Building Technology Design Solution

1. Building Technology I (BLD 61403 / ARC3514 / ARC3512)
Assignment II Construction Solutions
Chee Jia Xin 0327392
Ar. Edwin Chan Yean Liong

2. CONTENT
01 introduction
02 precedent study
03 alternative facade
04 sectional perspective
05 references
2.1 structure // steel frame system // Spring house
2.2 floor system // composite floor slab system // Spring house
2.3 roof system // steel truss with deep overhang // Deep3
courtyard
2.4 facade system // timber clad facade // K8 Apartment
2.5 facade system // GRP facade // Naked house
3.1 facade 1 // timber louvers
3.2 facade 2 // GRP sheet
page 3
page 8
page 24
page 29
page 34

3. introduction

4. SITE B SITE A
site plan // south klang
4

5. SITE B
JALAN STESEN 1 // KLANG
Jalan Stesen 1, known for its rich
heritage, diverse businesses and
mutli racial community, have
become a place to be remem-
bered and appreciated. Although
the town is seemingly degrading
from having low maintance or im-
migration of young workers, it is
still surviving due to the strong
sense of local community.
A learning centre for all will be
designed within an urban infill site
which located in Jalan Stesen 1.
5

6. street elevation // jalan stesen 1
6

7. The Building
Learning Center For All
The intention of the LCA is to provide a place that
inspired the self-confidence of children (1-12y/o)
through the exploration of the learning center. Every
children have their own specific needs and ability,
so this center will look into the scale appropraite of
the children. So, that it will phychologically to make the
children feels belonged and comfortable.
A complex of learning center that divided into 3 part:
the core, the library and the mini house. By dividing
them into pieces, it make convinience to the user as
they can go to their designated destination as fast as
their can.
A simple facade will more be concern in this learning
center as I would like to introduce a simple facade into
this building because I want to reflect the most naive
characteristic of the children in this building. Besides, a
very ascetic and platonic architecture would like to
remind them to have seld-discipline among their life.
People attract by other people. By adding timber
louvers / GRP glass sheet, they allow varies degrees
of transparency that give subtle hints about inside.
This tent to attract the curisotiy of pedestrian on what
is happening in the building. Furthermore, the deep
overhang roof will be seen as a sign of home.
7

8. precedent
study

9. Structural system
Steel frame system
Spring House / W L A
The spring house is located in Guiren
Tainan, and surrounded by farms, Taiwan
traditional house with courtyard, high
way and high-speed rail. The design com-
bines the client’s unique personal living
space and the temporary living space for
her special friends. Combining the steel,
bricks, concrete and metal plates to
form the framework of traditional archi-
tecture and spatial order as a starting
point to reinterpret modern residential
construction. Echo the surrounding envi-
ronment, with an open attitude in the face
near the neighbor’s courtyard and house,
defensive posture to face the high-speed
road and rail. Using rainwater recycling
and solar power and other systems to
enhance the sustainability of the building.
9

10. the structure
Fast to build at site, as the majority of work can be
pre-fabricated at the factory
Steel structure are flexible and good at resisting wind
and earthquake forces
Strong and durable, and does not wrap or expand
unlike traditional wood framing
A wide range of pre-made structural sections are
available and they are suitable to clad with any material
Able to span long distances
Has a variety of joining methods including bolting,
welding and riveting.
advantage of steel structure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
disadvantage of steel
structure
Lose strength at high temperature and susceptible to
fire so coating are required
Prone to corrosion in tropical and humid environ-
ments.
Increment of skilled labour
1.
2.
3.
materials
Steel construction has an immense strength which is
an advantage to buildings. It can bend without crack-
ing and can flex when wind or earthquake forces
acting on it. Various connection joints are concurrently
used throughout the steel system to further strengthen
the connections between structural members and the
masonry walls.
Follow the example of Taiwan’s traditional architec-
ture that combined with wood structure and
load-bearing brick structure and combine them
into a modern steel structure with brick.
To highlight the characteristics of the material:
a. above the second floor, we lower and mosaic all
the structural floors into the steel frame, the
effect of this approach is that the exterior can be a
complete presentation of pure "structure" without
deliberately decoration, interior floor also rendered
the existence of steel beams and form geometric
patterns with wooden floors, it becomes a import-
ant feature of the second floor and 3rd floor.
b. There is a secondary structure formed by
square shape steel pipes and with some sealing
details in the steel construction system, bricks can
be integrated with these structures and mosaicked
in the frame, to achieve reasonable mechanical
continuity of structure system, and in the same time
to achieve that the heavy material such as bricks
could have a dramatic sense of lightness.
c. Metal plates are deliberately mosaicked between
the steel frames, so the main steel structure
exposed on the facade, the smooth texture of
metal plates and the rugged texture of bricks have
an interesting dialog between interior and exteri-
or.
d. There are almost no decorating material cov-
ered on the structure indoor, even the ceiling is
omitted, so that the entire circulation pipelines are
exposed and must share the responsibility of the
visual aesthetic of interior with the structure, while
at the same time this approach makes a great
10

