Bt gene insertion in wheat
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Bt gene insertion in wheat can help address the problem of increasing pest resistance to insecticidal sprays. The Bt gene from Bacillus thuringiensis produces an insecticidal toxin that is inserted into crop plants like cotton, corn, wheat and maize through genetic engineering techniques. This allows the plants to internally produce the toxin, killing insect pests without the need for concentrated insecticidal sprays. The Bt gene is isolated from B. thuringiensis bacteria and modified with a promoter and terminator sequence before being inserted into the plant genome using transformation methods like biolistics or Agrobacterium. Transformed plants are selected and grown in greenhouses before field testing to ensure expression of the Bt toxin and resistance
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Genetic engineering and development of transgenic plants
Genetic engineering can be used to develop transgenic plants with desirable traits. The process involves introducing foreign genes into plant cells, which are then regenerated into whole plants. Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been introduced to many crops like cotton, corn and potatoes to make them resistant to pests. Other genes introduced include protease inhibitors and alpha amylase inhibitors. While transgenic plants can increase yields and reduce pesticide use, some risks include increased allergenicity and the development of resistance in pest populations.
Tarns-genesis and development of transgenic plant
This document provides an overview of transgenesis and the development of transgenic plants. It defines key terms like transgene and transgenic plants. It describes traditional plant breeding techniques and compares them to transgenic technology. Transgenic technology allows genes to be transferred between any organisms, while traditional breeding is limited to the same genus. Reasons for developing transgenic plants include crop improvement, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The document outlines the process of developing transgenic plants, including vector-mediated gene transfer using Agrobacterium and biolistic methods. It provides examples of transgenic plants created for insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and more. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic plants are discussed.
Bt cotton
Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety that produces an insecticidal crystal protein called Cry protein derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. The Cry protein is toxic only to certain insect pests like cotton bollworm and pink bollworm when they ingest it, causing them to stop feeding within a few days. Bt cotton was first commercialized in India in 2002 and its adoption has significantly increased cotton yields while decreasing insecticide use and costs for Indian farmers. However, Bt cotton also requires higher investment in seeds and irrigation. Ongoing research is developing new Bt cotton hybrids with additional traits like drought tolerance and disease resistance.
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Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation
This document provides an overview of Agrobacterium-mediated gene transformation. It begins with an introduction to genetic transformation methods, including direct and indirect techniques. It then discusses Agrobacterium, including its classification, the history of using it for gene transformation, and features of its T-DNA and virulence genes. The document outlines the process of T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to plant cells. Finally, it describes some common methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, such as infection through wounds, leaf disk, and co-cultivation techniques.
transgene silencing
Transgene silencing refers to the downregulation or suppression of transgene expression in genetically modified organisms. There are several mechanisms by which this can occur, including RNA interference pathways, epigenetic effects, and position effects from chromosomal integration site. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) are two major types. PTGS affects mRNA levels after transcription, while TGS involves DNA/chromatin methylation and inhibits transcription. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) uses recombinant viruses to trigger RNAi against plant genes, and is useful for functional analysis.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes key information about Ti plasmids, which are plasmids found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens that cause crown gall disease in plants. The Ti plasmid transfers a segment of DNA called T-DNA into the host plant genome, integrating genes that cause tumor formation. The plasmid has regions for T-DNA, virulence genes needed for transfer, and sometimes opine catabolism genes. Ti plasmids are used to create transgenic plants by replacing the tumor genes with a gene of interest in the T-DNA.
transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
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transgene silencing
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Ti plasmid
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transgenic for crop improvement , global scenario and prospects
Transgenic crops have been developed since the 1980s to introduce desirable traits like pest or disease resistance. The first commercially grown transgenic crops in the 1990s were FlavrSavr tomatoes and herbicide-resistant soybeans. Global transgenic crop area has grown significantly, reaching 160 million hectares in 2011 led by the US, Brazil, India, and Argentina. Transgenic crops can help address issues of rising population and food insecurity by increasing yields, but also raise some risks to human and environmental health that require assessment and management of biosafety issues.
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer
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Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that was discovered to transfer genes between itself and plants, enabling the development of genetic engineering methods for plants.
2) The most common transgenic traits in crops include herbicide and insect resistance, with field corn often containing Bt genes for insect resistance.
3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for producing transgenic plants. It involves using disarmed Agrobacterium strains to transfer desired gene sequences into plant cells.
