Bcon Bus Shelter Booklet

1. BUILDING
Construction ii
0324272 LIM PEIDI
0324679 LEE SHI YIN
0323813 LAW ZHI CHANG
0323529 CHIN CHEONG SOON
0323008 LEE FEI SYEN
0323713 NG JI YANN
PROJECT 1
Skeletal Construction Temporary
Bus Shelter

2. CON-PG
03
INTRODUCTION
04
DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
05
DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
06
10
CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
14
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
26
DESIGN ANALYSIS
33
LOAD TEST
34
RENDERINGS
35
CONCLUSION
36
REFERENCES
ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWINGS

3. In this project, we were to construct a temporary bus
shelter that is 600mm in height, with a base of
400mm x 800 mm. We had to understand and
demonstrate the knowledge of skeletal frames and
its joints in order to produce a strong and stable
structure. The joints should be constructed to reflect
the actual joints. We were required to clearly define
all the building components including roofs, walls,
floors and columns.
After several discussion and tutorials among the
tutor and team members, the constructed bus
shelter was in the scale of 1:5 focused on the
strength and flexibility of chosen materials. The final
outcome was tested to endure lateral/horizontal
force and the weight of 5 to 6 people.
03.
introduction
introduction

4. Designdevelopment
DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
S T A B I L I T Y
• Skeletal structure to resist
vertical and horizontal
loads imposed on it
• Stable structure to resist
wind loads preventing
uplift and overturning
M A T E R I A L S &
C O N S T R U C T I O N
• Recycle unused steel
from formal construction
which are readily
available
• Selection for material with
high durability and
strength
S A F E T Y
• Suitable openness to
provide visibility in and
out of the shelter,
allowing users to see
traffic conditions.
• Considering human
ergonomics and
sufficient seating to
provide convenience for
users.
W E A T H E R
R E S I S T A N C E
• Materials to withstand
hot and humid tropical
climate of Malaysia
• Good air ventilation to
provide users’ thermal
comfort
04.

5. Designdevelopment
DESIGN
development
I N S P I R A T I O N
The design inspiration came from an original shape of square
pyramid and cuboid, which can be found in everywhere because it’s
stable and rigid.
I N I T I A L I D E A S
The design of just straight columns is too common to be found, so we had
decided to make it oblique for the bus shelter. We wanted to make the
structure looks like slanting bus shelter.
D E V E L O P M E N T
We improvise our bus shelter structure by building proper joints and skeletal
so that our structure could be more stable and safe.
F I N A L O U T C O M E
The final outcome of the bus shelter of our structure consist of inclined
column which is based on axial compression besides bending and
distribute the force.
05.

6. Orthographicdrawings
Orthographic
drawings
Floor Plan
1:25
4920 mm
2835mm
06.

7. Orthographicdrawings
4920 mm
3370mm
07.
Roof Plan
1:25

8. Orthographicdrawings
08.
3800mm
4920 mm 4920 mm
Front Elevation
1:25
Side Elevation
1:25

9. Orthographicdrawings
09.
Polycarbonate sheets
Face boards
Roof frame
Roof beam
Metal plate seating
Metal mesh flooring
Base frame
Base plate
Stump
Footing
H column
Metal plate
Supporting element
Metal knee brace
Metal plate seat
backing
Exploded axonometric
n.t.s

10. Constructionprocess
10.
Construction
process
P R E - C O N S T R U C T I O N
The dimensions obtained
from the 3D model were scaled
down to 1:5 to ease the final
physical construction.2
3
A mock-up of 1:20 physical
model was made, then
proceeded to a detailed 3D
model generated with Autodesk
Revit software. The detailed 3D
model includes all specific
dimensions of the bus shelter
which was extracted to be used
later.
1
2
4
F O U N D A T I O N
3 Plywood formworks were
created according to the
dimensions of the model’s pad
footing.
4 Concrete mixture was
mixed and poured into the
plywood formwork. It was let dry
for a few days before steel base
plate was bolted into it.
1