11. sectional details of the spring house
construction process
application in design scheme
1.
2.
Steel frame construction allow larger structural spans
and efficient when laid out along a regular grid.
The combination of brick structure and modern steel create a sense
unique local architectural style. This provoke the sense of locailty with the
neighbouring shoplots which are of solid masses as well.
After the concrete foundation has set up, steel base plates are anchored and attached to
the foundation with four anchoring bolts. The plates are levelled on a bed of non-shrinking
grout.
The steel columns are lowered and welded to these base plates. The plates are used to
transfer concentrated load from the columns to the ground
Primary ground floor beams are connected to the columns via fin plates. The plates are
welded with the column and bolted to the web of the beams.
Secondary floor beams are connected to the primary beams through a similar method.
The ground flooring is prepared through composite decking. The composite process is
done by welding sheer studs through the steel decking to the supporting steel beam below.
Infill brick walls are then placed.
For the upper floors, more columns are erected and connected though splices. The splices
provide strength and stiffness to both the columns. The splices are bolted to both the col-
umns.
The process is repeated for the flooring system.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
connection
connection of column to foundation connection of beam to beam connection of column to column
mutli-layer metal wall panel
fire resistance coating
reinforced brick
masonry wall
reinforced brick
masonry wall
reinforced concrete
steel column
steel beam
composite steel flooring
concrete foundation
11

12. Floor system
composite flooring
Spring House / W L A
The spring house is located in Guiren
Tainan, and surrounded by farms, Taiwan
traditional house with courtyard, high
way and high-speed rail. The design com-
bines the client’s unique personal living
space and the temporary living space for
her special friends. Combining the steel,
bricks, concrete and metal plates to
form the framework of traditional archi-
tecture and spatial order as a starting
point to reinterpret modern residential
construction. Echo the surrounding envi-
ronment, with an open attitude in the face
near the neighbor’s courtyard and house,
defensive posture to face the high-speed
road and rail. Using rainwater recycling
and solar power and other systems to
enhance the sustainability of the building.
12

13. the floor
Speed and ease of construction
It has reduced structural steel frame cost
The weight of the structural steel frame may be
decreased which may reduce foundation costs.
Shallower beams may be used which might reduce
building height or increase the headroom of the
buildings
Composite slab can cover for large space without the
need of any intermediate columns.
Encased steel beam have higher resistance to fire
and corrosion.
advantage of composite
flooring
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
disadvantage of composite
flooring
Expands and contacts at different rates than material
needed to be used for structure/frame
If damaged or faded the material must be replaced
It is very temperature sensitive and expands and
contracts with temperature change
Installation of shear connectors is another operation
to be included in the hall 6 schedule
A concrete flatwork contractor who has experience
with elevated composite slabs should be secured for
the job
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
the element
1. Composite Slab
Composite slabs, comprising lightly reinforced con-
crete cast on profiled steel decking, are an option
whether the beams are down stand or integrated within
the slab depth for a shallow floor form of construction.
The slabs are normally reinforces using an upper layer
of mesh. Fiber reinforcement may also be used. Spans
of up to 4.5m can be achieved using trapezoidal deck-
ing (80mm deep). Some so-called deep decking
profiles also exists (over 200mm deep), that can span
6m or so without propping during construction.
2. Composite floor systems
In the final state the ribs in the decking serve as void
formers in the slab, thereby reducing the weight of floor
construction with the knock-on benefits this can have.
It is also possible to suspend services from the soffit of
a composite slab, using anchors that are designed to
slot into the decking profile.
A number of methods can be used for controlling the
concrete level during construction. Basically, the con-
crete depth may be kept constant, or the upper surface
may be kept level. Depending which of these is chosen
the weight of concrete will vary, so it is important that
the designer communicates clearly with the site team.
The basic concept of composite beam lies in the
fact that the concrete is stronger in compression
than steel which is susceptible to buckling under
compression and steel is stronger in tension. By
using the composite action of these two, the advan-
tages of both materials are utilized to the fullest.
the construction components
1. Corrugated steel sheet profile, the indentations of
which allows it to provide support to the concrete
2. Anti-fracture mesh, which is positioned in a similar
manner to when employed for solid slabs and the
objective of which is the prevention of fractures
provoked by refection and temperature.
3. Negative framework, which installed in the upper
section of the slab and centred in the identations, it
serve function to absorb the tensile stresses generated
in the adjacent slabs’ supports,
4. Fire-resistance framework, installled to ensure that
the slab’s fire resistance compiles with the project’s
specifications.
5. Concrete, which is poured directly onto the compos-
ite slab.
13