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Complementary DNA (cDNA) Libraries
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Transgenics in biotic stress management
Transgenic crops can help manage biotic stress by engineering plants to resist pathogens and pests. Bt crops produce Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans and animals. Bt maize, brinjal, rice and other crops have been engineered with Cry genes to resist key insect pests. Protease inhibitors have also been used to transform plants to interfere with insect digestion. Additionally, genes encoding chitinase and glucanase have been introduced to plants to enhance their resistance to fungal diseases like Rhizoctonia solani. The combined expression of these genes results in more effective prevention of disease development.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, which is a process where genes are transferred from Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to plant cells. Key points include: A. tumefaciens transfers oncogenes from its Ti plasmid to plant genomes, integrating the T-DNA and causing crown gall disease; the process involves virulence genes and results in opine production in the plant; common methods are wounding, co-cultivation, and leaf disks; transformation allows foreign genes to be stably integrated and expressed in plants.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Viral resistance
This document discusses various mechanisms of viral resistance in plants, including coat protein-mediated resistance, non-structural protein resistance, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, movement proteins, and satellite sequences. It provides details on experiments demonstrating coat protein-mediated cross protection using tobacco mosaic virus sequences. Non-structural or replicase proteins from viruses like tobacco mosaic virus have also been used to generate resistant plants but the mechanisms are not clear. Antisense RNAs work by hybridizing with and blocking mRNA from the target gene. Ribozymes and satellite sequences have also been explored as resistance mechanisms but were not very effective. Gene silencing is another potential mechanism of viral resistance in transgenic plants.
Plant transformation methods
the presentation is provided with information about how the foreign genes are transferred to plant genome.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Northern blotting
Northern blotting (RNA Dectection by botting process)
Southern and northern blotting comparison (similarities and differences)
Transgenic crops and application
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
insect resistance plant, bt gene
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Insect resisance ppt
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Golden rice
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
Iversen J The Science Of Genetics Powerpoint
This document summarizes several methods for creating transgenic plants and animals, including concerns and limitations. It discusses using Agrobacterium-mediated transfection for dicots but needing a gene gun for monocots. It provides examples of transgenic crops including Bt crops and "Golden Rice." It also summarizes creating fluorescent proteins in animals and examples of cloned animals and efforts to preserve endangered species through cloning. The document notes both support and concerns about human cloning.
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Genetically Modified Crop
Genetically modified crops have potential benefits like increased yields and improved nutrition, but also risks that require further testing. The document discusses GM crops and their development process. It provides examples of GM traits like pest resistance and herbicide tolerance. Countries like Bangladesh are researching crops modified for vitamin A and insect resistance. However, capacity for biotechnology is limited by funding and trained experts. Both advantages like disease resistance and disadvantages like possible allergies are noted. With more support and testing, GM crops may help increase sustainable agriculture.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that causes crown gall disease in plants. It transfers a segment of DNA called T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the plant genome, enabling it to modify plant cell growth. The presentation discusses the bacterial characteristics, mechanism of T-DNA transfer, use of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering of plants through insertion of foreign genes in place of tumor-causing genes on the Ti plasmid, and the regeneration of transformed plants. While it is an effective tool for plant genetic engineering, some plant species are not susceptible to Agrobacterium infection.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
1) Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a soil bacterium that was discovered to transfer genes between itself and plants, enabling the development of genetic engineering methods for plants.
2) The most common transgenic traits in crops include herbicide and insect resistance, with field corn often containing Bt genes for insect resistance.
3) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is the most widely used method for producing transgenic plants. It involves using disarmed Agrobacterium strains to transfer desired gene sequences into plant cells.
Epigenetics mediated gene regulation in plants
Epigenetics mediated gene regulation in plants describes how epigenetic mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification can regulate gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. The document discusses various epigenetic mechanisms in plants including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference. It also outlines applications of epigenetics like improving plant stress tolerance and yield as well as evolutionary studies.
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional quality
This document summarizes the development of Golden Rice, a genetically engineered rice variety that produces beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. It was developed to address vitamin A deficiency in developing countries where rice is a staple crop. The document describes how researchers introduced genes from daffodil and bacteria to complete the beta-carotene biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm. Early research demonstrated beta-carotene production in transgenic rice. Further work improved beta-carotene levels and introduced the trait into indica rice varieties commonly consumed in Asia where vitamin A deficiency is widespread. The goal of Golden Rice is to provide a sustainable solution to prevent blindness and other health issues caused by vitamin A deficiency.