11. Constructionprocess
11.
S T E E L B A S E F R A M E W O R K
7 8 9
Rectangular hollow
section (RHS) were cut into
the dimensions of the model
5
Bigger RHS were
welded together to form the
primary member of the
frame, while RHS with
smaller dimension were
welded together in between
the primary member to form
the secondary member.
6
Metal mesh was secured
to the frame by welding it to
the RHS framework.
7
8 It was later screwed into
the RHS base frame to
increase stability.
C O L U M N S
9Long scrap steel plates
were welded together to
form model’s 1:5 scale H
column.
10The mild H column were
cut accordingly to the
dimensions of the model
using a steel cutter chop
saw.
10
5
6

12. Constructionprocess
12.
11
13 14
11 Steel H column and
steel plates were placed on
a bench type drilling
machines to drill the desired
holes for the installation of
nuts and bolts.
12 The steel H column was
connected to the concrete
stump through a base plate by
using bolts and nuts
13 An additional member
was added behind the three
H columns. Steel plates were
welded to the additional
members, then was
connected to the H column
with bolts and nuts.
A RHS was welded
vertically to the H columns.
A metal plate was welded
on top of the RHS as the
seating area.
B E N C H
14 15
R O O F
Steel plates were welded
on top of the H columns.
The roof H beams were
connected to the H columns
through the welded steel
plates.
16RHS were cut following
the dimensions of the model.
Later the RHS was welded
together to form the roof
framing.
12 15
16

13. Constructionprocess
13.
17 4 steel plates were welded
into the corners of the roof
frame, then it was bolted to the I
beams of the roof.
184 acrylic sheet were
arranged together with 3 metal
plates placed on top between
each acrylic sheet. The acrylic
sheet is secured in between
metal plates and roof frame
using bolts and nuts.
C O M P L E T E D M O D E L
P O L I S H
19The metals were polished
By using grinder, and later
being painted to prevent
corrosion.
1918
17
20

14. 03.
Construction
DETAILS
ConstructionDETAILS
14.

15. ConstructionDETAILS
15.
50 mm 810 mm 810 mm
80 mm
50 mm
595 mm
1720 mm
1000 mm
1812 mm
4200 mm
D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L B A S E
P L A T E
STEEL BASE FRAMESTEEL BASE FRAME

16. 03.
P L A N V I E W O F S T E E L B A S E F R A M E
ConstructionDETAILS
16.
• Steel base frame situated above the concrete pad footing. It is the lowest layer of the
shelter’s base.
• It serves to connect and carries load from H columns and the metal deck flooring above
to the concrete pad footing.
PRIMARY MEMBERS
To connect the front and back
concrete pad footing
Dimension of RHS: 150mm x 50mm
Length: 1812mm
A
A
B
C
B PRIMARY MEMBERS
To connect the concrete pad
footing in a single row.
Dimension of RHS: 150mm x 50mm
Length: 4200mm
SECONDARY MEMBERS
Serves as a floor beam to support
the load from the metal deck
flooring.
Dimension of RHS: 100mm x 50mm
Length: 1720mm
C
CONNECTOR
50mm
150mm
5mm
100mm
50mm
5mm
100mm
50mm
5mm
1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
D
H
T
L
F
C
F: 30mm
C: 34.64mm
H: 12.88mm
D: 20mm
CONNECTIONS
The RHS are welded together
The steel base frame is
welded to the H column and
connected by using brackets.
STEEL BASE FRAME

