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1. BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) IN ARCHITECTURE
GROUP MEMBERS:
CLARA LEE PEI LIN 0324495
JOY ANN LIM EE HSIEN 0327592
ERIC LO YANN SHIN 0324922
YUEN XUAN HUI 0324292
LEE JIA MIN 0324126
TUTOR: MR EDWIN
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD 60703)
PROJECT 1: SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION (TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER)

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CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction
3.0 Orthographic
Drawings
6.3 Loads and
Forces
6.2 Timber Skeletal
Frame Construction
9.0 Reference
2.0 Design Considerations
4.0 Construction
Process
6.4 Materiality
2.1 Design Development
5.0 Construction
Details
6.5 Load Test
2.2 Final Design
7.0 Renderings
6.0 Design
Analysis
8.0 Conclusion

3. 1.0INTRODUCTION
A bus shelter is known as a designated place where bus-
es stop for passengers to board or alight from a bus. It is a struc-
ture constructed at a bus stop, to provide seating and protec-
tion from the weather for the convenience of waiting passengers.
In this assignment, we were given a task to design and
construct a temporary bus shelter for 5 to 6 people on a
scale of 1:5. The bus shelter model has a maximum height
of 600mm and a maximum base of 400mm x 800mm. In
order to create a stable and strong structure, we have to
have a clear understanding of skeletal frames and its joints.
Before constructing the bus shelter, we had to chose two forms
to combine into a design form to base on. Initially, we chose a
hexagonal prism and a cuboid to create the bus shelter
design. But after some discussion and trial and error through model
making, it was amended to a pentagonal prism to provide stability
and strength to support the loads and forces exerted on the shelter.
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4. The choice of materials must
be waterproof and be able
to withstand the humid and
tropical climate that we
have in Malaysia. The design
should accomodate to the
heavy rainfall and the strong
solar radiation.
Weather Resistant Stable Ergonomics Suitability of Materials
The construction of the
shelter has to be able to
resists lateral and horizontal
forces without collapsing to
dead or live loads or uplifting
due to wind loads.
The shelter has to be built
according to human
anthropometry for human
comfort and convenience
of user. It should provide
sufficient space for
maximum capacity of users.
Materials chosen need to be
appropriate and have high
durability and strength to
efficiently support the
structure. It should be locally
available and eco-friendly.
2.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 04

5. 2.1 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
The initial design only had a seating and an X-bracing to support lateral
and horizontal forces. The overall design did not fuly apply all the struc-
tural components required from the brief and was deemed unsuitable as
it had a weak stability.
Mock Up 1 Mock Up 2
Mock Up 3
The idea of the angled roof was maintained with addition of extra beams,
columns and X-bracing to increase stability and safety of the structure.
The structure however was quite long and required additional beams and
columns for support.
The X-bracing was retained in the next model although reduced to increase
stability. A roof beam was added to suport the load of the cantilevered
pitched roof.
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6. The finalized design is a timber skeletal frame structure with minor modifications from the previous mock up such
as adding more structural components and adjusting the dimensions of rafters, bearer and joist.
2.2 FINAL DESIGN 06

7. 3000
2000
250
400
3.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS 07
Foundation Plan
Scale 1:25
Floor Plan
Scale 1:25
3900
2000
415150
150

8. 083.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
2200
3900
300
Roof Plan
Scale 1:25

9. 3650
3000
25500
093.0 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS
Front Elevation
Scale 1:25
Side Elevation
Scale 1:25

10. 4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 10
Preparation of Materials
Footing
Each timber component is
measured and marked to the
correct dimensions to be cut.
A timber block is used to represent
the concrete footing in this 1:5 model
due to sustainability issues and con-
venience as requested by our tutor.
The wood is cut according to the
marked dimensions with help
assisted by workers at the
workshop for safety and accuracy
reasons.
Gum is applied to attached the
timber pad footing and the stump.
The ends of the wood are
polishedandsandedtosmoothen
out the rough edges.
The footing is further
strengthen by nailing it.
The columns, beams, rafters,
joists, stump and footings.
The complete pad footing and
stump.

