragm to transfer wind and seismic
loads to the lateral structural frame below. Besides
being noted for its longevity, it consists of high
percentage of recycled material and 100% recyclable.
06.5 /
TIMBER ROOF FRAME
Thickness : 100mm
Width : 197mm
Length : 3700mm
Thickness : 50mm
Width : 50mm
Length : 4000mm
Figure 6.5.2. Purlin Figure 6.5.5. Notch Joint connecting purlins to rafters
Figure 6.5.1. Ridge
Figure 6.5.3. Metal Corrugated Roofing Sheet
Figure 6.5.4. Connection of corrugated metal roofing
sheet to timber roof frame
Galvanised
Screw
Thickness : 2mm
Length : 4000mm
Width : 1570mm
&1180mm
Ridge
Cover
29. POLYCARBONATE
Polycarbonate is a lightweight thermoplastic material that is
lightweight and durable. It shades the users from Ultraviolet
Radiation (UV) and also allows visual permeability from the
interior.
Due to Malaysia tropical
climate of frequent
rainfall and exposure to
sunlight, silicon sealant
is chosen as the
adhesive to connect
polycarbonate to the
timber frame. It has
strong binding
properties and is highly
resistant to weathering.
06.6 /
SLIDING PANEL & SEATING
Thickness : 5mm
Width : 300mm
Length : 1550mm
Polycarbonate
Silicon
SEATING
Timber decking of the seating is arranged with a gap in
between to provide adequate ventilation below .
Thickness : 20mm
Width : 100mm
Length : 3400mm
Figure 6.6.2. Components of Sliding Panel Figure 6.6.4. Sliding Panel Section Figure 6.6.6. Seating Timber
Plank
Figure 6.6.5. Seating
Figure 6.6.1. Sliding Timber Panel Figure 6.6.3. Polycarbonate
SLIDING TIMBER PANEL
Timber stud wall system is incorporated into the design of
the sliding panel. Stud wall is non load-bearing and is used
to hold the sliding panel and polycarbonate .
Sliding
Panel
Head
Sill
SLiding
Sash
Jamb
Galvanised
Screw
Timber
Plank
Support
Fixed Sash
31. 07.1 /
NON-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
RAIN
Bus shelter designed to
provide protection from
rainfall. Application of saltbox
roof allows efficient flow of
rainwater from both sides of
slope. Roof panel is tilted 45°
on the back side and 20° on
the front, a higher degree to
emphasize the entrance of the
bus stop . Sliding door also
provides extra protection to
users from rain splashes from
the sides of bus shelter.
VENTILATION
Natural ventilation is allowed
through the permeable wall of
louvres on the back elevation
of the bus shelter .Sliding door
also provides extra ventilation
when opened .Air flow is
maximized, creating a highly
ventilated space, thus
providing maximum thermal
comfort towards the users.
HUMIDITY
Varnish coating was applied
to all timber parts of the
structure. Its water resistance
property allows the timber to
retain from splitting and
cracking due to the humidity
of the climate. The maximum
air ventilation also reduces
humidity level, thus enhancing
the comfort of the users.
SUNLIGHT
Roof of bus shelter is built of
metal very strong and resilient
corrugated metal which can
withstand extreme
temperatures. Metal reflects
radiant heat from the sun,
minimizing midday heat gain.
Polycarbonate on sliding door is
able to reduce heat build up
during hot days as well as
having uv protection properties,
this increasing thermal comfort
of the bus shelter.
32. Load is distributed throughout the bus shelter, it is supported by beams and
columns in one direction. Uniform distribution of concentrated load is directed upon
each pad footing.
FLOOR SYSTEM : ONE-WAY SYSTEM
Figure 7.2.1.
07.2 /
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Formula : 3700
1700
> 2
Figure 7.2.2.
33. IMPOSED LOAD/ LIVE LOAD
Live load is the load carried by the secondary structural elements which will
be transferred the primary structural elements.This includes non-permanent
and temporary loads such as humans, animals and rain .
STATIC LOAD/ DEAD LOAD
Dead load refers to the weight of the permanent structural elements of the
bus shelter. Force acting upon the structure is constant. It is transferred
from the roof to the vertical columns , to the floor slab and to the
foundation.
07.2 /
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Figure 7.2.3. Figure 7.2.4.
34. WIND LOAD
Wind load refers to the force of the wind that acts on the bus shelter. The
permeable wall of louvres (gaps between louvres) is designed to allow wind
to pass through in and out of the structure.This allows the resistance to the
strong wind and lateral forces to be increased, decreasing the chances of
shear load
PERMEABLE WALL
The opening between the louvres of the wall encourages wind flow through the bus
shelter. This allows the prevention of wind load trapped inside the bus shelter , in
addition to promoting ventilation.
07.2 /
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Figure 7.2.5.
Figure 7.2.6.
35. HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES VERTICAL STRUCTURES
RIDGE
ROOF BEAM
FLOOR BEAM
KING POST
STRUT
COLUMN
COLUMN
SKELETAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
The main construction elements in timber skeleton frame construction consist
of vertical supports such as columns and horizontal beams. This supporting
structure has developed from timber frame construction methods.
07.2 /
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
ROOF BEAM
FLOOR BEAM
Figure 7.2.7.
Figure 7.2.8.
37. 08.1 /
LOAD TEST
ROOF
2 books were placed on top of the roof to test
the live loads acting upon the roof such as
rain.
Total Load: 6 kg
Test Result :Successfully withstand the load
FLOOR DECKING
3 books were placed on the timber floor
decking to test the live loads imposed on the
timber decking such as weight of users .
Total Load : 9kg
Test Result : Successfully withstand the load
BENCH
2 books were placed on bench to test the live
loads imposed by the users that sit on the
bench.
Total Load : 6kg
Test Result : Successfully withstand the load
39. 09.1 /
CONCLUSION
Through this project, we were
able to gain a better
understanding of the means to
design a bus shelter structure
while implying construction
knowledge that we have learnt
in class. Our bus shelter was
designed with the combinations
of cuboid and prism form to
promote stability of the
structure.
Several considerations were taken to ensure the durability, buildability of
structure as well as the safety and comfort of the users. Designs were adapted
to suit the climatic factors of our country. Also, since the structures of our bus
shelter are built of timber, we have learnt the importance of joints to ensure the
efficiency of our bus shelter in terms of stability and strength.
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6. Energy Saver. (n.d.). Cool Roofs. Retrieved from Energy.gov: https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/energy-efficient-home-design/cool-roofs
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10 /
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