17. B A C K F R O N T
S T E E L B A S E F R A M E ( R H S )
ConstructionDETAILS
17.
Concrete pad footing
PAD FOOTING (BACK)
S I D E E L E V A T I O N O F C O N R E T E P A D F O O T I N G
PAD FOOTING (FRONT)
Width: 50mm
Length: 80mm
Height A: 200mm
Height B: 200mm
The size of the back footing is
bigger than the front to support the
H beam and steel base frame. It
transfer the load to the ground.
Length
Width
Height A
Height B
The front concrete footing also
serves as the foundation of the bus
stop to support the steel base
frame.
Width: 50mm
Length: 50mm
Height A: 200mm
Height B: 200mm
Length
Width
Height B
Height A
DIMENSIONS
D E T A I L S A N D C O N N E C T I O N S
Metal plate
The steel base plate is bolted
into the concrete pad footing
and welded to the steel base
frame (RHS).
H column is welded to the metal
plate which is bolted into the
concrete pad footing.
5 mm thick
Metal plate
H column
J bolt
Metal plate
H column
Concrete Pad
Footing
The usage of J bolt enhance the
stability to support the slanted
H beam.
J BOLT WASHER
NH
D
WH
WH
ND
W.Diameter: 30mm
W.Height: 6mm
N.Diameter:. 25mm
N.Height: 20mm
1. J BOLT 2. H BEAM
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
The steel base plate is welded to the H column in order to connect the
columns with the foundation. It also serves to distribute the concentrated
load imposed by the columns above so that it does not exceed the
bearing pressure towards the concrete pad footing.
D
T
B
D: 50mm
B: 152mm
T: 25mm

18. ConstructionDETAILS
18.
2721 mm
2688 mm
2660 mm
10 ̊
1715 mm
3281 mm
1715 mm
D I M E N S I O N S O F S T E E L S T R U C T U R E
Side Elevation
1:25
Front Elevation
1:25
Slanted steel structure

19. A
B
ConstructionDETAILS
19.
Slanted steel structure
P E R S P E C T I V E V I E W O F B U S S T O P
The main load of the bus stop is carried by the I beams and the H
columns. The load from the beams and columns is transferred to the
floor which is supported by the concrete pad footing. RHS was added
in between the H columns to withstand the load transferred.
D I M E N S I O N S
F
C
D
H
T
L
F: 30mm
C: 34.64mm
H: 12.88mm
D: 20mm
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
3. H COLUMN
1. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
2. RHS (RECTANGULAR HOLLOW SECTIONS)
100mm
50mm
5mm
Length of RHS: 4030mm
H COLUMN
I BEAM
A steel plate is welded to the H
column. The end plate of the H
column is connected with the I
beam using 8 bolts and nuts to
increase the stability and
prevent it from slipping.
A metal bracing is added in
between the I beam and H
column to reinforced the stability
of the structure and distribute
the load applied from the roof.
C O N N E C T I O N S O F H C O L U M N
RHS was added behind the H
columns to increase the stability
of the H columns.
DETAIL A
DETAIL B
I BEAM
H COLUMN
RHS
H COLUMN

20. D I M E N S I O N
Floor Plan
1:25
ConstructionDETAILS
20.
Bench & wire mesh flooring
1852 mm
600 mm
1852 mm
4200 mm
1810 mm

21. 450 mm
450 mm
88 mm
Front Elevation
1:25
Bench thickness: 75mm
ConstructionDETAILS
21.
D I M E N S I O N O F B E N C H & W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
Bench & wire mesh flooring
D I M E N S I O N

22. The seat is bolted
to the RHS.
Metal bar is
welded to the H
column it is
welded to the
RHS.
The bench seating is
attached to the H
column. A metal plate
is welded to the H
column and 2 RHS is
welded to the metal
plates.
RHS
H COLUMN
100mm
50mm
5mm
ConstructionDETAILS
22.
200mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
F
CD
H
T
L
F: 30mm C: 34.64mm
H: 12.88mm D: 20mm
1. H COLUMN 2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
3. RHS
(RECTANGULAR
HOLLOW
SECTIONS)
D E T A I L D R A W I N G A N D C O N N E C T I O N O F B E N C H
D I M E N S I O N S
BENCH
P E R S P E C T I V E O F W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
The metal mesh
flooring is
placed on top
the steel base
frame and
welded onto it.
WIRE MESH FLOORNG
STEEL BASE FRAME
Bench & wire mesh flooring

23. ConstructionDETAILS
23.
D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F
Roof Plan
1:25
1050 mm
4200 mm
2846 mm
Distance between bolt
243mm
roof