11. 4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 11
Base Frame & Flooring
Beams & Columns
Post anchor brackets are
screwed down unto the foot-
ing and then screwed unto the
ground beams or column.
The timber beams and columns
are measured, marked and cut
to create half lap joints.
The spacing for the joists are
marked and then secured to the
beam using an L bracket.
Nuts and bolts of suitable size are
prepared to secure the beam and
column together.
The position of the joist beneath
is marked on the floor panels to
be accurately nailed.
A drill is used to create holes
for the nut and bolt.
The floor panels are nailed to
the joist and beam.
The lap joint is then fixed tightly
with nut and bolt in the
intersection of the beams and
columns.

12. 4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 12
Roofing
The rafters are cut to form a
birdsmouth joint to connect
with the roof beam.
The rafters are placed with the
specific spacings and then nailed
to ensure stability.
A drill is used to screw in the
battens to the rafters.
The roof rafters, beams and
battens.
Seating
The seating panels are nailed
to the noggins.
Timber blocks are nailed
together to form a U shaped
column for the seats.
The bracings are nailed to the
columns.
The centre of the cross bracing
is tighten using nuts and bolts.
Bracing

13. 4.0 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS 13
Roofing
Two corrugated steel sheet is
placed with a metal ridge cap
placed at the centre of both sheets
to prevent leakage of rainwater.
The sheets are connected through
rivets.
Theexcessridgecapostrimmed
to fit the bus shelter.
The final model of the
temporary bus shelter

14. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 14
Details
Foundation Plan
Connections
Concrete Pad Footing
b) Pad footing to ground beams
Post anchor brackets are also used to connect the footing to the
ground beams.
a) Pad footing to columns
Post anchor brackets secured with nuts and bolts are used to
strengthen the connection between the timber column and con-
crete footing.
Footing dimensions: 400 x 400 x 200,
250 x 250 x 300
Column
Column
Post anchor
bracket
Post anchor
bracket
Footing
Footing

15. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 15
Details
Foundation Plan
Connections
Timber Base Frame
b) Ground beam to column
Rebated butt joint is used to connect the ground beam to column
and then tightly secured with an anchor bracket and nuts and
bolts to further strengthen the joint.
a) Joist to ground beam
Timber joist are cut separately to be flushed and connected to
the ground beams using an L-bracket secured with nuts and bolts.
Front & back joist dimensions: 50 x 125 x 887.5
Joist spacing: 600
Rim joist dimensions:50 x 125 x 775
Front ground beam dimensions: 75 x 200 x 3000
Middle and back ground beam: 75 x 200 x 2700
Joist
Column
L- bracket
Post anchor
bracket
Ground Beam
Ground
beam

16. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 16
Details
Floor Plan
Connections
Timber Flooring
a) Floor panel to ground beam/joist
Each timber floor panel is secured by nailing it to each floor joist
underneath. The floor panel located at the ends are also nailed
to the ground beam.
Floor decking dimension: 25 x 2000 x 3000
Floor panel dimension:25 x 100 x 3000
Timber planks
Ground Beam
Nails

17. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 17
Details
Perspective
Connections
Timber Seat
b) Seat panel to noggin
The ends of the seat panels are secured by nailing it down to the
noggin between the two columns.
a) Seat Column to flooring
Seat columns are fasten to the floor decking with L brackets.
Seat dimension:25 x 415 x 3000
Seat panel dimension:25 x 100 x 3000
Seat Column dimension:100 x 100 x 475
Nails
Flooring
Noggins
Seat Column
L-bracket
Seat Panels

18. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 18
Details
Perspective
Connections
Timber Column
b) Front column to tie beam
Half lap joint is used to connect the centre of the tie beams to the
front column and is secured with nuts and bolts.
a) Back column to tie beam
Rebated butt joint is used to allow the tie beams to rest flushed
on the back column and is fastened using nuts and bolts.
Front column dimension: 150 x 150 x 2900
Back column dimension:150 x 150 x 2560
Back Column
Front Column
Roof Beam
Tie Beam