14. composite decking component
construction method
application in design
scheme
1.
2.
Lightweight of composite flooring reduce the weight
applied on the structural steel frame, which may
also decrease foundation costs.
Stronger and lighter characteristics allows
reduction on other structural elements.
Flexibility in design allowed with the reduction of
size in structural elements.
Able to withstand the live and dead load with
sufficient amount of strength.
The composite concrete wall slab acts as the support to holds the wide flange steel grider.
Other than using it as support it also works by increasing the laid capacity of flooring
system.
Then, the metal decking is fixed to the steel beams using shear connector. The shear con-
nector and the fold at the edge of metal decking are functioning to prevent concrete from
flowing out.
The concrete slab together with in-situ infill in conjunction with welded studs onto i-beam
enable the slabs and the steel beams to act compositely. A layer of timber layering and
insulation is then placed on track and fixed onto the surface. .
1.
2.
3.
shear connection
Shear connectors can be welded on, perhaps
using a ‘stud welder’. or better still on export work,
by fixing nuts and bolts
Composite decking serves as tensile reinforcement
for the concrete slab to which it bonded with em-
bossed rib patterns. Composite action between the
concrete slab and the floor beams or joisy can be
achieved by welding shear studs throght the decking
to the supporting beam below.
composite
composite decking span
steel decking profile
stear connectortypes of connection
3.
4.
14

15. Roof System
Steel Roof Truss
Deep 3
courtyard / Su architect
This project located in the
region south of Yangtze
River, the motherland of Chi-
nese traditional landscape art.
The architect, SU Architects
aims to reflect the modern
construction technology and
living comfort, through this
project trying to discuss about
how to satisfy the spiritual
needs for those Chinese who
still really treasured Chinese
traditional cultures of living and
abandoning themselves to the
nature, to be retired from the
noisy world.
15

16. The architectural archetype of this project originates
from the traditional Chinese architectural pavilion
element named “Ting”, which normally constructed from
wooden beams, this project was constructed from
steel structural system, as bending structural system
as wooden beams. The huge overhanging roofs
extend the boundaries of architecture into the courtyard
and gardens.
type of construction
the roof
Architect considered the warm rainy climate on south-
ern regions of China, people stay in exterior space
even more than interior space. So, the overhang roof
eave became an important element, since it is a nice
shelter that keeping out rain and shading of direct
sunlight but keep ventilation. The architect wants this
kind of covering could be light and invisible, so the
real architectural massing hiding in courtyards through
deep overhang roof.
For distinguish covering and separation both on archi-
tectural form and construction system, the functional
massing is using brick-concrete structure, roof is using
steel structure. The roof consists of two shell plates
joggles together to form the windows face north to
increase ventilation and daylighting.
Pre-construction saves assembly time and reduces
labor costs.
Construction will not be interrupt by poor weather.
On-site modification is easy compare to the need to
cut or weld structural steel.
Cranes are not generally needed as the steel trusses
are lightweight.
The steel trusses can be flat packed for residential
projects.
Due to the durability of steel, it requires so little
maintenance. Hence, it is a more economic choice for
building owners.
Its environmentally friendly as steel is made from
recycled materials.
advantage of steel truss roof
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
disadvantage of steel truss
roof
It is vulnerable to corrosion, particularly as the result
of chronic moisture exposure. Coating are needed.
Steel trusses don’t offer the same level of innate
insulation that timber trusses do as steel quickly emits
any heat that is absorbed.
Steel truss are not energy efficient since they allow
more heat to escape from the structure.
Cold-formed steel cables can fail at 800°F, and steel
expands at 1000°F, exerting powerful lateral pressure
that can cause walls to collapse.
Specialized skills required to erect and construct
them.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16

17. construction details
sectional perspective of Deep3
courtyard
axonometric of the roof and steel structure of
Deep3
courtyard
sectional perspective of Deep3
courtyard
general steel trusses
connection
application in design
scheme
Deep overhang roof is able to response to
Malaysia‘s context which is tropical and
humid climate
It can be acted as shading devices which
enhance the thermal comfort of the user
Create sense of “sheltering”
Steel structure able to make the deep
overhang look lightweight which contrast
with the infills, while providing sufficient
insulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
the deep overhang is welded to
the main trusses
the steel trusses are connected to
steel column by welding.
17