24. ConstructionDETAILS
24.
D I M E N S I O N O F R O O F F R A M E
Roof Frame
1:25
4200 mm
1000 mm
1813 mm
roof

25. ROOF FRAME
H COLUMN
I BEAM
RHS
The RHS are
welded together to
form a roof frame.
ConstructionDETAILS
25.
roof
C O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F
200
mm
200mm
9mm
15mm
170mm
1. H COLUMN 3. RHS OF ROOF FRAME
100mm
50mm
5mm
D
H
T
L
F
C
F: 30mm
C: 34.64mm
H: 12.88mm
D: 20mm
2. HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT
D I M E N S I O N S
Steel plate is welded
under the roof frame
so it can be bolted to
the H beam under it.
The size of RHS used smaller than the base frame and having
same dimension for both primary and secondary frame structure
as it does not have a lot of loads on it.
1
2 3
4
FACE BOARD
ROOF FRAME
C O N N E C T I O N O F R O O F F R A M E A N D I B E A M
The polycarbonate roof is placed on
top of the roof frame.
A metal plate is placed on top and
in between 2 roof panels and
screwed to the roof frame below to
lock the polycarbonate sheets in
place.
Polycarbonate roof thickness: 12mm
C O N N E C T I O N O F P O L Y C A R B O N A T E R O O F
METAL PLATE
4. FACE BOARD (thickness 3mm)
4200mm
309mm
309mm
2833mm
Face boards are
added to the side of
the roof frame to
cover up the H beam
under it so that it is
visually pleasure to
the public.

26. Design analysis
Designanalysis
26.
A C C E S S I B I L I T Y A N D U S E R S ’ E X P E R I E N C E
The temporary bus shelter was designed with maximum openness to ease the circulation for the
users. The bus shelter was designed to be placed in a city center.
The wide opening at the front and side of the bus shelter eases the business of city life.
The height of the roof, the bench, as well as the interior space was designed with consideration
of anthropometry and human ergonomics which follows the basic measurement of human body.
Our design was not only users friendly, but also simple and complements the modern lifestyle in
the city.
Accessibilityandusers’experience

27. 27.
Designanalysis
H U M I D I T Y A N D C O R R O S I O N
R A I N
The transparency of the roof allows natural lighting into the bus shelter,
as well as provides a slight shading to the users. It prevents direct
sunlight penetration into the structure and illuminates the interior.
S U N L I G H T
Treated carbon steel and stainless steel was used due to its ability to
withstand humidity. To prevent rain water clogging in the shelter,
metal mesh was used as the base flooring to allow rainwater to flow
out.
V E N T I L A T I O N
The openness of the bus shelter allows natural ventilation at all sides of
the shelter. The usage of metal mesh instead of metal plate as the
flooring enhances natural ventilation from the ground. Wind movement
is at its maximum to reduce stuffiness and lower the humidity level.
Painting over mild steel
Rainwater flow out
DESIGNANALYSIS
The bus shelter was designed to protect its users from rain. The
slanted roof was tilted at a 10° angle to ensure rainwater was
channelled smoothly to the back of the shelter.
Heat
Rainwater

28. 28.
Designanalysis
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Metal frame structure consists of primary structural elements and secondary structural elements
to support the floor and roof which are connected to the metal frame structures. The metal frame
structure is to withstand vertical forces and lateral forces, such as live load, gravity and wind.
P R I M A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S S E C O N D A R Y S T R U C T U R A L E L E M E N T S
Beam
Columns
Foundation
Primary structural elements are the main supports of
the structure. It is used to support the members under
compressive force.
Secondary structural elements increases the stability
of the whole structure and enable it to withstand
more loads.
Roof frame
Metal
Knee
brace
Base frame
STRUCTURALELEMENTS

29. 29.
Designanalysis
L O A D S Y S T E M : O N E - W A Y S Y S T E M
The load transfer mechanism of the structure
for transferring the loads to the ground acts
in one direction only.
Concentrated
Load
Concentrated
Load
Concentrated
Load
Concentrated
Load
Concentrated
Load
Concentrated
Load
Onewayloaddistribution
LOADS &
FORCES
LOADSANDFORCES