19. 5.0 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 19
Details
Perspective
Connections
Timber Roof
b) Rafter to beam
The rafter is connected to the roof beams by using a birdsmouth
joint.
a)Tie beam to roof beam
The roof beam is rested on top of the tie beam and fasten using
L brackets.
Roof beam dimension: 75 x 125 x 3000
Tie beam dimension: 75 x 125 x 2000
Ridge beam dimension: 75 x 175 x 3000
Rafter dimension: 50 x 75 x 1065
Batten dimension: 50 x 75 x 3900
Column
L bracket
Rafter
Beam
Roof Beam

20. 6.0 DESIGN ANALYSIS
The long bench allows more people to sit while
waiting for the bus.
The absence of walls maximises the ventilation in
the bus shelter and views towards the surround-
ings. This prevents from storing up and creates a
comfortable space of the bus shelter.
A 2-way roof allows more sheltered space suit-
able for tropical weather. The parallel valley
troughs of the corrugated metal sheets help to
direct water flow in one direction.
Overhang on both front and back aids in the sun
shading function of the bus shelter.
The whole structure is elevated above the ground
to prevent moisture from the ground to have di-
rect contact with the timber structure.
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Humidity
Space
Rain Flow
Sun Shading
Ventilation

21. 6.1 TIMBER SKELETAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Members of Bus Shelter
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Corrugated steel sheet roof
Timber ground beam
Timber rafter
Timber batten
Timber roof beam
Timber tie beam
Timber column
Timber X bracing
Timber K bracing
Timber floor decking
Timber rim joist
Timber joist
Timber noggin
Concrete pad foundation
Concrete stump

22. 6.1 TIMBER SKELETAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Horizontal and Vertical Members
Skeletal frame construction is the internal supporting structure which consists of horizontal and vertical members to support the floor, roof and wall
in a structure.
The structure had to transfer vertical forces such as dead loads, live loads, rain and gravity through the members of the frame to a suitable founda-
tion as well as withstand lateral forces such as earthquake and wind.
Vertical members:
column, rafter, seat column
Structural element that transmits, through compression the weight of
the structure above to other structural elements
Horizontal members:
ridge beam, purlin, tie beam, roof beam, joist, bearer, seat beam
Structural element that carries loads transverse to its longitudinal
axis by its internal resistances to bending.
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23. 6.1 TIMBER SKELETAL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
Timber Bracing Systems
Structure require braces to resists sway movement from lateral forces that is caused by strong winds and disasters such as
earthquakes.
Concentric braced frames are used where both ends of the brace join at the end points of the other framing members to form
a stiff frame. This type of bracing provides the same strength in both directions.
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Cross BracingK Bracing