Genetically modified crops with special reference to herbicide tolerance
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and crop improvement techniques. It provides details on how transgenic plants are created by identifying useful genes, cloning them into vectors, and integrating the foreign DNA. The four main ways to create herbicide-resistant plants are discussed. The document also notes debates around GMOs in India, including a Supreme Court moratorium on field trials and commercial approval only being given to Bt cotton so far. Both benefits and risks of GMOs are presented.
Complementary DNA (cDNA) Libraries
This document discusses different strategies for cloning DNA fragments from complex sources like genomic DNA or cDNA. There are two major approaches - cell-based cloning, which divides the DNA into fragments that are cloned to create a library, and directly amplifying target sequences using PCR. The document focuses on cDNA library construction, explaining that cDNA libraries reveal gene expression profiles. It describes early cDNA cloning methods and their limitations, as well as improved directional and non-directional cloning techniques. Finally, it discusses various screening methods for identifying clones of interest from cDNA libraries, including colony hybridization, plaque lifts and immunological screening.
Transgenics in biotic stress management
Transgenic crops can help manage biotic stress by engineering plants to resist pathogens and pests. Bt crops produce Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis that are toxic to insect pests but safe for humans and animals. Bt maize, brinjal, rice and other crops have been engineered with Cry genes to resist key insect pests. Protease inhibitors have also been used to transform plants to interfere with insect digestion. Additionally, genes encoding chitinase and glucanase have been introduced to plants to enhance their resistance to fungal diseases like Rhizoctonia solani. The combined expression of these genes results in more effective prevention of disease development.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
This document summarizes Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, which is a process where genes are transferred from Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacteria to plant cells. Key points include: A. tumefaciens transfers oncogenes from its Ti plasmid to plant genomes, integrating the T-DNA and causing crown gall disease; the process involves virulence genes and results in opine production in the plant; common methods are wounding, co-cultivation, and leaf disks; transformation allows foreign genes to be stably integrated and expressed in plants.
Ti plasmid
The document summarizes a seminar on the Ti plasmid. It discusses that the Ti plasmid is found in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall tumor formation in plants. It describes the organization and structure of the Ti plasmid, including the T-DNA region flanked by borders that is transferred to plant cells. Two common vector systems used for plant transformation, the cointegrate vector and binary vector, are explained. The cointegrate vector involves integration of an intermediate vector with the Ti plasmid, while the binary vector separates the plasmid and virulence genes. Finally, the general process of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is outlined.
Viral resistance
This document discusses various mechanisms of viral resistance in plants, including coat protein-mediated resistance, non-structural protein resistance, antisense RNAs, ribozymes, movement proteins, and satellite sequences. It provides details on experiments demonstrating coat protein-mediated cross protection using tobacco mosaic virus sequences. Non-structural or replicase proteins from viruses like tobacco mosaic virus have also been used to generate resistant plants but the mechanisms are not clear. Antisense RNAs work by hybridizing with and blocking mRNA from the target gene. Ribozymes and satellite sequences have also been explored as resistance mechanisms but were not very effective. Gene silencing is another potential mechanism of viral resistance in transgenic plants.
Plant transformation methods
the presentation is provided with information about how the foreign genes are transferred to plant genome.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used to genetically modify dicot plants through its ability to transfer DNA to plant cells. It causes crown gall disease by transferring oncogenic T-DNA from its tumor-inducing plasmid into wounded plant cells. The T-DNA encodes genes that cause tumor formation and the production of opines, which the bacteria can use as nutrients. The binary vector system was developed to overcome challenges with manipulating large Ti plasmids, allowing foreign genes to be stably introduced between the T-DNA borders and transferred to plant cells. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is now widely used to produce transgenic plants.
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The goal is to insert desirable genes from other organisms to produce crops with improved traits like pest or disease resistance, increased yield, or tolerance to environmental stresses. Some examples of transgenic crops include insect-resistant corn and cotton, herbicide-resistant soybeans, and golden rice which is enriched with vitamin A. While transgenic crops offer advantages to farmers and consumers, some concerns exist around their impact on human health, the environment, and traditional farming practices. Ongoing research continues to assess both the promises and risks of this emerging agricultural technology.