18. Facade Studies
Wooden louvers
K8 Apartment / Florian Busch Architects
Comprising an intricate net-
work of alleyways, bars, broth-
els and boutiques, Pontocho
is one of Kyoto’s most atmo-
spheric and diverse dining
areas. On an adjacent plot 50
square meters, Florian
Busch Architects (FBA) has
realized ‘K8’, a narrow build-
ing positioned between two
other mutli-storey structures.
Comprising eight levels, the
scheme primarily serves as a
nightlife venue, configurated
to host a
‘gradually changing course
of events’.
18

19. As a homogenous yet continuously changing sur-
face, the façade creates an ambiguity often found in
Kyoto’s architecture. Through their gradual rotations,
several hundred wooden louvers evoke a sense of
motion, as it the building itself were continuously
engaging with its environment. The building’s interior
is more concealed than revealed. Facing the building,
one is left without a precise answer as to how many
floors or how deep the building might be. Towards the
sides, the louvers are rotated to a degree that they
almost appear to be solid, albeit nuanced, wall.
Towards the middle, varying degrees of transparency
give subtle hints about the inside. Walking by further
sets the façade in motion, as if the building itself were
moving around those who pass by, engaging them by
revealing glimpses of the inside in varying depths.
the facade
Provide excellent screening effect while providing
views with the dramatic arrangement of the timber
louvers.
Timber material as being a sustainable material.
Extremely lightweight as compared to brick, concrete
for easy construction and application.
In terms of contextual response, it screens the interior
with the direct sun coming out from east to west while
still being able to capture certain view from the interior.
Prefabricated steel frame with timber louvers applied
on it which can be applied to the apartment directly
which will not cause inconvenience to the residents
nearby.
advantage of wooden louver
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
disadvantage of wooden
louver
Certain construction method is necessary to keep the
timber louvers intact with the façade which lead to
higher construction cost
The hygroscopic properties of timber need external
finishes or insulation due to moisture presented in our
tropical country.
1.
2.
construction method
This façade is an external façade application on an
apartment. This, connection between the slab and the
external details is necessary. The façade system is
applied separately as observed from the section. It’s
separately into two parts as the necessity to joint it with
the floor slab.
A steel frame with various angled steel connector
to the timber louvers is prefabricated.
The timber louvers are connected and kept intact
with steel angle which is designated to orientate
the timber through bolt and nuts
The façade system is connected to the slab with
gravity and lateral connection.
1.
2.
3.
19

20. section of K8
connection of timber louvers
to steel frame
application in design
scheme
1.
2.
3.
sectional details of the facade and the
interior
connection of timber louvers
to slab
The angled orientated timber louvers tend to
attract the curiosity of pedestrian on what is
happening in the building.
In relation with the local facade contect of
being prominently art deco style and modern
that emphasizes on vertically.
In terms of contextual response, it screens the
interior with the direct sun coming out from
east to west while still being able to capture
certain view from the interior.
connection (i) to the slab
connection (ii) to the slab
connection (i) to the slab
connection (ii) to the slab
20

21. Facade Studies
Glass Fiber - Reinforced Plastic
Sheets
The Naked House / Shigeru Ban
The Naked House, located in
Kawagoe, Japan designed by
the architect Shigeru Ban
provides shelter for a family
with five members, including
two children and the owner’s
elderly mother. The owner
wanted a house that “pro-
vides the least privacy so
that the family members are
not secluded from one anoth-
er, a house that gives every-
one the freedom to have indi-
vidual activities in a shared
atmosphere, in the middle of a
unified family”.
21