24. 6.2 LOADS AND FORCES
Load System: Two Way Slab System
The structure’s load transfer mechanism channels the load to the ground in two directions. This is due to the ratio of the longer
ground beam span to shorter joist is less than 2.
Longer ground beam span = 3
Shorter joist span 2
= 1.5 > 2
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25. 6.2 LOADS AND FORCES
a) Dead Loads
• Dead loads are static forces that act vertically downward on the
structure caused by the permanent weight of the elements and com-
ponents.
• A permanent force that remains throughout the lifespan of the struc-
ture.
b) Live Loads
• Live loads are moving or moveable loads on a structure resulting on a struc-
ture from occupancy and rainfall
• The intensity of the live loads varies depending on the usage and capacity.
• The pitched angle roof prevents the accumulation of rain on the roof, thus
increase the ability to withstand weather
c) Wind Load
• Open structure allows even distribution of wind force into the bus shelter,
causing balanced air pressure above and below the roof, reducing uplift
force on the roof
Load Systems: External Forces
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26. 6.2 MATERIALITY
Timber
Meranti Wood - Columns, beams, rafters,
battens, floor joist, seating
Resak Wood - Stump
Plywood - Flooring
Advantages:
• Sustainable and reusable
• High in durability and strength
• Good insulator
• Cost efficient
Disadvantages
• If not treated, it has a low fire resistance
and is susceptible to shrinking, swelling
and disolouration
In-situ Concrete
Pad footing
Advantages:
• High compressive strength
• Good weather resistance
• Long-lasting and durable
• Non- combustible
Disadvantages
• Relatively low tensile strength
Corrugated Steel Sheet
Roofing
Advantages:
• High durability and long- lasting
• Provides protection against UV rays
• Albe to withstand wind loads
• Maximum shedding of rain and minimal
leakage
Disadvantages
• May cause noise during rainfall
• Susceptible to denting
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27. 6.3 LOAD TEST 27
Roof
Test subject: 500ml water bottle (0.5kg each)
Unit: 6 water bottles
Total load: 3kg
Representation: Live loads that are imposed
on the roof, such as rain.
Test Result: Successful. The structure is able
to withstand the live loads imposed on it.
Bench
Test subject: Book A (3 kg each), Book B (1.2kg
each)
Unit: 1 Book A, 2 Book B
Total load: 5.4 kg
Representation: Live Loads imposed by peo-
ple when they sit on the bench.
Test Result: Successful. The structure is able
to withstand the live loads imposed on it.
Timber Decking
Testsubject: 500mlwaterbottle(0.5kgeach),
Book A (3 kg each), Book B (1.2kg each)
Unit: 6 water bottles, 1 Book A, 2 Book b
Total load: 9.4kg
Representation: Live Loads imposed on the
timber floor decking
Test Result: Successful. The structure is able
to withstand the live loads imposed on it.

28. 7.0 RENDERING OF MODEL 28

29. 8.0CONCLUSION
In conclusion, this exploration has allowed us to apply the knowl-
edge of skeletal construction in a practical design of a bus
shelter. During the design development, it was crucial to find
a balance between design and practical constructability.
Through detailed and thorough research on various structural joints,
appropriate connections were chosen to ensure stability and withstand
the applied loads and forces. The importance of the choice of building
materials were also highlighted in order to maintain good stability. Over-
all, our temporary bus shelter was design and constructed to accom-
modate the Malaysian weather and provide users maximum comfort.
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30. 9.0REFERENCES
Woodworking joints. (2017). Craftsmanspace.com. Retrieved 7 October 2017, from
http://www.craftsmanspace.com/knowledge/woodworking-joints.html
Ching, F., & Adams, C. (2001). Building construction illustrated (3rd ed.). Canada:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Baylor, C. (2017). 13 Methods of Wood Joinery Every Woodworker Should Know. The
Spruce. Retrieved 7 October 2017, from https://www.thespruce.com/wood-join-
ery-types-3536631
Lyons, A. (2007). Materials for architects and builders (3rd ed.). London: Routledge,
Taylor & Francis Group.
frames. (2012). Construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my. Retrieved 10 October
2017, from http://construction-greatopportunity.blogspot.my/2012/03/frames.
html
Difference between One Way Slab and Two Way Slab |. (2017). CIVIL READ. Re-
trieved 11 October 2017, from https://civilread.com/differences-one-way-slab-
two-way-slab/
Timber structures Seismic Resilience. (2013). Seismicresilience.org.nz. Retrieved 11
October 2017, from http://www.seismicresilience.org.nz/topics/superstructure/
commercial-buildings/timber-structures/
What is Cross Bracing?. (2017). wiseGEEK. Retrieved 11 October 2017, from http://
www.wisegeek.com/what-is-cross-bracing.htm
Braced frames Seismic Resilience. (2017). Seismicresilience.org.nz. Retrieved 12
October 2017, from http://www.seismicresilience.org.nz/topics/superstructure/
seismic-design-concepts/braced-frames/
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