Ti plasmid as a vector,
Introduction
Ti plasmid
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Ti plasmid structure
Overview of infection process
Ti plasmid derived vector systems
Cointegrate vectors
Binary vectors
Agrobacterium mediated transformation of explants
Conclusions
References
Northern blotting
Northern blotting (RNA Dectection by botting process)
Southern and northern blotting comparison (similarities and differences)
Transgenic crops and application
Transgenic plants are crop plants that contain genes artificially inserted from unrelated species. This allows plant breeders to generate more productive varieties with new trait combinations beyond traditional breeding. The process involves identifying, isolating, and cloning a novel gene, transforming the target plant, selecting transgenic tissues, and regenerating the plant. Common transgenic crops provide herbicide resistance, insect resistance using Bt genes, virus resistance, altered oil content, delayed fruit ripening, and drought tolerance. These traits aim to improve crop yields, qualities, and resist biotic and abiotic stresses.
insect resistance plant, bt gene
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
Insect resisance ppt
1. The seminar discusses developing transgenic plants resistant to insects through the transfer of resistance genes from microorganisms, higher plants, and animals into crop plants.
2. Major objectives of plant biotechnology are to develop plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Resistance to insects has been achieved by introducing genes encoding Bt toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis and other insecticidal proteins.
3. Useful genes have been isolated from microbes like B. thuringiensis, higher plants like beans and tobacco, and animals like mammals. These genes have been successfully used to engineer insect-resistant crops like cotton, potato, tomato, and tobacco.
Golden rice
This presentation entitled "Golden rice" explains the needs for golden rice development, Biotechnological manipulations in metabolic pathways for GR-1 and GR-2 development and finally it also detailed with the associated ethical issues.
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Transgenic plant with improved nutritional quality
Transgenic plant with improved nutritional quality
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Genetically modified crops with special reference to herbicide tolerance
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Iversen J The Science Of Genetics Powerpoint
This document summarizes several methods for creating transgenic plants and animals, including concerns and limitations. It discusses using Agrobacterium-mediated transfection for dicots but needing a gene gun for monocots. It provides examples of transgenic crops including Bt crops and "Golden Rice." It also summarizes creating fluorescent proteins in animals and examples of cloned animals and efforts to preserve endangered species through cloning. The document notes both support and concerns about human cloning.
Creation of Bt plants
The document discusses several genetically engineered plants including Bt crops, Golden Rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. Bt crops contain a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis that produces a toxin harmful to certain insects, protecting the plant. Golden Rice was engineered to produce beta-carotene in the endosperm to address vitamin A deficiency. Flavr Savr tomato was modified using antisense RNA technology to reduce polygalactouronase levels and slow fruit softening for a longer shelf life.
What is Transgenics
Biotechnology involves applying technology to modify organisms by adding genes from other species. Genetic engineering is the basic tool, involving isolating, modifying, and inserting genes into new species to develop transgenes. This allows developing organisms with novel traits like insect or herbicide resistance. Common methods are using Agrobacterium or gene guns to insert transformation cassettes containing the gene of interest, selectable markers, and insertion sequences. Pakistan uses Bt cotton containing genes for toxins killing bollworm pests. Researchers are also developing Bt rice containing genes for resistance to bacterial leaf blight diseases. Proponents argue GM foods are as safe or safer than conventional foods after regulatory testing and oversight.
analysis of transgenic plants
This document discusses various techniques used to analyze transgenic plants, including PCR, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, Western blotting, ELISA, and strip tests. PCR can detect the presence of a transgene but not copy number. Southern blotting determines transgene integration sites and copy number by detecting DNA fragments after restriction enzyme digestion. Northern blotting analyzes relative transgene expression at the mRNA level. Western blotting and ELISA detect and quantify transgene protein production. Strip tests provide a rapid, qualitative method to detect transgene proteins. Together, these techniques allow analysis of transgenic plants at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels.
The science-of-transgenics
The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to transgenics including:
- Transgenics are organisms containing genes from another species introduced through biotechnology methods.
- Genetic engineering is used to isolate, modify, and insert genes from one species into another to create transgenes and transgenic organisms.
- Examples of agricultural transgenics currently on the market include herbicide resistant and insect resistant crops.
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants can be created through several methods. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil bacterium, can be used to transfer foreign genes into plants using its Ti-plasmid system. The Ti-plasmid contains genes that are inserted randomly into the plant genome. The binary vector system was later developed to separate the essential transfer functions from the T-DNA. The gene gun is also used to directly bombard plant cells with coated microprojectiles containing the gene of interest. Genetically engineered crops have been developed for insect resistance using cry genes from Bacillus thuringiensis that code for insecticidal proteins. Over 25,000 field trials of transgenic plants have been conducted worldwide in various crops.