30. 30.
Designanalysis
L I V E L O A D
Live load are the forces applied by non-permanent objects
such as human and animals. The intensity of the force
towards the bus shelter varies according to the number
and weight of non- permanent objects at the bus shelter.
Loads
Precipitation
Human
weight
Loads
LOADSANDFORCES
S T A T I C L O A D / D E A D L O A D
The weight of the structure permanent elements such
as the roof and the beam cause a force applies
towards the structure column for its entire lifespan.
Loads
Weight of
structural
elements
EXTERNAL FORCES
There are 3 external forces which are the dead load, live
load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.

31. LOADSANDFORCES
EXTERNAL FORCES
There are 3 external forces which are the dead load, live
load, and wind load applying towards the bus shelter.
31.
Designanalysis
W I N D L O A D
The wind force acts on both primary structural elements
such as columns and secondary structural elements such
as polycarbonate sheet on the roof.
Wind force
acts on
columns
Wind flows
through
Wind force
acts on roof
The inclined column of the bus shelter is strongly anchored
to the ground using concrete pad footing. The usage of J-
bolts prevents uplifting and overturning of the bus shelter.
The openness design of the bus shelter reduces wind force, it
provides maximum natural ventilation throughout the shelter.

32. 32.
DesignanalysisMATERIALITY
C A R B O N S T E E L
It is widely used in construction industry as it
is cheap in price and not
brittle.
Characteristics of carbon steel:
• Tough
• Ductile
• Malleable
• Good tensile strength
• Poor resistance to corrosion
S T A I N L E S S S T E E L
Stainless steel is an alloy of Iron with a
minimum of 10.5% Chromium which prevents
rusting.
Characteristics of stainless steel:
• Aesthetic appearance
• Great strength
• High corrosion resistance
• Fire and heat resistance
P O L Y C A R B O N A T E
S H E E T S
R O O F I N G
Polycarbonate roof is known for its
strength in withstanding force and
are virtually unbreakable.
Characteristics of polycarbonate roof:
• Lightweight
• Durable
• Fire resistance
• Modern view
C O N C R E T E
The concrete pad footing is
used for vertical support and
helps to transfer loads to
earth. It is simple to be built
and cost effective.
MATERIALITY

33. Load test
33.
Loadtest
Test subject: 6 litres water bottle (6kg
each)
Unit: 3 water bottles
Total load: 18kg
Representation: Live load imposed onto
the wire mesh flooring.
Test result: Successful. The wire mesh
flooring is able to withstand the loads
imposed on the structure.
W I R E M E S H F L O O R I N G
B E N C H
Test subject: 500ml water bottle (0.5kg
each)
Unit: 6 water bottles
Total load: 3kg
Representation: Live load imposed onto
the bench.
Test result: Successful. The bench is
able to withstand the loads imposed on
the structure.
Test subject: 500ml water bottle (0.5kg
each)
Unit: 3 water bottles
Total load: 1.5kg
Representation: Live load imposed onto
the wire mesh flooring.
Test result: Successful. The roof beam is
able to withstand the loads imposed on
the structure.
R O O F

34. 34.
RENDERING

35. Throughout this project, we are able to learn more as we involve ourselves in a larger scale
construction.
There are a lot of factors such as weather resistance, safety and stability of the structure that we
should consider at the early stage before going into the construction stage to ensure that the bus
shelter constructed is able to meet the user’s requirements and achieve user’s comfort.
We conducted a detail research on the connections between each elements to assure the stability of
the bus shelters. After our research, we consult our tutor, Mr. Edwin for his advice in order to come out
with a better solution.
Materiality, loads and forces aspect are also considered to make sure that the bus shelter can
withstand the live load and dead load in it.
In conclusion, different small elements has to work well with each other in order to produce a stable
structure. Hence, every details in construction process should be take into concern.
35.
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

36. 36.
Loadtest
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W E B S I T E
CONCLUSION
B O O K
• Blanc, A. (1993). Architecture and construction in steel. London: Spon.
• Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated. New
York,NY: Wiley