22. The external walls made of two sheets of corrugated
fiber-reinforced plastics and the inner walls made of
nylon fabric are both mounted on wooden stud
frames and sit it parallel. In between are attached clear
plastic bags, carefully stuffed with strings of foamed
polyethylene for insulation purpose. Through these
bags a soft diffused light fills in the interior of the
house.
the facade
High tensile, shear and compressive strength
combined with lightness and resistance to corrosion
Able to be moulded easily and economically
Non-conductive material in order to provide a safe
working environment
Virtually unbreakable and can withstand massive force
Light-weight and result in easy transportation, installa-
tion, and lower labor costs
Flame-resistant
Resistant to sunlight and last long in the outdoors
without showing signs or corrosion (fading, yellowing,
or discoloration)
Lower cost and affordable (compared to polycarbon-
ate)
advantage of GRP sheets
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
disadvantage of GRP
sheets
Not resistant to scratching, marring, and abrasive
surfaces
Degradation occurs with time and correlated with a
proportionate amount of loss of the sheet’s ability to
transmit light
1.
2.
materials
Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sheets (GRP), corru-
gated GRP (glass reinforced plastic) is a composite of
tough resilient, durable plastic resin and glass
fibers of remarkable strength. The resin is a thick,
treacly substance which when activated by an appro-
priate catalyst, sets to a hard but brittle solid. It can
be used alone for small castings, or with a variety of
fillers, but when reinforced with glass fibers, becomes
a material of exceptional strength and versatility.
The exterior walls are finished with clear corrugated
plastic and clad in custom galvanized steel. The
inside walls are finished with stretched white nylon
fabric, which are fastened to the timber frame with
touch and close fasteners and can be removed for
cleaning. The insulation of the house is made from
polyethylene foam stuffed into clear plastic bags.
The clear composition allows the light to diffuse
through the walls into the interior of the house, without
sacrificing insulation and structural integrity.
22

23. plan: window opening
construction details
application in design
scheme
1.
2.
The translucent materiality of GPR provide
the building sense of privacy and avoid
unwanted glances from the access route
for particular spaces.
WIth the excellent optical properties, the GRP
are good in keeping out UV while letting in
adequate sunlight to the learning center.
section: panel-to-panel
junction, top and
bottom of wall assembly
section: panel-to-
panel junction,
window opening,
ground level
section: window at head and cill, louvre
isometric view of wall
assembly, head and cill
of window opening
details:
UPVC section
Plastic-composite flat panels
UPVC board cladding
GRP cladding panel
Glazed unit
Thermal insulation
Backing wall
Support rails
UPVC window
Plastic-composite coping
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
isometric view of Naked House
23

24. alternative
facade

25. facade scheme 1 // timber louvers
front elevation scale 1:100
25

26. facade scheme 1 // timber louvers
rear elevation scale 1:100
26

27. facade scheme 2 // GRP sheets
front elevation scale 1:100
27

28. facade scheme 2 // GRP sheets
rear elevation scale 1:100
28

29. sectional
perspective

30. Sectional Perspective 1
third floor plan
THIRD FLOOR PLAN
1:100
washroom
storage
art lab
drawing lab
30

31. Sectional Perspective 1
scale 1:50
composite slab
200 x 230mm
steel universal column
(coated black)
window glazing
200 x 230mm
steel I beam
(coated black)steel truss galvanized “C” section
steel purlin
glass fiber
asphalt roofing
steel beam
to column
n.t.s
steel beam to column
beam to beam
steel beam
to beam
n.t.s
31

32. Sectional Perspective 2
ground floor plan
sand - pit
markethall
mini house
storage
sitting area
UP
UP
32

33. Sectional Perspective 2
scale 1:50
reinforced
concrete
stump
spread footing
200mm reinforced
concrete floor slab
steel deck
steel reinforcement
concrete slab
foundation
composite slab
composite
steel deck
floor connection
spread
footing
n.t.s
n.t.s
33

34. references

35. 1. Deep³ Courtyard / SU Architects. (2017, January 27). Retrieved from https://www.archdai-
ly.com/803799/deep3-courtyard-su-architects
2. Team, W. (n.d.). 7 Advantages of Structural Steel Frame Construction. Retrieved from https://ww-
w.whirlwindsteel.com/blog/bid/407580/7-advantages-of-structural-steel-frame-construction
3. Team, W. (n.d.). The Lowdown on Building with Steel Roof Trusses. Retrieved from https://www.whirl-
windsteel.com/blog/bid/407704/the-lowdown-on-building-with-steel-roof-trusses
4. Spring House / W L A. (2016, June 15). Retrieved from https://www.archdai-
ly.com/789515/spring-house-w-l-a
5. K8 in kyoto by florian busch architects. (2016, January 27). Retrieved from https://www.design-
boom.com/architecture/florian-busch-architects-k8-in-kyoto-japan-restaurant-louver-facade-01-20-2016/
6. DETAIL Special Prize inside 2016: K8, Kyoto, Japan – Florian Busch Architects, Tokyo. (2018, No-
vember 21). Retrieved from https://www.detail-online.com/article/detail-special-prize-in-
side-2016-k8-kyoto-japan-florian-busch-architects-tokyo-31483/
7. Naked House. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://nakedhousecasestudy.blogspot.com/p/construction.html
8. Ching, Francis D.K. (2011). Building Construction Illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
35