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer in plants.
This power point presentation consist of 41 slides. Attempts have been made to illustrate how Agrobacterium behaves us natural genetic engineer. How it can infect a plant through wound and a part of DNA present on Ti plasmid is Tranferred and causes disease as crown gall in the infected plant. In second part of the presentation attempts have been made to describe how Agrobacterium can be utilized for iinsertion of desired gene into the plant,what manipulation are to be made with Agrobacterium.How infection and transfer of desired gene can be made possible.What is the role of plant tissue culture etc.
RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi is a powerful, conserved biological process through which the small, double-stranded RNAs specifically silence the expression of homologous genes, largely through degradation of their cognate mRNA.
Insect resistance & future of bt transgenic crops
The development and commercialization of insect-resistant transgenic Bt crops expressing Cry toxins revolutionized the history of agriculture. At the end of 2010, an estimated 26.3 million hectares of land were planted with crops containing the Bt gene (James 2011). Bt cotton has reduced the use of traditional insecticides by 207,900,000 lbs of active ingredient of insecticide (Brookes and Barfoot, 2006).
Resistance is a genetic change in the insect pest — that allows it to avoid harm from Bt toxins. The high and consistent levels of ICP production in the Bt plants make them much less favorable for the development of resistance. Insect Resistance Management is of great importance because of the threat insect resistance poses to the future use of Bt plant-incorporated protectants and is said to be the key to sustainable use of the genetically modified Bt crops. The US EPA usually requires a “buffer zone,” or a structured refuge of 20% non-Bt crops that is planted in close proximity to the Bt crops.
First documented case of insect resistance to Bt cotton came in 2008, when Tabashnik and coworkers found field-evolved Bt toxin resistance in bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the United States. Field-Evolved Resistance to Bt Maize by Western Corn Rootworm (Gassmann, 2011) displayed significantly higher survival on Cry3Bb1 maize in laboratory bioassays.
Expanded use of transgenic crops for insect control will likely include more varieties with combinations of two or more Bt toxins (pyramiding), novel Bt toxins such as VIP, modified Bt toxins that have been genetically engineered to kill insects resistant to standard Bt toxins. Transgenic plants that control insects via RNA interference are also under development.
Increasing use of transgenic crops in developing nations is likely, with a broadening range of genetically modified crops and target insect pests .Incorporating enhanced understanding of observed patterns of field-evolved resistance into future resistance management strategies can help to minimize the drawbacks and maximize the benefits of current and future generations of transgenic crops.
6 transgenic plant
This document discusses transgenic plants and their production methods. It describes how transgenic plants are created using genetic engineering techniques to introduce foreign genes. The main plant transformation methods discussed are Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene guns, electroporation, and microinjection. Examples of commercial transgenic crops and their traits like insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and virus resistance are provided. Both advantages like higher yields and reduced pesticide use, as well as disadvantages like potential health risks and creation of pesticide-resistant super bugs are summarized.
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A gene is the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity that is responsible for an organism's physical and inheritable characteristics. Genetic engineering involves manipulating or altering the structure of genes to create desired traits in an organism. If genetic material from another species is added, the resulting organism is called transgenic. Genetic engineering can also remove genetic material, creating a knock out organism.
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Bt technology uses genes from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to make crops resistant to certain pests. This document discusses the current status and future prospects of Bt crops. It describes how the Bt gene is extracted from bacteria, cloned, and inserted into plant genomes through transformation to produce Bt crops. The Bt proteins in these crops are toxic only to certain insect pests and not humans. Bt crops reduce the need for chemical pesticides and increase yields, but some risks need further evaluation. The future of Bt crops looks promising to help feed a growing population sustainably.
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Transgenic vegetable ppt
1. The document discusses transgenic or genetically modified crops. Transgenic crops are defined as plants containing genes artificially introduced from other organisms.
2. The history of transgenic crop development is reviewed, noting the first transgenic tobacco in 1983, and first commercial crops like Bt cotton in 2002. Methods of genetic engineering allow direct transfer of one or few genes between closely or distantly related species.
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Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
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GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS
Genetic modification of plants involves adding a specific stretch of DNA into the plant's genome, giving it new or different characteristics.
INTRODUCTION
EXAMPLES
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This document discusses transgenic plants and provides several examples. It begins by defining a transgenic as a genotype developed through genetic engineering containing a foreign or modified gene. Several successful commercial transgenic crops are mentioned, including Bt cotton, golden rice, and Flavr Savr tomato. The document then covers the process of creating transgenic plants including identifying genes of interest, cloning genes, transforming plant cells, and backcross breeding. Methods of gene transfer like Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and particle bombardment are described. The document concludes by outlining the development and objectives of first and second generation transgenic crops.
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This document discusses various biotechnological approaches used in agricultural control, including tissue culture techniques, rDNA technology, and development of transgenic crops. It focuses on rDNA technology, explaining how foreign genes can be directly or vector-mediated transferred into crop plants. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes to develop insect-resistant crops is described in detail, including the mechanism of action of Bt toxins. The document also discusses using plant protease inhibitor genes to develop insect-resistant transgenic plants, with some successes and failures noted.
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Bt-corn is a type of genetically modified organism, termed GMO. A GMO is a plant or animal
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Bt Delta Endotoxin
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down and normal gut bacteria invade the body cavity. The i.
Transgenics, Environmental Concerns & Biosafety Issues Related To BT Gene
1. The document discusses Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), a soil bacterium that produces Cry proteins toxic to insect pests. Genes coding for these Cry proteins have been inserted into crops like cotton, making them insect resistant.
2. The development of transgenic crops involves identifying genes for desired traits, copying the genes, transferring them to plant tissues, regenerating plants, and extensive safety testing before commercialization.
3. Major concerns regarding Bt crops include their potential effects on human health, development of insect resistance, gene transfer to wild plants, and impacts on biodiversity. Proper regulation and labeling are important to address these environmental and safety issues.
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Bt gene insertion in wheat
- 1. Bt gene insertion in Wheat BY AYESHA TAQDEES SYEDA BATOOL ABBAS
- 2. The need for GM crop 1) The insecticidal spray had to be made stronger with time by concentrating the spray and by applying it more frequently. 2) With every spray, these pests were getting stronger and building up immunity to the pesticides due to natural selection. 3) Bt insertion in plants does not require any modification n concentration or applying frequency it simply release toxins in the insect body and kills that insect .
- 3. Gene of Interest : Bt Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a soil bacterium that produces insecticidal toxins. Genes from Bt can be inserted into crop plants to make them capable of producing an insecticidal toxin and therefore resistant to certain pests. There are no known adverse human health effects associated with Bt . Target organisms: Moths and butterflies Crops already modified with Bt: cotton, corn, wheat, maize, potato PROMOTER USED: CAMV35S TERMINATOR USED: nos terminator PROTEIN EXPRESSED : CRY protein
- 4. Extraction of Desired DNA DNA is extracted from donor organism i.e. Bacillus thuringiensis Isolating gene of interest i.e. Bt delta endotoxin Two main tools involved in isolating a gene restriction enzymes ( as “scissors”) DNA ligase (as “glue scissors”)
- 5. Designing a Gene construct Designing a gene has to be done, so it can be easily inserted into the crop For the successful insertion of gene, It must be slightly modified as follows: Promoter sequence: CAMV35S Terminator sequence: nos terminator Selectable marker gene: hygomycin
- 8. Transformation There are two methods: 1)Biolistic gene gun 2) Agrobacterium method Purpose : To transfer the DNA into the plant cell. Explant used: WHEAT SEED
- 10. Transgenic Plants In this process the plant tissues are grown under controlled environment in a series of medium that contain specific nutrients and hormones. Selection is done with hygromycin antibiotic. Transformed plants will only grow on a media supplemented with hygromycin. Growth in greenhouse of hardened plantlets. Also tests are carried out to ensure that the plants have the desired gene and to observe the activity and inheritance of the gene.
- 11. Mode of Action of Bt-gene
- 12. Pros and cons of using Bt
- 14. Ethical issues
- 15. References http://schoolworkhelper.net/bt-corn-genetically-modified-corn/ Gong-yin YE1), J. T. (2002). Transgenic IR72 with Fused Bt Gene cry1Ab/cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis is Resistant Against Four Lepidopteran Species Under Field Conditions. Plant BIotechnology, 18. Grens, K. (2014). Putting up Resistance. The Scientist. Swarup Kumar Chakrabarti, K. A. (2005). Expression of the cry9Aa2 B.t. gene in tobacco chloroplasts confers resistance to potato tuber moth.
- 16. Thankyou !